简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
Covering moral reasoning, sexual morality, abortion, euthanasia, cloning, capital punishment, terrorism and civil liberties, welfare, discrimination, animal rights, and environmental ethics, this textbook identifies the key issues, outlines the major positions, supplies representative readings, and discusses case studies. The authors teach at Regis University, Bakersfield College, and California State University. Annotation 漏2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Publisher Summary 2
A perennial bestseller, APPLYING ETHICS introduces students to ethics via a well-proven formula of engaging commentary, seminal readings, and thought-provoking cases drawn from a wide range of contemporary social debates. Providing readers with a basic overview of the most important ethical theories in chapter one, each subsequent chapter takes a contemporary ethical issue as its focus. Guided by the authors' extensive introductions, and readings exhibiting divergent positions, and particularly timely cases, APPLYING ETHICS provides students with a model for considering critically many of the ethical dilemmas that abound in contemporary life.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Preface vii
PART 1 Moral Reasoning
Moral Reasons 3(44)
Moral Reasoning 4(1)
Individual Morality and Social Morality 5(1)
Ethical Relativism 5(2)
Principles of Individual Morality 7(7)
Principles of Social Morality 14(9)
Summary and Conclusions 23(1)
Moral Virtue 24(7)
Aristotle
Respect for Persons 31(3)
Immanuel Kant
Utilitarianism 34(5)
John Stuart Mill
The Need for More Than Justice 39(8)
Annette C. Baier
Good Reasoning 47(22)
Arguments 48(5)
Evaluating Moral Arguments 53(12)
Summary and Conclusions 65(4)
PART 2 Issues
Sexual Morality 69(48)
The Traditional View 70(1)
The Libertarian View 71(1)
Treating Sex Differently 72(4)
Arguments for Sexual Libertarianism 76(1)
Arguments against Sexual Libertarianism 77(2)
Sexual Morality 79(7)
Roger Scruton
Plain Sex 86(10)
Alan H. Goldman
Why Homosexuality Is Abnormal 96(6)
Michael Levin
Homosexuality and Nature 102(8)
Timothy F. Murphy
Case Presentations
Deception or Joke? 110(1)
AIDS Education 111(1)
Marriage and Civil Unions 112(2)
Lawrence v. Texas: Private Rights and Public Morality 114(3)
Abortion 117(48)
Biological Background 119(2)
The Moral Problem 121(1)
The Ontological Status of the Fetus 121(2)
The Moral Status of the Fetus 123(2)
Pro-Life Arguments (against Abortion) 125(2)
Pro-Choice Arguments (for Abortion) 127(1)
An Almost Absolute Value in History 128(5)
John T. Noonan
A Defense of Abortion 133(11)
Judith Jarvis Thomson
On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion 144(10)
Mary Anne Warren
Virtue Theory and Abortion 154(7)
Rosalind Hursthouse
Case Presentations
Mrs. Sherri Finkbine and the Thalidomide Tragedy 161(1)
Conceived in Violence, Born in Hate 162(1)
Death in Pensacola 163(1)
The Fight for Martina Greywind's Baby 164(1)
Euthanasia 165(48)
Personhood 166(1)
Death 167(2)
Ordinary vs. Extraordinary Treatment 169(1)
Killing vs. Allowing to Die 170(1)
Meaning of Euthanasia: Narrow vs. Broad Interpretations 171(1)
Voluntary vs. Nonvoluntary Euthanasia 172(2)
Assisted Suicide 174(1)
The Right to Refuse Treatment 175(1)
Defective Newborns 175(2)
Arguments for Voluntary (Active) Euthanasia 177(1)
Arguments against Voluntary (Active) Euthanasia 178(2)
The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia 180(3)
J. Gay-Williams
Active and Passive Euthanasia 183(4)
James Rachels
Euthanasia 187(15)
Philippa Foot
A Moral Principle about Killing 202(6)
Richard Brandt
Case Presentations
``I Did It Because I Loved My Son'' 208(1)
``Myrna is Dead. Desolation'' 208(2)
``A Choice Central to Personal Dignity'' 210(1)
Legalized Assisted Suicide and Decriminalized Euthanasia 211(2)
Human Cloning 213(50)
How Cloning Works: A Brief History 214(2)
Why Clone Humans? 216(1)
Moral and Legal Issues 217(2)
Arguments against Human Cloning 219(1)
Arguments for Human Cloning 220(1)
The Wisdom of Repugnance 221(12)
Leon R. Kass
Moral Status of Cloning Humans 233(11)
Michael Tooley
Genetic Encores: The Ethics of Human Cloning 244(6)
Robert Wachbroit
The Constitution and the Clone 250(7)
Cass R. Sunstein
Case Presentations
Recommendations of the President's Council on Bioethics 257(3)
Clonaid 260(1)
A Birth to Save a Life 261(1)
Therapeutic Human Cloning in Britain 262(1)
Capital Punishment 263(40)
The Nature and Definition of Punishment 265(1)
The Moral Acceptability of Punishment 266(1)
Aims of Punishment 267(1)
Retentionist and Abolitionist Defined 268(1)
Capital Punishment as Deterrent 269(1)
Abolitionist Arguments (against Capital Punishment) 270(2)
Retentionist Arguments (for Capital Punishment) 272(1)
Speech in Favor of Capital Punishment 273(5)
John Stuart Mill
The Death Sentence 278(4)
Sidney Hook
On Deterrence and the Death Penalty 282(8)
Ernest Van Den Haag
Capital Punishment and Social Defense 290(8)
Hugo Adam Bedau
Case Presentations
J. D. Autry: Death in Texas 298(1)
Karla Faye Tucker: The Pickax Murderer 299(1)
A Failed Experiment? 300(1)
Warren McClesky 301(2)
Terrorism and Civil Liberties 303(54)
Just War Theory 304(2)
Preemptive Wars 306(1)
Violence and Terrorism 306(1)
Jihadism 307(1)
Pacifism 308(1)
Civil Liberties 309(1)
Arguments for Trading Civil Liberties for Safety 310(2)
Arguments against Trading Civil Liberties for Safety 312(1)
Just War and Human Rights 313(10)
David Luban
Reflections on War and Political Discourse: Realism, Just War, and Feminism in a Nuclear Age 323(8)
Jean Bethke Elshtain
Violence, Terrorism, and Justice 331(6)
R. G. Frey
Christopher W. Morris
Enemy Aliens 337(13)
David Cole
Case Presentations
Preemptive War 350(2)
Driving While Veiled 352(2)
Fear of Flying 354(1)
Racial Profiling before and after 9/11 355(2)
Welfare and Social Justice 357(47)
Transfer Payments 358(1)
Does Welfare Work? 359(1)
Why Have Welfare? 360(1)
Distributive Justice 361(1)
Equality, Need, and Merit 362(2)
Libertarianism, Welfare Liberalism, and Socialism 364(1)
Arguments for Welfare 365(2)
Arguments against Welfare 367(1)
What Libertarianism Is 368(7)
John Hospers
The Right to Eat and the Duty to Work 375(9)
Trudy Govier
Radical Egalitarianism 384(9)
Kai Nielsen
Choosing a Future 393(6)
Charles Murray
Case Presentations
Marta Green 399(2)
The Poorest Place in America 401(1)
Welfare as We've Begun to Know It 401(1)
The Women of Project Match 402(2)
Discrimination 404(41)
Discrimination: Its Nature and Forms 407(1)
Evidence of Discrimination 408(4)
Affirmative Action: Preferential Treatment? 412(4)
Arguments against Affirmative Action 416(1)
Arguments for Affirmative Action 417(2)
The Justification of Reverse Discrimination 419(8)
Tom L. Beauchamp
A Defense of Programs of Preferential Treatment 427(4)
Richard Wasserstrom
Reverse Discrimination and Compensatory Justice 431(5)
William T. Blackstone
Reverse Discrimination as Unjustified 436(4)
Lisa Newton
Case Presentations
Brian Weber 440(1)
Piscataway v. Taxman 441(1)
Proposition 209 442(1)
Grutter v. Bollinger: Taking Race into Account 443(2)
Animal Rights 445(47)
What Do We Owe Nonhuman Animals? 446(2)
Animal Rights 448(1)
What's Wrong with Speciesism? 449(2)
Arguments for Equal Treatment of Animals 451(2)
Arguments against Equal Treatment of Animals 453(2)
All Animals Are Equal . . . or Why Supporters of Liberation for Blacks and Women Should Support Animal Liberation Too 455(11)
Peter Singer
The Case for Animal Rights 466(8)
Tom Regan
Do Animals Have Rights? 474(7)
Tibor R. Machan
Speciesism and the Idea of Equality 481(7)
Bonnie Steinbock
Case Presentations
Putting Her to Sleep 488(1)
Animal Liberators 489(1)
Religious Sacrifice 490(1)
A Himalayan Snow Leopard of One's Own 491(1)
Environmental Ethics 492(45)
Environmental Problems 493(2)
The Moral Issue 495(3)
Why Environmental Ethics? 498(1)
Arguments for an Environmental Ethic 499(1)
Arguments against an Environmental Ethic 500(1)
The Land Ethic 501(10)
Aldo Leopold
The Ethics of Respect for Nature 511(11)
Paul W. Taylor
People or Penguins 522(4)
William F. Baxter
An Ecocentric Environmental Ethic 526(6)
J. Baird Callicott
Case Presentations
A Metaphor for the Energy Debate 532(1)
The Spotted Owl 533(1)
Environmental Resistence: The Chipko Movement and the Earth Liberation Front 534(2)
The Wildlands Project 536(1)
Afterword 537(1)
Glossary 538(10)
Appendices
How to Write a Philosophy Paper 542(2)
Plagiarism: What It Is, Why It's Wrong, and How to Avoid It 544(2)
How to Do Research and Citation on the Web 546(2)
Index 548
Preface vii
PART 1 Moral Reasoning
Moral Reasons 3(44)
Moral Reasoning 4(1)
Individual Morality and Social Morality 5(1)
Ethical Relativism 5(2)
Principles of Individual Morality 7(7)
Principles of Social Morality 14(9)
Summary and Conclusions 23(1)
Moral Virtue 24(7)
Aristotle
Respect for Persons 31(3)
Immanuel Kant
Utilitarianism 34(5)
John Stuart Mill
The Need for More Than Justice 39(8)
Annette C. Baier
Good Reasoning 47(22)
Arguments 48(5)
Evaluating Moral Arguments 53(12)
Summary and Conclusions 65(4)
PART 2 Issues
Sexual Morality 69(48)
The Traditional View 70(1)
The Libertarian View 71(1)
Treating Sex Differently 72(4)
Arguments for Sexual Libertarianism 76(1)
Arguments against Sexual Libertarianism 77(2)
Sexual Morality 79(7)
Roger Scruton
Plain Sex 86(10)
Alan H. Goldman
Why Homosexuality Is Abnormal 96(6)
Michael Levin
Homosexuality and Nature 102(8)
Timothy F. Murphy
Case Presentations
Deception or Joke? 110(1)
AIDS Education 111(1)
Marriage and Civil Unions 112(2)
Lawrence v. Texas: Private Rights and Public Morality 114(3)
Abortion 117(48)
Biological Background 119(2)
The Moral Problem 121(1)
The Ontological Status of the Fetus 121(2)
The Moral Status of the Fetus 123(2)
Pro-Life Arguments (against Abortion) 125(2)
Pro-Choice Arguments (for Abortion) 127(1)
An Almost Absolute Value in History 128(5)
John T. Noonan
A Defense of Abortion 133(11)
Judith Jarvis Thomson
On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion 144(10)
Mary Anne Warren
Virtue Theory and Abortion 154(7)
Rosalind Hursthouse
Case Presentations
Mrs. Sherri Finkbine and the Thalidomide Tragedy 161(1)
Conceived in Violence, Born in Hate 162(1)
Death in Pensacola 163(1)
The Fight for Martina Greywind's Baby 164(1)
Euthanasia 165(48)
Personhood 166(1)
Death 167(2)
Ordinary vs. Extraordinary Treatment 169(1)
Killing vs. Allowing to Die 170(1)
Meaning of Euthanasia: Narrow vs. Broad Interpretations 171(1)
Voluntary vs. Nonvoluntary Euthanasia 172(2)
Assisted Suicide 174(1)
The Right to Refuse Treatment 175(1)
Defective Newborns 175(2)
Arguments for Voluntary (Active) Euthanasia 177(1)
Arguments against Voluntary (Active) Euthanasia 178(2)
The Wrongfulness of Euthanasia 180(3)
J. Gay-Williams
Active and Passive Euthanasia 183(4)
James Rachels
Euthanasia 187(15)
Philippa Foot
A Moral Principle about Killing 202(6)
Richard Brandt
Case Presentations
``I Did It Because I Loved My Son'' 208(1)
``Myrna is Dead. Desolation'' 208(2)
``A Choice Central to Personal Dignity'' 210(1)
Legalized Assisted Suicide and Decriminalized Euthanasia 211(2)
Human Cloning 213(50)
How Cloning Works: A Brief History 214(2)
Why Clone Humans? 216(1)
Moral and Legal Issues 217(2)
Arguments against Human Cloning 219(1)
Arguments for Human Cloning 220(1)
The Wisdom of Repugnance 221(12)
Leon R. Kass
Moral Status of Cloning Humans 233(11)
Michael Tooley
Genetic Encores: The Ethics of Human Cloning 244(6)
Robert Wachbroit
The Constitution and the Clone 250(7)
Cass R. Sunstein
Case Presentations
Recommendations of the President's Council on Bioethics 257(3)
Clonaid 260(1)
A Birth to Save a Life 261(1)
Therapeutic Human Cloning in Britain 262(1)
Capital Punishment 263(40)
The Nature and Definition of Punishment 265(1)
The Moral Acceptability of Punishment 266(1)
Aims of Punishment 267(1)
Retentionist and Abolitionist Defined 268(1)
Capital Punishment as Deterrent 269(1)
Abolitionist Arguments (against Capital Punishment) 270(2)
Retentionist Arguments (for Capital Punishment) 272(1)
Speech in Favor of Capital Punishment 273(5)
John Stuart Mill
The Death Sentence 278(4)
Sidney Hook
On Deterrence and the Death Penalty 282(8)
Ernest Van Den Haag
Capital Punishment and Social Defense 290(8)
Hugo Adam Bedau
Case Presentations
J. D. Autry: Death in Texas 298(1)
Karla Faye Tucker: The Pickax Murderer 299(1)
A Failed Experiment? 300(1)
Warren McClesky 301(2)
Terrorism and Civil Liberties 303(54)
Just War Theory 304(2)
Preemptive Wars 306(1)
Violence and Terrorism 306(1)
Jihadism 307(1)
Pacifism 308(1)
Civil Liberties 309(1)
Arguments for Trading Civil Liberties for Safety 310(2)
Arguments against Trading Civil Liberties for Safety 312(1)
Just War and Human Rights 313(10)
David Luban
Reflections on War and Political Discourse: Realism, Just War, and Feminism in a Nuclear Age 323(8)
Jean Bethke Elshtain
Violence, Terrorism, and Justice 331(6)
R. G. Frey
Christopher W. Morris
Enemy Aliens 337(13)
David Cole
Case Presentations
Preemptive War 350(2)
Driving While Veiled 352(2)
Fear of Flying 354(1)
Racial Profiling before and after 9/11 355(2)
Welfare and Social Justice 357(47)
Transfer Payments 358(1)
Does Welfare Work? 359(1)
Why Have Welfare? 360(1)
Distributive Justice 361(1)
Equality, Need, and Merit 362(2)
Libertarianism, Welfare Liberalism, and Socialism 364(1)
Arguments for Welfare 365(2)
Arguments against Welfare 367(1)
What Libertarianism Is 368(7)
John Hospers
The Right to Eat and the Duty to Work 375(9)
Trudy Govier
Radical Egalitarianism 384(9)
Kai Nielsen
Choosing a Future 393(6)
Charles Murray
Case Presentations
Marta Green 399(2)
The Poorest Place in America 401(1)
Welfare as We've Begun to Know It 401(1)
The Women of Project Match 402(2)
Discrimination 404(41)
Discrimination: Its Nature and Forms 407(1)
Evidence of Discrimination 408(4)
Affirmative Action: Preferential Treatment? 412(4)
Arguments against Affirmative Action 416(1)
Arguments for Affirmative Action 417(2)
The Justification of Reverse Discrimination 419(8)
Tom L. Beauchamp
A Defense of Programs of Preferential Treatment 427(4)
Richard Wasserstrom
Reverse Discrimination and Compensatory Justice 431(5)
William T. Blackstone
Reverse Discrimination as Unjustified 436(4)
Lisa Newton
Case Presentations
Brian Weber 440(1)
Piscataway v. Taxman 441(1)
Proposition 209 442(1)
Grutter v. Bollinger: Taking Race into Account 443(2)
Animal Rights 445(47)
What Do We Owe Nonhuman Animals? 446(2)
Animal Rights 448(1)
What's Wrong with Speciesism? 449(2)
Arguments for Equal Treatment of Animals 451(2)
Arguments against Equal Treatment of Animals 453(2)
All Animals Are Equal . . . or Why Supporters of Liberation for Blacks and Women Should Support Animal Liberation Too 455(11)
Peter Singer
The Case for Animal Rights 466(8)
Tom Regan
Do Animals Have Rights? 474(7)
Tibor R. Machan
Speciesism and the Idea of Equality 481(7)
Bonnie Steinbock
Case Presentations
Putting Her to Sleep 488(1)
Animal Liberators 489(1)
Religious Sacrifice 490(1)
A Himalayan Snow Leopard of One's Own 491(1)
Environmental Ethics 492(45)
Environmental Problems 493(2)
The Moral Issue 495(3)
Why Environmental Ethics? 498(1)
Arguments for an Environmental Ethic 499(1)
Arguments against an Environmental Ethic 500(1)
The Land Ethic 501(10)
Aldo Leopold
The Ethics of Respect for Nature 511(11)
Paul W. Taylor
People or Penguins 522(4)
William F. Baxter
An Ecocentric Environmental Ethic 526(6)
J. Baird Callicott
Case Presentations
A Metaphor for the Energy Debate 532(1)
The Spotted Owl 533(1)
Environmental Resistence: The Chipko Movement and the Earth Liberation Front 534(2)
The Wildlands Project 536(1)
Afterword 537(1)
Glossary 538(10)
Appendices
How to Write a Philosophy Paper 542(2)
Plagiarism: What It Is, Why It's Wrong, and How to Avoid It 544(2)
How to Do Research and Citation on the Web 546(2)
Index 548
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