Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics for the veterinary technician / 3rd ed.

Table Of Contents:

Introduction to Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutic Applications 1(18)

Role and Responsibilities of Today's Veterinary Technician and Technologist 2(1)

All Drugs Are Poisons 3(1)

Terminology Used in Describing Therapeutic Agents 3(5)

Drug Names 3(1)

Dose versus Dosage 4(1)

Clinical Application: Switching Medicines Produces Seizures 5(1)

Dosage Forms 6(2)

Sources of Drug Information 8(1)

Information Listed in Drug References 9(3)

Clinical Application: Watch the Inert Ingredients 10(1)

Clinical Application: Extra-Label Drug Use 11(1)

Reporting Adverse Drug Reactions 12(7)

Clinical Application: The Long Regulatory Arm of the Law 13(6)

Pharmacy Procedures, Drug Handling, and Dosage Calculations 19(24)

Prescription Drugs versus Over-the-Counter Drugs 20(1)

Prescriptions and Drug Orders 20(1)

Abbreviations Used in Drug Orders 21(1)

Containers for Dispensing Medication 22(1)

Storage of Drugs in the Veterinary Facility 23(2)

Clinical Application: A Good Idea That Did Not Work 23(1)

Clinical Application: Detective Work to Solve a Diabetic's Problem 24(1)

Environmental Considerations 25(1)

Special Storage and Handling Requirements for Controlled Substances 25(3)

Clinical Application: The Forgotten Medication 26(2)

Storage and Handling of Cytotoxic and Hazardous Drugs 28(2)

Compounding Drugs 30(1)

Calculating Drug Doses 31(12)

Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: The Principles of How Drugs Work 43(50)

Therapeutic Range 45(1)

Dosage Regimen and Routes of Administration 46(5)

Drug Dose 47(1)

Dosage Interval 48(1)

Routes of Administration 49(2)

Movement of Drug Molecules 51(4)

Passive Diffusion 51(1)

Facilitated Diffusion 51(1)

Active Transport 52(1)

Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis 53(1)

Factors that Affect Rate of Drug Molecule Transport 53(1)

Clinical Application: Ototoxicosis and Nephrotoxicosis from Drug Accumulation 54(1)

Effect of a Drug's Lipophilic or Hydrophilic Nature on Drug Molecule Movement 55(1)

Pharmacokinetics: Absorption 55(11)

Drug Absorption and Bioavailability 56(1)

Effect of Route of Administration on Absorption 56(1)

Effect of Lipophilic and Hydrophilic Properties on Absorption 57(1)

Effect of pH of the Environment on Absorption 58(3)

Ion Trapping and Absorption of Drugs 61(1)

Effect of Dissolution and Gastrointestinal Motility on Absorption of Orally Administered Drugs 62(3)

First-Pass Effect 65(1)

Effect of Perfusion on Absorption of Parenterally Administered Drugs 65(1)

Clinical Application: Lidocaine With and Without Epinephrine 65(1)

Pharmacokinetics: Drug Distribution 66(6)

Barriers to Drug Distribution 66(1)

Effect of Tissue Perfusion on Drug Distribution 67(2)

Effect of Plasma Protein Binding on Drug Distribution 69(1)

Clinical Application: Highly Protein-Bound Drugs 69(1)

Volume of Distribution 70(2)

Pharmacodynamics: The Way Drugs Exert Their Effects 72(3)

Antagonists and Agonists 73(1)

Clinical Application: Agonists, Antagonists, and Partial Agonists/Partial Antagonists in Anesthesia 74(1)

Non-Receptor-Mediated Reactions 75(1)

Pharmacokinetics: Biotransformation and Drug Metabolism 75(2)

Drug Interactions Affecting Biotransformation 75(1)

Clinical Application: Cats Are Not Little Dogs 76(1)

Species and Age Differences in Drug Biotransformation 77(1)

Pharmacokinetics: Drug Elimination 77(7)

Routes of Drug Elimination 77(1)

Renal Elimination of Drugs 77(2)

Hepatic Elimination of Drugs 79(1)

Half-Life and Clearance: Measures of Drug Elimination Rates 79(2)

Relation of Half-Life to Steady-State Concentrations 81(2)

Clinical Application: Young Animals Are Special Cases 83(1)

Drug Withdrawal Times 84(1)

Using Concepts of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics 84(9)

Drugs Affecting the Gastrointestinal Tract 93(30)

Function and Control of the Gastrointestinal Tract 94(3)

Autonomic Nervous System Control 95(1)

Biologic Mediators of Gastrointestinal Function 96(1)

Emetic Drugs 97(5)

Vomiting Reflex 97(2)

Induction of Vomiting 99(1)

Centrally Acting Emetics 100(1)

Locally Acting Emetics 101(1)

Antiemetic Drugs 102(3)

Antidiarrheal Drugs 105(4)

Antidiarrheals that Modify Intestinal Motility 105(1)

Antidiarrheals that Block Hypersecretion 106(2)

Adsorbents and Protectants as Antidiarrheal Agents 108(1)

Laxatives, Cathartics, and Purgatives 109(1)

Laxatives 109(1)

Cathartics 110(1)

Antacids and Antiulcer Drugs 110(3)

Physiology of Stomach Acid Secretion 110(1)

Drugs Used to Counter Acidity and Ulcers 111(2)

Ruminatories and Antibloat Medications 113(1)

Other Drugs Used for Gastrointestinal Problems 114(9)

Antimicrobials 114(1)

Clinical Application: ``Brain Tumor'' in a Dog 115(1)

Oral Electrolyte Replacements 115(1)

Pancreatic Enzyme Supplements 116(1)

Corticosteroids 116(7)

Drugs Affecting the Cardiovascular System 123(34)

Normal Cardiac Function 124(8)

Cardiac Anatomy and Dynamics of Blood Flow 124(1)

Electrical Conduction Through the Heart 125(2)

Depolarization, Repolarization, and Refractory Periods 127(3)

Role of the Autonomic Nervous System in Cardiovascular Function 130(2)

Antiarrhythmic Drugs 132(6)

Antiarrhythmic Drugs that Inhibit Sodium Influx 134(2)

β-Blocker Antiarrhythmic Drugs 136(1)

Calcium Channel Blocker Antiarrhythmic Drugs 137(1)

Positive Inotropic Agents 138(4)

Clinical Application: ``You Gave Him His Medicine Too?!'' 140(2)

Vasodilators 142(4)

Vasoconstriction in Heart Disease 142(1)

Vasoconstriction in Systemic Hypertension 143(1)

Vasodilator Drugs 144(2)

Diuretics 146(3)

Loop Diuretics 147(1)

Thiazide Diuretics 148(1)

Potassium-Sparing Diuretics 148(1)

Osmotic Diuretics 149(1)

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors 149(1)

Other Drugs Used in Treating Cardiovascular Disease 149(8)

Aspirin 149(1)

Bronchodilators 149(1)

Sedatives and Tranquilizers 149(8)

Drugs Affecting the Respiratory System 157(18)

Antitussives 158(2)

Butorphanol 159(1)

Hydrocodone 160(1)

Codeine 160(1)

Dextromethorphan 160(1)

Mucolytics, Expectorants, and Decongestants 160(3)

Mucolytics 161(1)

Clinical Application: Metered-Dose Inhalers 162(1)

Expectorants 162(1)

Decongestants 163(1)

Bronchodilators 163(3)

β-Adrenergic Agonists 164(1)

Methylxanthines 165(1)

Other Drugs Used to Treat Respiratory Problems 166(9)

Antimicrobials 166(2)

Corticosteroids 168(1)

Antihistamines 169(1)

Diuretics 169(1)

Oxygen 169(6)

Drugs Affecting the Endocrine System 175(28)

The Negative Feedback System 176(2)

Drugs Used to Treat Thyroid Disease 178(5)

Drugs Used to Treat Hypothyroidism 178(3)

Clinical Application: Acute Overdose of Levothyroxine in a Dog 181(1)

Drugs Used to Treat Hyperthyroidism 182(1)

Endocrine Pancreatic Drugs 183(4)

Types of Insulin 184(2)

Other Drugs to Control Diabetes, and Drugs to Avoid 186(1)

Drugs Affecting Reproduction 187(1)

Hormonal Control of the Estrous Cycle 187(2)

Hormonal Changes during Pregnancy and Parturition 189(1)

Types of Reproductive Drugs 190(3)

Uses of Reproductive Drugs 193(3)

Other Uses of Reproductive Drugs 196(1)

Uses of Reproductive Drugs No Longer Considered Legitimate 197(6)

Drugs Affecting the Nervous System: Analgesics, Anesthetics, and Stimulants 203(30)

Analgesics 204(8)

The Pain Pathway 204(1)

Opioid Analgesics 205(6)

Clinical Application: Dangers from Fentanyl Patch 211(1)

Opioid Antagonists 211(1)

Tranquilizers and Sedatives 212(5)

Acepromazine 212(1)

Benzodiazepine Tranquilizers: Diazepam, Zolazepam, Midazolam, and Clonazepam 213(1)

α2 Agonists: Xylazine, Detomidine, and Medetomidine 214(3)

Anesthetics 217(7)

Barbiturates 217(3)

Propofol 220(1)

Dissociative Anesthetics 220(2)

Inhalant Anesthetics 222(2)

Other Anesthetic Gasses 224(1)

Central Nervous System Stimulants 224(9)

Methylxanthines 225(1)

Doxapram 225(1)

α2 Antagonists: Yohimbine, Tolazoline, and Atipamezole 226(7)

Drugs Affecting the Nervous System: Anticonvulsants and Behavior-Modifying Drugs 233(18)

Anticonvulsants 234(6)

Phenobarbital 235(2)

Diazepam 237(1)

Potassium Bromide 238(1)

Other Anticonvulsants 238(1)

Clinical Application: Use of Propofol for Seizures 239(1)

Behavior-Modifying Drugs 240(11)

What Are Behavior-Modifying Drugs? 241(1)

Antipsychotic Drugs 241(1)

Antidepressant Drugs 242(1)

Anxiolytic Drugs 243(1)

Other Behavior-Modifying Drugs 244(7)

Antimicrobials 251(40)

Types of Antimicrobials 252(1)

Goals of Antimicrobial Therapy 252(2)

Resistance of Microorganisms to Antimicrobial Therapy 254(3)

Clinical Application: Time-Dependent versus Concentration-Dependent Effects 255(2)

Concern over Antimicrobial Residues 257(1)

Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Action 257(2)

Classes of Antimicrobials 259(19)

Penicillins 259(3)

Cephalosporins 262(2)

Aminoglycosides 264(2)

Clinical Application: Topical Application Induces Renal Failure 266(3)

Quinolones 269(1)

Clinical Application: Nephrotoxicosis in a Horse 270(2)

Tetracyclines 272(2)

Sulfonamides and Potentiated Sulfonamides 274(3)

Clinical Application: Skin Eruptions in Dogs on Sulfonamides 277(1)

Other Antimicrobials Used in Veterinary Medicine 278(4)

Lincosamides 278(1)

Macrolides 278(1)

Metronidazole 279(1)

Chloramphenicol and Florfenicol 280(1)

Rifampin 281(1)

Miscellaneous Antibiotics 281(1)

Antifungals 282(9)

Amphotericin B 282(1)

Azoles: The Imidazole Derivatives 282(1)

Griseofulvin 283(8)

Disinfectants and Antiseptics 291(14)

Terminology Describing Disinfecting Agents 292(1)

Appropriate Use of Disinfecting Agents 293(1)

Selecting an Appropriate Disinfecting Agent 294(2)

Types of Disinfecting Agents 296(9)

Alcohols 296(1)

Chlorine Compounds 297(1)

Iodine Compounds and Iodophors 297(1)

Chlorhexidine 298(1)

Glutaraldehyde 299(1)

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds 299(1)

Other Disinfecting Agents 299(6)

Antiparasitics 305(38)

Importance of the Veterinary Technician's Role 306(1)

Principles of Antiparasitic Use 307(1)

Internal Antiparasitics 308(1)

Terminology Used to Describe Internal Antiparasitics 309(1)

Antinematodals 309(9)

Avermectins and Milbemycin Group (the Macrolides) 309(2)

Ivermectin 311(1)

Clinical Application: Ivermectin Toxicosis in Two Australian Shepherds 312(1)

Selamectin 313(1)

Livestock Macrolides: Doramectin and Eprinomectin 313(1)

Milbemycin Oxime 314(1)

Moxidectin 314(1)

Benzimidazoles 314(1)

Clinical Application: Respiratory Failure Attributable to Moxidectin Intoxication in a Dog 315(2)

Pyrantel 317(1)

Piperazines 317(1)

Organophosphates 318(1)

Anticestodals 318(1)

Praziquantel 318(1)

Epsiprantel 319(1)

Antiparasitics Used in Heartworm Treatment 319(4)

Heartworm Adulticides 320(1)

Microfilaricides 321(1)

Preventatives 322(1)

Antiprotozoals 323(1)

External Antiparasitics 324(9)

Organophosphates and Carbamates 325(3)

Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids 328(1)

Amitraz 329(1)

Macrolides 330(1)

Imidacloprid 331(1)

Fipronil 331(1)

Nitenpyram 332(1)

Insect Growth Regulators, Insect Development Inhibitors, and Juvenile Hormone Mimics 333(1)

Insect Repellents 334(9)

Antiinflammatory Drugs 343(24)

Inflammation Pathway 344(1)

Arachidonic Acid Pathway 344(1)

Corticosteroids 345(1)

Glucocorticoids 345(6)

Types of Glucocorticoid Drugs 346(1)

Formulations of Glucocorticoids 347(1)

Effects of Glucocorticoids 348(2)

Disease Caused by Glucocorticoid Use 350(1)

Safe Use of Glucocorticoids 350(1)

Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs 351(8)

NSAIDs as Analgesics 352(1)

NSAID Precautions and Side Effects 352(2)

Specific NSAIDs 354(1)

Clinical Application: Are These COX-2 Inhibitors Like Vioxx and Celebrex? 355(4)

Chondroprotective Agents 359(1)

Polysulfated Glycosaminoglycans 359(1)

Hyaluronic Acid or Hyaluronate Sodium 359(1)

Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate 359(1)

Other Drugs Used to Fight Inflammation 359(8)

Acetaminophen 359(1)

Orgotein 360(1)

Gold Salts 360(1)

Piroxicam 360(7)
Answers to Self-Assessment Review Questions and Application 367