Teachers, Teaching and Educational Psychology
Do Teachers Make a Difference?
What Is Good Teaching?
The Role of Educational Psychology
Using Research to Understand and Improve Teaching
How This Book Can Help You Learn
Using Web Resources to Enhance Professional Development
Cognitive Development and Language
A Definition of Development
Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
Implications of Piaget's Theory for Teachers
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Perspective
Implications of Vygotsky's Theory for Teachers
The Development of Language
Personal, Social, and Emotional Development
The Work of Erikson
Understanding Ourselves and Others
Moral Development
Socialization: Family, Peers, and Teachers
Challenges for Children
Learner Differences
Language and Labeling
Individual Differences in Intelligence
Ability Differences and Teaching
Cognitive and Learning Styles
Changes in the Law: Integration, Mainstreaming, and Inclusion
Prevalent Problems and Mild Disabilities
Students with Communication Disorders
Less Prevalent Problems and More Severe Disabilities
Section 504 Protections for Students
Students Who Are Gifted and Talented
Culture and Community
Today's Multicultural Classrooms
Social Class Differences
Ethnic and Racial Differences
Girls and Boys: Differences in the Classroom
Language Differences in the Classroom
Creating Culturally Compatible Classrooms
Bringing it All Together: Teaching Every Student
Behavioral Views of Learning
Understanding Learning
Early Explanations of Learning: Contiguity and Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning: Trying New Responses
Applied Behavior Analysis
Behavioral Approaches to Teaching and Management
Recent Approaches: Self-Regulation and Cognitive Behavior Modification
Problems and Issues
Cognitive Views of Learning
Elements of the Cognitive Perspective
The Information Processing Model of Memory
Long-Term Memory: The Goal of Training
Metacognition, Regulation, and Individual Differences
Becoming Knowledgeable: Some Basic Principles
Complex Cognitive Processes
Learning and Teaching About Concepts
Problem Solving
Teaching Concepts in Diverse Classrooms
Problem Solving
Becoming an Expert Student: Learning Strategies and Study Skills
Teaching for Transfer
Social Cognitive and Constructivist Views of Learning
Social Processes in Learning
Social Learning and Social Cognitive Theories
Constructivism and Situated Learning
Applications of Constructivist and Situated Perspectives on Learning
Looking Back at Learning
Motivation in Learning and Teaching
What Is Motivation?
Four General Approaches to Motivation
Goal Orientation and Motivation
Goals: Lessons for Teachers
Interests and Emotions
Self-Schemas
Motivation to Learn in School
On TARGETT for Learning
Bringing it All Together: Strategies to Encourage Motivation and Thoughtful Learning
Creating Learning Environments
The Need for Organization
Creating a Positive Learning Environment
Maintaining a Good Environment for Learning
The Need for Communication
Summing it up: Learning Environments for All Students
Teaching for Academic Learning
The First Step: Planning
Teacher-Directed Instruction
Teacher Expectations
Student-Centered Teaching: Examples in Reading, Mathematics, and Science
Effective Teaching in Inclusive Classrooms
Teaching for Self-Regulation, Creativity, and Tolerance
Self-Regulation and Agency
Creativity
Social and Emotional Learning
Compassion and Tolerance
Creating a Learning Community
Standardized Testing
Evaluation, Measurement, and Assessment
What Do Test Scores Mean?
Types of Standardized Tests
Issues in Standardized Testing
New Directions in Standardized Testing
Classroom Assessment and Grading
Formative and Summative Assessment
Getting the Most from Traditional Assessment Approaches
Innovations in Assessment
Effects of Grades and Grading on Students
Grading and Reporting: Nuts and Bolts
Beyond Grading: Communication
Appendix: Preparing for Licensure: PRAXIS II
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index