Introduction to Thermal Sciences p. xvii
Thermodynamics p. 1
Concepts, Definitions, and Basic Principles p. 3
Introduction p. 4
Thermodynamic Systems and Control Volumes p. 4
Macroscopic Description p. 6
Properties and State of a System p. 6
Equilibrium, Processes, and Cycles p. 8
Units p. 9
Density, Specific Volume, and Specific Weight p. 12
Pressure p. 13
Temperature p. 17
Energy p. 18
Summary p. 20
Properties of Pure Substances p. 27
Introduction p. 28
The p-v-T Surface p. 28
The Liquid-Vapor Region p. 30
Properties of Steam p. 32
Steam Tables p. 32
TK Solver p. 32
Equations of State p. 36
Equations of State for a Nonideal Gas p. 39
Summary p. 41
Work and Heat p. 47
Introduction p. 48
Definition of Work p. 48
Quasi-equilibrium Work Due to a Moving Boundary p. 49
Nonequilibrium Work p. 54
Other Work Modes p. 56
Heat Transfer p. 58
Conduction p. 60
Convection p. 63
Radiation p. 64
Summary p. 67
The First Law of Thermodynamics p. 75
Introduction p. 76
The First Law Applied to a Cycle p. 76
The First Law Applied to a Process p. 78
Enthalpy p. 80
Latent Heat p. 82
Specific Heats p. 83
The First Law Applied to Systems p. 88
General Formulation for Control Volumes p. 93
The First Law Applied to Control Volumes p. 98
Transient Flow p. 106
The First Law with Heat Transfer Applications p. 109
Summary p. 121
The Second Law of Thermodynamics p. 141
Introduction p. 142
Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators p. 143
Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics p. 144
Reversibility p. 145
The Carnot Engine p. 147
Carnot Efficiency p. 150
Entropy p. 153
Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats p. 156
Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Variable Specific Heats p. 158
Entropy Change for Substances Such As Steam, Solids, and Liquids p. 160
The Inequality of Clausius p. 163
Entropy Change for an Irreversible Process p. 164
The Second Law Applied to a Control Volume p. 167
Summary p. 173
Power and Refrigeration Vapor Cycles p. 185
Introduction p. 186
The Rankine Cycle p. 186
A Possible Steam Carnot Cycle p. 189
Rankine Cycle Efficiency p. 190
The Reheat Cycle p. 193
The Regenerative Cycle p. 195
Effect of Losses on Power Cycle Efficiency p. 200
The Vapor-Refrigeration Cycle p. 202
The Heat Pump p. 208
Summary p. 210
Power and Refrigeration Gas Cycles p. 221
Introduction p. 222
The Air-Standard Cycle p. 222
The Carnot Cycle p. 224
The Otto Cycle p. 225
The Diesel Cycle p. 227
The Brayton Cycle p. 231
The Regenerative Brayton Cycle p. 235
The Combined Brayton-Rankine Cycle p. 237
The Gas-Refrigeration Cycle p. 239
Summary p. 242
Psychrometrics p. 253
Introduction p. 253
Gas-Vapor Mixtures p. 254
Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures p. 258
The Psychrometric Chart p. 260
Air-Conditioning Processes p. 261
Summary p. 267
Combustion p. 275
Combustion Equations p. 275
Enthalpy of Formation, Enthalpy of Combustion, and the First Law p. 280
Adiabatic Flame Temperature p. 284
Summary p. 288
Fluid Mechanics p. 293
Basic Considerations p. 295
Introduction p. 296
Dimensions, Units, and Physical Quantities p. 297
Continuum View of Gases and Liquids p. 301
Pressure and Temperature Scales p. 303
Fluid Properties p. 305
Density and Specific Weight p. 306
Viscosity p. 306
Compressibility p. 310
Surface Tension p. 311
Vapor Pressure p. 313
Conservation Laws p. 315
Thermodynamic Properties and Relationships p. 315
Properties of an Ideal Gas p. 316
First Law of Thermodynamics p. 316
Other Thermodynamic Quantities p. 318
Summary p. 321
Fluid Statics p. 329
Introduction p. 330
Pressure at Point p. 330
Pressure Variation p. 331
Fluids at Rest p. 333
Pressures in Liquids at Rest p. 333
Pressures in the Atmosphere p. 334
Manometers p. 337
Forces on Plane Areas p. 339
Forces on Curved Surfaces p. 345
Buoyancy p. 348
Linearly Accelerating Containers p. 351
Rotating Containers p. 353
Summary p. 356
Introduction to Fluids in Motion p. 369
Introduction p. 370
Description of Fluid Motion p. 371
Lagrangian and Eulerian Disciplines of Motion p. 371
Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines p. 372
Acceleration p. 374
Angular Velocity and Vorticity p. 377
Classification of Fluid Flows p. 382
One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows p. 382
Viscous and Inviscid Flows p. 383
Laminar and Turbulent Flows p. 384
Incompressible and Compressible Flows p. 388
The Bernoulli Equation p. 389
Summary p. 399
The Integral Forms of the Fundamental Laws p. 409
Introduction p. 410
The Three Basic Laws p. 411
System-to-Control-Volume Transformation p. 414
Simplifications of the System-to-Control-Volume Transformation p. 417
Conservation of Mass p. 418
Energy Equation p. 425
Work-Rate Term p. 426
General Energy Equation p. 427
Steady Uniform Flow p. 429
Steady Nonuniform Flow p. 432
Momentum Equation p. 436
General Momentum Equation p. 436
Steady Uniform Flow p. 437
Momentum Equation Applied to Deflectors p. 444
Steady Nonuniform Flow p. 451
Summary p. 452
Dimensional Analysis and Similitude p. 471
Introduction p. 472
Dimensional Analysis p. 473
Motivation p. 473
Review of Dimensions p. 475
Buckingham [pi]-Theorem p. 476
Common Dimensionless Parameters p. 481
Similitude p. 483
General Information p. 483
Confined Flows p. 485
Free-Surface Flows p. 485
High-Reynolds-Number Flows p. 488
Compressible Flows p. 490
Periodic Flows p. 491
Summary p. 492
Internal Flows p. 501
Introduction p. 502
Entrance Flow and Developed Flow p. 502
Laminar Flow in a Pipe p. 505
Laminar Flow between Parallel Plates p. 510
Laminar Flow between Rotating Cylinders p. 516
Turbulent Flow in a Pipe p. 520
Differential Equation p. 522
Velocity Profile p. 526
Losses in Developed Pipe Flow p. 532
Losses in Noncircular Conduits p. 539
Minor Losses in Pipe Flow p. 540
Hydraulic and Energy Grade Lines p. 545
Simple Pipe System with a Pump p. 548
Uniform Turbulent Flow in Open Channels p. 550
Summary p. 554
External Flows p. 571
Introduction p. 572
Separation p. 576
Flow around Immersed Bodies p. 579
Drag Coefficients p. 579
Vortex Shedding p. 585
Streamlining p. 588
Cavitation p. 589
Added Mass p. 591
Lift and Drag on Airfoils p. 593
Potential Flow Theory p. 598
Basic Flow Equations p. 598
Simple Solutions p. 602
Superposition p. 605
Boundary Layer Theory p. 608
General Background p. 608
Von Karman Integral Equation p. 611
Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer p. 613
Turbulent Boundary Layer: Power-Law Form p. 617
Turbulent Boundary Layer: Empirical Form p. 620
Convection Heat Transfer p. 626
Pressure Gradient Effects p. 629
Summary p. 632
Compressible Flow p. 647
Introduction p. 648
Speed of Sound and the Mach Number p. 650
Isentropic Nozzle Flow p. 653
Normal Shock Wave p. 663
Shock Waves in Converging-Diverging Nozzles p. 670
Oblique Shock Waves p. 674
Isentropic Expansion Waves p. 679
Summary p. 682
Appendix p. 689
Units and Conversions p. 689
Material Properties p. 691
Thermodynamic Properties of Water (Steam Tables) p. 703
Thermodynamic Properties of Freon 12 p. 717
Thermodynamic Properties of Ammonia p. 728
Ideal-Gas Tables p. 733
Psychrometric Charts p. 745
Compressibility Chart p. 747
Compressible-Flow Tables for Air p. 749
Properties of Areas and Volumes p. 753
Vector Relations p. 755
Answers to Selected Problems p. 757
Index p. 767