Chemistry:an introduction to general, organic, and biological Chemistry

1 Chemistry and Measurements
1.1 Chemistry and Chemicals 3
Chemistry Link to History Early Chemists: The Alchemists 3
1.2 A Study Plan for Learning Chemistry 5
1.3 Units of Measurement 8
Explore Your World Units Listed on Labels 10
1.4 Scientific Notation 11
1.5 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures 14
1.6 Significant Figures in Calculations 17
1.7 Prefixes and Equalities 21
1.8 Writing Conversion Factors 25
Explore Your World SI and Metric Equalities on Product Labels 27
Chemistry Link to Health Toxicology and Risk-Benefit Assessment 28
1.9 Problem Solving 29
Career Focus Veterinary Technician (VT) 31
1.10 Density 33
Explore Your World Sink or Float? 33
Chemistry Link to Health Bone Density 35
Concept Map 38
Chapter Review 39
Key Terms 40
Understanding the Concepts 40
Additional Questions and Problems 42
Challenge Questions 42
Answers 43
2 Matterand Energy
2.1 Classification of Matter 46
Chemistry Link to Health Breathing Mixtures for Scuba 49
2.2 States and Properties of Matter 50
2.3 Energy 54
Chemistry Link to the Environment Carbon Dioxide and Global Warming 56
2.4 Temperature 57
Career Focus Surgical Technologist 59
Chemistry Link to Health Variation in Body Temperature 61
2.5 Specific Heat 61
2.6 Energy and Nutrition 64
Explore Your World Counting Calories 65
Chemistry Link to Health Losing and Gaining Weight 66
2.7 Changes of State 67
Career Focus Histologist 69
Chemistry Link to Health Steam Burns 71
Concept Map 75
Chapter Review 76
Key Terms 76
Understanding the Concepts 77
Additional Questions and Problems 79
Challenge Questions 80
Answers 81
Combining Ideas from Chapters 1 and 2 83
3 Atoms and Elements
3.1 Elements and Symbols 86
Chemistry Link to Health Toxicity of Mercury 88
Chemistry Link to Industry Many Forms of Carbon 89
3.2 The Periodic Table 89
Chemistry Link to Health Elements Essential to Health 92
Career Focus Materials Scientist 95
3.3 The Atom 96
Explore Your World Repulsion and Attraction 99
3.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number 99
Career Focus Optician 101
3.5 Isotopes and Atomic Mass 102
3.6 Electron Energy Levels 106
Chemistry Link to the Environment Energy-Saving Fluorescent Bulbs 107
Chemistry Link to Health Biological Reactions to UV Light 111
3.7 Trends in Periodic Properties 111
Concept Map 118
Chapter Review 119
Key Terms 12o
Understanding the Concepts 12o
Additional Questions and Problems 121
Challenge Questions 122
Answers 123
4 Compounds and Their Bonds
4.1 Octet Rule and Ions 126
Chemistry Link to Industry Some Uses for Noble Gases 127
Chemistry Link to Health Some Important Ions in the Body 130
4.2 Ionic Compounds 131
Career Focus Physical Therapist 132
4.3 Naming and Writing Ionic Formulas 134
4.4 Polyatomic Ions 137
4.5 Covalent Compounds and Their Names 141
4.6 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity 149
4.7 Shapes and Polarity of Molecules 152
4.8 Attractive Forces in Compounds 158 Concept Map 160
Chapter Review 161
Key Terms 162
Understanding the Concepts 162
Additional Questions and Problems 163
Challenge Questions 164
Answers 165
5 Chemical Quantities and Reactions
5.1 The Mole 168
5.2 Molar Mass 172
Explore Your World Calculating Moles in the Kitchen 174
5.3 Chemical Reactions and Equations 177
5.4 Types of Reactions 183
Chemistry Link to Health Smog and Health Concerns 188
5.5 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 189 Explore Your World Oxidation of Fruits and Vegetables 191
Chemistry Link to the Environment Fuel Cells: Clean Energy for the Future 193
5.6 Mole Relationships in Chemical Equations 193
5.7 Mass Calculations for Reactions 197
5.8 Energy in Chemical Reactions 199
Chemistry Link to Hot Packs and Cold Packs 200
Concept Map 203
Chapter Review 203
Key Terms 204
Understanding the Concepts 205
Additional Questions and Problems 206
Challenge Questions 208
Answers 209
Combining Ideas from Chapters 3 to 5 211
6 Gases
6.1 Properties of Gases 214
Explore Your World Forming a Gas 217
6.2 Gas Pressure 217
Chemistry Link to Health Measuring Blood Pressure 219
6.3 Pressure and Volume (Boyle's Law) 220
Chemistry Link to Health Pressure-Volume Relationship in Breathing 223
6.4 Temperature and Volume (Charles's Law) 224
Chemistry Link to the Environment Greenhouse Gases 227
6.5 Temperature and Pressure (Gay-Lussac's Law) 228
Career Focus Nurse Anesthetist 229
6.6 The Combined Gas Law 231
6.7 Volume and Moles (Avogadro's Law) 233
6.8 Partial Pressures (Dalton's Law) 236
Chemistry Link to Health Blood Gases 238
Chemistry Link to Health Hyperbaric Chambers 239
Concept Map 240
Chapter Review 241
Key Terms 241
Understanding the Concepts 242
Additional Questions and Problems 243
Challenge Questions 243
Answers 244
7 Solutions 24s
7.1 Solutions 246
Chemistry Link to Health Water in the Body 248
Explore Your World Like Dissolves Like 250
7.2 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes 250
Career Focus Orthopedic Physician Assistant 252
Chemistry Link to Health Electrolytes in Body Fluids 254
7.3 Solubility 254
Chemistry Link to Health Gout and Kidney Stones: A Problem of Saturation in Body Fluids 256
Explore Your World Preparing Solutions 257
7.4 Concentration of a Solution 260
7.,5 Dilution of Solutions 266
7.6 Properties of Solutions 269
Chemistry Link to Health Colloids and Solutions in the Body 270
Explore Your World Everyday Osmosis 273
Chemistry Link to Health Dialysis by the Kidneys and the Artificial Kidney 276
Concept Map 278
Chapter Review 278
Key Terms 279
Understanding the Concepts 28O
Additional Questions and Problems 281
Challenge Questions 282
Answers 282
8 Acids and Bases
8.1 Acids and Bases 286
8.2 Strengths of Acids and Bases 291
8.3 Ionization of Water 294
8.4 ThepH Scale 297
Chemistry Link to Health Stomach Acid, HCl 300
Chemistry Link to the Environment Acid Rain 303
Explore Your World Using Vegetables and Flowers as pH Indicators 304
8.5 Reactions of Acids and Bases 304
Chemistry Link to Health Antacids 307
8.6 Buffers 308
Chemistry Link to Health Buffers in the Blood 310
Concept Map 311
Chapter Review 312
Key Terms 312
Understanding the Concepts 313
Additional Questions and Problems 314
Challenge Questions 314
Answers 315
Combining Ideas from Chapters 6 to 8 317
9 Nuclear Radiation
9.1 Natural Radioactivity 320
Chemistry Link to Health Biological Effects of Radiation 322
9.2 Nuclear Equations 324
Chemistry Link to the Environment Radon in Our Homes 326
Chemistry Link to Health Beta Emitters in Medicine 328
9.3 Radiation Measurement 331
Chemistry Link to Health Radiation and Food 333
9.4 Half-Life of a Radioisotope 335
Explore Your World Modeling Half-Lives 335
Chemistry Link to the Environment Dating Ancient Objects 338
9.5 Medical Applications Using Radioactivity 338
Chemistry Link to Health Other Imaging Methods 340
Chemistry Link to Health Brachytherapy 342
Chemistry Link to Health Radiation Doses in Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures 342
9.6 Nuclear Fission and Fusion 343
Chemistry Link to the Environment Nuclear Power Plants 345
Concept Map 346
Chapter Review 347
Key Terms 347
Understanding the Concepts 348
Additional Questions and Problems 349
Challenge Questions 350
Answers 350
10 Introduction to Organic Chemistry： Alkanes
10.1 Organic Compounds 354
10.2 Alkanes 357
Career Focus Geologist 360
10.3 Alkanes with Substituents 362
Chemistry Link to Health Common Uses of Halogenated Alkanes 367
10.4 Properties of Alkanes 368
Chemistry Link to Health Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide 369
Chemistry Link to Industry Crude Oil 370
10.5 Functional Groups 371
Chemistry Link to the Environment Functional Groups in Familiar Compounds 376
Concept Map 377
Chapter Review 378
Summary of Naming 378
Summary of Reactions 379
Key Terms 379
Understanding the Concepts 379
Additional Questions and Problems 380
Challenge Questions 382
Answers 383
11 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
11.1 Alkenes and Alkynes 386
Explore Your World Ripening Fruit 387
Chemistry Link to the Environment Fragrant Alkenes 389
11.2 Cis-Trans Isomers 390
Explore Your World Modeling Cis-Trans Isomers 392
Chemistry Link to the Environment Pheromones in Insect Communication 394
Chemistry Link to Health Cis-Trans Isomers for Night Vision 394
11.3 Addition Reactions 395
Explore Your World Unsaturation in Fats and Oils 395
Chemistry Link to Health Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats 396
11.4 Polymers of Alkenes 399
Explore Your World Polymers and Recycling Plastics 399
11.5 Aromatic Compounds 401
Chemistry Link to Health Some Common Aromatic Compounds 403
Chemistry Link to Health Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) 403
Concept Map 404
Chapter Review 404
Summary of Naming 405
Summary of Reactions 405
Key Terms 405
Understanding the Concepts 406
Additional Questions and Problems 406
Challenge Questions 408
Answers 408
12 Organic Compounds with Oxygen and Sulfur
12.1 Alcohols, Phenols, Thiols, and Ethers 411
Explore Your World Alcohols in Household Products 413
Chemistry Link to Health Some Important Alcohols and Phenols 413
Chemistry Link to Health Ethers as Anesthetics 416
12.2 Properties of Alcohols and Ethers 417
Chemistry Link to Health Hand Sanitizers and Ethanol 419
12.3 Reactions of Alcohols and Thiols 420
Chemistry Link to Health Methanol Poisoning 422
Career Focus Pharmacist 423
Chemistry Link to Health Oxidation of Alcohol in the Body 423
12.4 Aldehydes and Ketones 425
Chemistry Link to the Environment Vanilla 427
Chemistry Link to Health Some Important
Aldehydes and Ketones 429
12.5 Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones 430
12.6 ChiralMolecules 434
Explore Your World Using Gumdrops and Toothpicks to Model Chiral Objects 436
Chemistry Link to Health Enantiomers in Biological Systems 440
Concept Map 441
Chapter Review 441
Summary of Naming 442
Summary of Reactions 443
Key Terms 443
Understanding the Concepts 444
Additional Questions and Problems 445
Challenge Questions 447
Answers 447
Combining Ideas from Chapters 9 to 12 450
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13 Carbohydrates
14 Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amines, and Amides
15 Lipids
16 Amino Acids, Proteins, and Enzymes
17 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
18 Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production