The real world : an introduction to sociology / 2nd ed.

Table Of Contents:
Preface xix

PART I: Thinking Sociologically and Doing Sociology 1(90)

Sociology and the Real World 4(28)

How to Read this Chapter 6(26)

What Does Society Look Like? 7(1)

Asking the Big Questions 7(1)

In Relationships: Food and Eating 8(1)

What Is Sociology? 9(1)

On the Job: Famous Sociology Majors 10(2)

Levels of Analysis 12(1)

Micro- and Macrosociology 12(3)

Quantitative and Qualitative Methods 15(1)

The Sociological Perspective 16(1)

The Sociological Imagination 16(1)

Culture Shock 17(1)

Changing the World: Kiva.org and Microloans 18(2)

Beginner's Mind 20(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Everyday Life: Doing Nothing 21(1)

Starting Your Sociological Journey 21(1)

Sociology and Everyday Life 22(1)

Contemporary American Society 22(2)

The United States in Global Perspective 24(2)

Global Perspective: Etiquette Across Cultures 26(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Mass Media and Popular Culture: Cyber Communities 27(1)

The Mass Media and Popular Culture 27(1)

Closing Comments 28(1)

Chapter Summary 29(1)

Questions for Review 30(1)

Suggestions for Further Exploration 30(2)

Sociology's Family Tree: Theories and Theorists 32(32)

How to Read this Chapter 35(29)

What Is Theory? 35(1)

Sociology's Family Tree 36(1)

Sociology's Roots 36(2)

Global Perspective: Eurocentrism and Sociological Theory 38(1)

Classical Sociological Theory 39(4)

Modern Schools of Thought 43(1)

Structural Functionalism 44(1)

In Relationships: Gender, Parenting, and Theory 45(1)

Conflict Theory 46(2)

Changing the World: W.E.B. DuBois: Addressing Racial Inequality in Theory and Praxis 48(2)

Symbolic Interactionism 50(2)

On the Job: In the Footsteps of Jane Addams 52(3)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Mass Media and Popular Culture: Theories of Celebrity Gossip 55(2)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Everyday Life: Shopping for Theoretical Perspectives at Wal-Mart 57(1)

New Theoretical Approaches 58(1)

Feminist Theory 58(1)

Queer Theory 58(1)

Postmodern Theory 58(2)

Closing Comments 60(1)

Chapter Summary 61(1)

Questions for Review 62(1)

Suggestions for Further Exploration 62(2)

Studying Social Life: Sociological Research Methods 64(27)

How to read This Chapter 66(25)

An Overview of Research Methods 66(1)

The Scientific Approach 66(2)

Which Method to Use? 68(2)

Ethnographic Methods 70(1)

Analyzing the Data 71(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages 71(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Everyday Life: Observing and Describing Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 72(1)

Interviews 73(1)

Analyzing the Data 74(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages 74(1)

Surveys 74(1)

Analyzing the Data 75(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages 76(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Mass Media and Popular Culture: Comparative Media Usage Patterns 76(1)

Existing Sources 77(1)

Analyzing the Data 78(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages 78(1)

In Relationships: Social Networking Sites as Sources of Data 79(1)

Experimental Methods 80(1)

Analyzing the Data 80(1)

Advantages and Disadvantages 80(1)

Issues in Sociological Research 81(1)

Nonacademic Uses of Research Methods 81(1)

Values, Objectivity, and Reactivity 82(1)

On the Job: Commercial Ethnography 83(1)

Research Ethics 84(1)

Changing the World: Brown vs. the Board of Education 85(1)

Global Perspective: The Nuremberg Code and Research Ethics 86(1)

Closing Comments 87(1)

Chapter Summary 88(1)

Questions for Review 88(1)

Suggestions for Further Exploration 89(2)

PART II: Framing Social Life 91(114)

Cultural Crossroads 94(30)

How to Read this Chapter 96(28)

What is Culture? 96(1)

How Has Culture Been Studied? 97(1)

Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism 97(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Everyday Life: A Comparison of Religious Services 98(2)

Components of Culture 100(1)

Material Culture 100(1)

Symbolic Culture 101(3)

Values, Norms, and Sanctions 104(1)

Variations in Culture 105(1)

In Relationships: Institutional Values and College Life 106(1)

Dominant Culture 106(1)

Subcultures 107(1)

Countercultures 107(1)

Changing the World: Principles and Practices---Values, Norms, and Laws in Flux 108(2)

Culture Wars 110(1)

Ideal vs. Real Culture 110(1)

High, Low, and Popular Culture 111(2)

Polysemy, Audiences, and Fans 113(1)

The Business of Culture 114(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Mass Media and Popular Culture: Seeing Culture in Popular Magazines 114(1)

Cultural Change 115(1)

Technological Change 115(1)

Cultural Diffusion and Cultural Leveling 116(1)

Cultural Imperialism 117(1)

American Culture in Perspective 117(1)

On the Job: U.S. Military 118(1)

Global Perspective: The Voice of America: Spreading Propaganda or Democratic Values? 119(1)

Closing Comments 120(1)

Chapter Summary 120(1)

Questions for Review 121(1)

Suggestions for Further Exploration 122(2)

The Self and Interaction 124(26)

How to Read this Chapter 126(24)

What Is Human Nature? 126(1)

The Nature vs. Nurture Debate 126(1)

The Process of Socialization 126(1)

Social Isolation 127(1)

Theories of the Self 128(1)

Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud 128(1)

The Looking-Glass Self: Charles Cooley 129(1)

Mind, Self, and Society: George Herbert Mead 130(1)

Dramaturgy: Erving Goffman 131(2)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Everyday Life: Impression Management in Action 133(1)

Agents of Socialization 134(1)

The Family 135(1)

Schools 135(1)

Peers 135(1)

The Mass Media 136(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Mass Media and Popular Culture: Television as an Agent of Socialization 137(1)

Changing the World: Sister Pauline Quinn and Training Dogs in Prison 138(1)

Adult Socialization 138(2)

Statuses and Roles 140(1)

In Relationships: NFL vs. Family: Chris and Stefanie Spielman 141(1)

Multiple Roles and Role Conflict 142(1)

Emotions and Personality 142(1)

Global Perspective: Cross-Cultural Responses to Grief 143(1)

On the Job: The Wages of Emotion Work 144(1)

The Social Construction of Emotions 144(1)

New Interactional Contexts 145(2)

Closing Comments 147(1)

Chapter Summary 147(1)

Questions for Review 148(1)

Suggestions for Further Exploration 148(2)

Separate and Together: Life in Groups 150(28)

How to Read this Chapter 152(26)

What Is a Group? 152(1)

Primary and Secondary Groups 152(1)

Social Networks 153(1)

Jobs and Networks 154(1)

Gender and Networks 154(1)

Separate from Groups: Anomie 155(1)

In Relationships: Social Networking Sites: Pros and Cons 156(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Mass Media and Popular Culture: Virtual Communities and ``Netiquette'' 156(2)

Group Dynamics 158(1)

Dyads, Triads, and More 158(1)

In-Groups and Out-Groups 158(1)

Reference Groups 159(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Everyday Life: The 20 Statements Test: Who Am I? 159(2)

Group Cohesion 161(1)

Global Perspective: Group vs. Individual Norms: The Caning of Michael Fay 162(1)

Social Influence (Peer Pressure) 163(1)

Experiments in Conformity 164(2)

Teamwork 166(1)

On the Job: Teamwork and the Tour de France 167(1)

Qualities of Leadership: Power, Authority, and Style 168(1)

Bureaucracy 169(1)

The McDonaldization of Society 170(1)

Responding to Bureaucratic Constraints 171(1)

Changing the World: The Catholic Worker Movement: Rejecting Bureaucracy, Providing Respite 172(3)

Closing Comments 175(1)

Chapter Summary 175(1)

Questions for Review 176(1)

Suggestions for Further Exploration 176(2)

Deviance 178(27)

How to Read this Chapter 180(25)

Defining Deviance 180(1)

Deviance Across Cultures 180(1)

Body Modification 181(2)

Global Perspective: Delicious or Disgusting? Food, Culture, and Deviance 183(1)

Theories of Deviance 183(1)

Functionalism 183(1)

Conflict Theory 184(1)

Structural Strain Theory 185(1)

Symbolic Interactionism 186(2)

Changing the World: Tuy Sobil and the Tiny Toones of Phnom Penh 188(2)

Stigma and Deviant Identity 190(1)

Passing 190(1)

In-Group Orientation 191(1)

Deviance Avowal and Voluntary Outsiders 191(1)

In Relationships: Forming Friendships in the Face of Stigma 192(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Everyday Life: Personal Stories of AA Members 193(1)

Studying Deviance 193(1)

The Foreground of Deviance: The Emotional Attraction of Doing Bad Deeds 194(1)

Deviance in a New International Context: Cyberbullying 195(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Mass Media and Popular Culture: Norm Breaking on Television 196(1)

Crime and Punishment 197(1)

Crime and Demographics 197(2)

On the Job: Is ``Cash Register Honesty'' Good Enough? 199(1)

Deterrence and Punishment 200(1)

``Positive'' Deviance? 201(1)

Closing Comments 201(1)

Chapter Summary 202(1)

Questions for Review 203(1)

Suggestions for Further Exploration 203(2)

Part III: Understanding Inequality 205(94)

Social Class: The Structure of Inequality 208(34)

How to Read this Chapter 211(31)

Social Stratification and Social Inequality 211(1)

Systems of Stratification 211(1)

Slavery 211(1)

Caste 212(1)

Social Class 213(1)

Social Classes in the United States 213(1)

The Upper Class 213(1)

The Upper-Middle Class 213(1)

The Middle Class 214(1)

The Working (Lower-Middle) Class 214(1)

The Working Poor and Underclass 215(1)

Problematic Categories 215(1)

Global Perspective: Systems of Stratification Around the World 216(2)

Theories of Social Class 218(1)

Karl Marx 218(1)

Max Weber 218(2)

Pierre Bourdieu 220(1)

Symbolic Interactionism 220(2)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Everyday Life: Class Consciousness 222(1)

Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances 223(1)

Family 223(1)

Health 223(1)

Education 223(1)

Work and Income 224(1)

Criminal Justice 225(1)

In Relationships: Socioeconomic Status and Mate Selection 226(1)

Social Mobility 227(1)

On the Job: Digital Divide 228(1)

Defining Poverty 229(1)

Social Welfare and Welfare Reform 230(2)

The ``Culture of Poverty'' Theory and Its Critics 232(1)

The Invisibility of Poverty 233(3)

Changing the World: Michael Moore's Roger & Me 236(1)

Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream 237(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Mass Media and Popular Culture: Advertising and the American Dream 238(1)

Closing Comments 239(1)

Chapter Summary 239(1)

Questions for Review 240(1)

Suggestions for Further Exploration 240(2)

Race and Ethnicity as Lived Experience 242(24)

How to Read this Chapter 244(22)

Defining Race and Ethnicity 244(1)

``Ethnic Options'': Symbolic and Situational Ethnicity 245(1)

Global Perspective: Heritage Tourism: Getting in Touch with Our Roots 246(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Everyday Life: Doing Symbolic Ethnicity 247(1)

What Is a Minority? 248(1)

Racism, Prejudice, and Discrimination 248(2)

Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race in the United States 250(1)

Race as an Interactional Accomplishment 251(1)

Passing 251(1)

Embodied and Disembodied Identities 252(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Mass Media and Popular Culture: The Politics and Poetics of Racial Identity 253(1)

In Relationships: ``Jungle Fever'': Interracial Romance, Dating, and Marriage 254(1)

Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances 255(1)

Family 256(1)

Health 256(1)

Education 256(1)

On the Job: Race in College Admissions 257(1)

Work and Income 258(1)

Criminal Justice 258(1)

Race Relations: Conflict or Cooperation 259(1)

Genocide 259(1)

Population Transfer 259(1)

Changing the World: Stories of Genocide 260(1)

Internal Colonialism and Segregation 260(1)

Assimilation 261(1)

Pluralism 262(1)

Closing Comments 263(1)

Chapter Summary 263(1)

Questions for Review 264(1)

Suggestions for Further Exploration 264(2)

Constructing Gender and Sexuality 266(33)

How to Read this Chapter 268(31)

What Is Sex? What Is Gender 268(1)

Sex 268(1)

Gender 269(1)

Nature and Nurture 269(1)

Essentialist and Constructionist Approaches to Gender Identity 269(1)

Global Perspective: Different Societies, Different Genders 270(1)

Gender Inequality 271(1)

Macro Theoretical Perspectives 272(1)

Interactionist Perspectives 273(1)

Gender Role Socialization 274(1)

Family 274(1)

Schools 274(1)

Peers 275(1)

The Media 275(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Mass Media and Popular Culture: The Fashion Police: Gender and the Rules of Beauty 276(1)

Sex, Gender and Life Chances 277(1)

Family 277(1)

Health 278(1)

Education 279(1)

Work and Income 279(2)

The Military 281(1)

Criminal Justice 281(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Everyday Life: The Second Shift: Gendered Norms and Household Labor 282(1)

Gender and Language 283(1)

In Relationships: Hooking Up: Young Women in Peril or Just a New Way to Date? 284(2)

The Women's Movement 286(1)

First Wave 286(1)

Second Wave 287(1)

Third Wave 287(1)

The Men's Movement 288(1)

Male Liberationism 288(1)

Two Marches 288(1)

Sexual Orientation 289(1)

A Sexual Continuum? 290(1)

Homophobia 291(1)

On the Job: ``At-Risk'' Youth and Insights Academy 292(1)

The Mass Media and Homosexual Stereotypes 292(2)

Changing the World: ACT-Up and AIDS Activism 294(1)

Closing Comments 295(1)

Chapter Summary 295(1)

Questions for Review 296(1)

Suggestions for Further Exploration 297(2)

PART IV: Examining Social Institutions as Sites of Everyday Life 299(126)

The Macro-Micro Link in Social Institutions: Politics, Education, and Religion 302(38)

How to Read this Chapter 305(35)

What Is Politics? 305(1)

Political Systems: Government 305(2)

The American Political System 307(1)

Changing the World: Patriotism and Protest 308(2)

Who Rules America? 310(3)

The Media and the Political Process 313(4)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Mass Media and Popular Culture: The Social Construction of the Presidency 317(1)

Politics: Linking Micro- and Macrosociology 318(1)

What Is Education? 319(1)

A Brief History of Modern Education 319(1)

Education and the Reproduction of Society 320(1)

Classic Studies of Education 321(1)

The Crisis in Education 322(1)

The Present and Future of Education 323(1)

On the Job: Rookie Teachers 324(4)

Education: Linking Micro- and Macrosociology 328(1)

What Is Religion? 328(1)

Functions and Dysfunctions of Religion 328(1)

Religion in America 329(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Everyday Life: Measures of Religiosity 330(1)

Religious Affiliation Trends 331(1)

A Secular Society? 332(1)

In Relationships: Can We Have a Relationship with God? 333(1)

Global Perspective: Thou Shall Not Kill: Religion, Violence, and Terrorism 334(2)

Religion: Linking Micro- and Macrosociology 336(1)

Closing Comments 336(1)

Chapter Summary 336(1)

Questions for Review 337(1)

Suggestions for Further Exploration 338(2)

The Economy, Work, and Working 340(34)

How to Read this Chapter 343(31)

Historical and Economic Changes 343(1)

Pre-Colonial United States: Hunting and Gathering and Horticultural Societies 343(1)

The Agricultural Revolution 343(1)

The Industrial Revolution 344(1)

The Information Revolution 345(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Mass Media and Popular Culture: The Work World of Prime Time Television 346(2)

Economic Systems: Comparing Capitalism and Socialism 348(1)

Capitalism 348(1)

Socialism 348(1)

The United States: A Capitalist System with Some Socialist Attributes 349(1)

The Nature of Industrial and Postindustrial Work 350(1)

Industrial Work 350(1)

Postindustrial Service Work 351(1)

Postindustrial Knowledge Work 352(1)

In Relationships: Disembodied Colleagues 353(1)

Individual and Collective Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope 354(1)

Individual Resistance Strategies: Handling Bureaucratic Constraints 354(1)

Collective Resistance Strategies: Unions in the Past and Present 355(3)

The Best of Corporate America 358(1)

Globalization, Economics, and Work 359(1)

International Trade: Shallow and Deep Integration 359(1)

Transnational Corporations 359(1)

Global Sweatshop Labor 360(2)

Global Perspective: Sweatshop Labor and ``Gold Farming'' in China 362(2)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Everyday Life: Are Your Clothes Part of the Global Commodity Chain? 364(1)

Outsourcing 364(1)

Alternative Ways of Working 365(1)

Professional Socialization in Unusual Fields 365(1)

On the Job: Internships and Experiential Learning 366(1)

The Contingent Workforce: Temps, Freelancers, and Independent Contractors 367(1)

Changing the World: Millions of Volunteers 368(3)

The Third Sector and Volunteerism 371(1)

Closing Comments 371(1)

Chapter Summary 371(1)

Questions for Review 372(1)

Suggestions for Further Exploration 373(1)

Life at Home 374(26)

How to Read this Chapter 376(24)

What Is the Family? 376(1)

Diversity in Families 377(1)

Sociological Perspectives on the Family 377(1)

Structural Functionalism 377(1)

Changing the World: Who Can Marry? 378(1)

Conflict Theory 378(1)

Symbolic Interactionism 379(1)

Global Perspective: Talking About Kin 380(1)

Forming Relationships, Selecting Mates 381(1)

Doing the Work of Family 382(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Everyday Life: Comparative Mealtime 382(1)

Gender and Family Labor 383(1)

In Relationships: Permutations of Family Living: From Boomerang Kids to the Sandwich Generation 384(2)

On the Job: Juggling Work and Family 386(2)

Family and the Life Course 388(1)

Aging in the Family 388(1)

Trouble in Families 389(1)

Domestic Violence and Abuse 389(1)

Child and Elder Abuse 390(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Mass Media and Popular Culture: Family Troubles in Film 391(1)

Divorce and Breakups 392(1)

Changing Patterns 392(1)

Custody, Visitation, and Child Support 393(1)

Stepparents and Blended Families 394(1)

Trends in American Families 394(1)

Being Single 394(1)

Cohabitation 395(1)

Single Parenting 395(1)

Intentional Communities 396(1)

The Postmodern Family 396(1)

Closing Comments 397(1)

Chapter Summary 397(1)

Questions for Review 398(1)

Suggestions for Further Exploration 398(2)

Recreation and Leisure in Everyday Life 400(25)

How to Read this Chapter 402(23)

Studying Leisure and Recreation 402(1)

Three Developments 402(2)

Leisure: The Opposite of Work? 404(1)

Leisure and Inequality 405(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Mass Media and Popular Culture: ``Unsportsmanlike'' Conduct 405(1)

Spectatorship 406(1)

The Structure of Media Industries 406(1)

The Media and Democracy 406(1)

On the Job: Musicians ``Playing'' Music 407(1)

Concentration of Media Power 408(3)

New Voices in Media 411(1)

Self-Regulation and Censorship 411(1)

Mass Media Consumption: Passive vs. Active Audiences 412(1)

The Hypodermic Needle (or Magic Bullet) Theory 412(1)

Minimal Effects Theories 412(1)

Active Audiences and Cultural Studies 413(1)

In Relationships: Fan-Celebrity Relations 414(2)

Interpretive Communities and Shared Meanings 416(1)

Recreation, Leisure, and Relationships 416(1)

Leisure and Community 416(1)

Collectors and Hobbyists 417(1)

Hangouts: The Third Place 417(1)

Global Perspective: The Other Football 418(2)

Changing the World: Ecotourism 420(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Everyday Life: Observing a Hangout 421(1)

Travel and Tourism 422(1)

Closing Comments 422(1)

Chapter Summary 422(1)

Questions for Review 423(1)

Suggestions for Further Exploration 424(1)

PART V: Creating Social Change and Envisioning the Future 425

City and Country: The Social World and the Natural World 428(40)

How to Read this Chapter 430(38)

Population 430(1)

Demography 430(2)

Theories on Population Growth 432(3)

Urbanization 435(2)

Features of Urbanization 437(1)

Global Perspective: The Asian Brown Cloud: Pollution in China and India 438(3)

Trends in Urbanization 441(3)

On the Job: Operation Weed and Seed 444(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Mass Media and Popular Culture: Imagining the Cities of Tomorrow 445(1)

Living in the City 446(1)

In Relationships: Encounters with Strangers 447(1)

Alienation and Altruism: The Case of New York City 448(2)

Urban Legends 450(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Everyday Life: Urban Legends 451(1)

The Environment 452(1)

Social Ecology 452(1)

Studying the Environment 453(1)

The Environment as a Social Problem 453(4)

Environmental Sociology 457(3)

Changing the World: Julia ``Butterfly'' Hill 460(5)

Closing Comments 465(1)

Chapter Summary 465(1)

Questions for Review 466(1)

Suggestions for Further Exploration 466(2)

Social Change: Looking Toward Tomorrow 468

How to Read this Chapter 470

What Is Social Change? 470(1)

Collective Behavior 471(1)

Crowd Behavior 472(1)

Mass Behavior 473(3)

Changing the World: John Robbins and Diet for a New America 476(2)

Social Movements 478(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Everyday Life: Interest Groups and Social Change 479(2)

On the Job: Helping Professions and Social Change 481(1)

Emergent Social Movements: Promoting and Resisting Change 482(1)

Technology and Social Change 483(1)

Faith in Technology: Can It Solve Social Problems? 484(1)

Data Workshop: Analyzing Mass Media and Popular Culture: The ``Un-TV'' Experiment 484(1)

Technology in the Global Village 485(1)

In Relationships: Missionaries and Their Families 486(2)

Global Perspective: Bhutan and Gross National Happiness 488(1)

Implications for a Postmodern World 488(2)

Closing Comments 490(1)

Chapter Summary 491(1)

Questions for Review 492(1)

Suggestions for Further Exploration 492
Glossary 1(1)
References 1(1)
Credits 1(1)
Index 1