Environmental geology / 7th ed.

Table Of Contents:

SECTION ONE Foundations

An Overview of Our Planetary Environment 2(21)

Earth in Space and Time 3(5)

The Early Solar System 3(1)

The Planets 3(2)

Earth, Then and Now 5(1)

Life on Earth 6(2)

Geology, Past and Present 8(4)

The Geologic Perspective 8(1)

Geology and the Scientific Method 8(1)

The Motivation to Find Answers 9(2)

Wheels Within Wheels: Earth Cycles and Systems 11(1)

Nature and Rate of Population Growth 12(2)

Growth Rates: Causes and Consequences 13(1)

Growth Rate and Doubling Time 14(1)

Impacts of the Human Population 14(9)

Farmland and Food Supply 14(1)

Population and Nonfood Resources 15(2)

Uneven Distribution of People and Resources 17(1)

Disruption of Natural Systems 17(1)

Is Extraterrestrial Colonization a Solution? 18(1)

Reality in Round Numbers 19(1)

Summary 20(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 20(1)

Exercises 20(1)

Suggested Readings/References 21(1)

Netnotes 21(2)

Rocks and Minerals---A First Look 23(20)

Atoms, Elements, Isotopes, Ions, and Compounds 24(1)

Atomic Structure 24(1)

Elements and Isotopes 24(1)

Ions 24(1)

Compounds 24(1)

The Periodic Table 25(1)

Minerals---General 26(3)

Minerals Defined 26(1)

Identifying Characteristics of Minerals 26(1)

Other Physical Properties of Minerals 26(3)

Types of Minerals 29(3)

Silicates 29(1)

Nonsilicates 30(2)

Rocks 32(11)

Asbestos---A Case of Risky Business? 33(1)

Igneous Rocks 34(1)

Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks 34(2)

Metamorphic Rocks 36(3)

The Rock Cycle Revisited 39(1)

Summary 39(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 40(1)

Exercises 40(1)

Suggested Readings/References 40(1)

Netnotes 41(2)

SECTION TWO Internal Processes

Plate Tectonics 43(21)

Plate Tectonics---General Principles 44(3)

Stress and Strain in Geologic Materials 44(1)

Lithosphere and Asthenosphere 45(1)

Locating Plate Boundaries 45(2)

Plate Movements---Accumulating Evidence 47(7)

The Topography of the Sea Floor 47(1)

Magnetism in Rocks---General 47(3)

Paleomagnetism and Seafloor Spreading 50(1)

Age of the Ocean Floor 50(1)

Polar-Wander Curves 51(2)

Other Evidence 53(1)

Types of Plate Boundaries 54(4)

Divergent Plate Boundaries 54(2)

Transform Boundaries 56(1)

Convergent Plate Boundaries 56(2)

How Far, How Fast, How Long, How Come? 58(6)

Past Motions, Present Velocities 58(1)

Why Do Plates Move? 58(2)

Subduction Zones---Disposal Zones? 60(1)

History of Plate Tectonics 61(1)

Plate Tectonics and the Rock Cycle 61(1)

Summary 62(1)

Key Terms and Concepts' 62(1)

Exercises 62(1)

Suggested Readings/References 63(1)

Netnotes 63(1)

Earthquakes 64(28)

Earthquakes---Basic Theory 67(1)

Basic Terms 67(1)

Earthquake Locations 68(1)

Seismic Waves and Earthquake Severity 68(4)

Seismic Waves 68(1)

Locating the Epicenter 69(1)

Magnitude and Intensity 69(3)

Earthquake-Related Hazards and Their Reduction 72(6)

Ground Motion 72(4)

Ground Failure 76(1)

Tsunamis and Coastal Effects 77(1)

Fire 77(1)

Earthquake Prediction and Forecasting 78(4)

Seismic Gaps 78(1)

Earthquake Precursors and Prediction 79(1)

Current Status of Earthquake Prediction 79(1)

The Earthquake Cycle and Forecasting 80(2)

Earthquake Control? 82(1)

Earthquake Awareness, Public Response 82(2)

Concerns Related to Predictions 82(1)

``Earthquake-Proof'' Buildings? 83(1)

Public Response to Earthquake Hazards 84(1)

Further Thoughts on Modern and Future U.S. and Canadian Earthquakes 84(8)

Areas of Widely Recognized Risk 84(2)

Other Potential Problem Areas 86(3)

Summary 89(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 89(1)

Exercises 89(1)

Suggested Readings/References 90(1)

Netnotes 90(2)

Volcanoes 92(29)

Magma Sources and Types 93(2)

Kinds and Locations of Volcanic Activity 95(5)

Individual Volcanoes---Locations 95(1)

Seafloor Spreading Ridges, Fissure Eruptions 95(2)

Shield Volcanoes 97(1)

Volcanic Domes 97(1)

Cinder Cones 97(3)

Composite Volcanoes 100(1)

Hazards Related to Volcanoes 100(8)

Lava 100(2)

Pyroclastics 102(1)

Lahars 103(1)

Pyroclastic Flows---Nuees Ardentes 104(1)

Toxic Gases 105(1)

Steam Explosions 106(1)

Secondary Effects: Climate and Atmospheric Chemistry 107(1)

Issues in Predicting Volcanic Eruptions 108(3)

Classification of Volcanoes by Activity 108(1)

Volcanic Precursors 108(2)

Response to Eruption Predictions 110(1)

Present and Future Volcanic Hazards in the United States 111(10)

Hawaii 111(1)

Cascade Range 111(1)

A Case of Degrees of Risk: Life on a Volcano's Flank 112(3)

The Aleutians 115(1)

Long Valley and Yellowstone Calderas 116(2)

Summary 118(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 118(1)

Exercises 118(1)

Suggested Readings/References 118(1)

Netnotes 119(2)

SECTION THREE Surface Processes

Streams and Flooding 121(25)

The Hydrologic Cycle 122(1)

Streams and Their Features 123(4)

Streams---General 123(1)

Sediment Transport 123(1)

Velocity, Gradient, and Base Level 124(1)

Velocity and Sediment Sorting and Deposition 125(1)

Channel and Floodplain Evolution 125(2)

Flooding 127(7)

Factors Governing Flood Severity 127(1)

Flood Characteristics 128(1)

Stream Hydrographs 129(1)

Flood-Frequency Curves 130(2)

How Big Is the One Hundred-Year Flood? 132(2)

Consequences of Development in Floodplains 134(2)

Reasons for Floodplain Occupation 134(1)

Effects of Development on Flood Hazards 135(1)

Strategies for Reducing Flood Hazards 136(10)

Restrictive Zoning and ``Floodproofing'' 136(1)

Retention Ponds, Diversion Channels 137(1)

Channelization 137(1)

Levees 138(1)

Life on the Mississippi: A Case for More Levees? 139(1)

Flood-Control Dams and Reservoirs 140(1)

Flood Warnings? 141(2)

Summary 143(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 143(1)

Exercises 144(1)

Suggested Readings/References 144(1)

Netnotes 145(1)

Coastal Zones and Processes 146(23)

Nature of the Coastline 147(5)

Waves and Tides 148(1)

Sediment Transport and Deposition 149(1)

Storms and Coastal Dynamics 150(2)

Emergent and Submergent Coastlines 152(2)

Causes of Long-Term Sea-Level Change 152(1)

Signs of Changing Relative Sea Level 153(1)

Present and Future Sea-Level Trends 154(1)

Coastal Erosion and ``Stabilization'' 154(6)

Beach Erosion, Protection, and Restoration 156(2)

Cliff Erosion 158(2)

Especially Difficult Coastal Environments 160(9)

Barrier Islands 160(1)

Estuaries 161(1)

Costs of Construction---and Reconstruction---in High-Energy Environments 162(1)

Recognition of Coastal Hazards 163(1)

The Great Lakes---A Case of Controllable Coastline? 164(2)

Summary 166(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 166(1)

Exercises 167(1)

Suggested Readings/References 167(1)

Netnotes 168(1)

Mass Movements 169(24)

Factors Influencing Slope Stability 170(4)

Effects of Slope and Materials 170(1)

Effects of Fluid 171(2)

Effects of Vegetation 173(1)

Earthquakes 173(1)

Quick Clays 174(1)

Types of Mass Wasting 174(4)

Falls 174(1)

Slumps and Slides 175(1)

Flows and Avalanches 176(1)

Scales and Rates of Movements 177(1)

Consequences of Mass Movements 178(4)

Impact of Human Activities 178(2)

A Compounding of Problems on the Venezuelan Coast 180(2)

A Case of a Failed Dam that Didn't: The Vaiont Dam 182(1)

Possible Preventive Measures 182(11)

Slope Reduction 183(1)

Retention Structures 183(1)

Fluid Removal 184(2)

Other Slope-Stabilization Measures 186(1)

Recognizing the Hazards 187(1)

Landslide Warnings? 188(3)

Summary 191(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 191(1)

Exercises 191(1)

Suggested Readings/References 191(1)

Netnotes 192(1)

Geology and Climate: Glaciers, Deserts, and Global Climate Trends 193(35)

Glaciers and Glacial Features 194(6)

Glacier Formation 194(1)

Types of Glaciers 195(1)

Movement and Change of Glaciers 196(1)

Glacial Erosion and Deposition 197(3)

Glaciers as a Water Source 200(1)

Wind and Its Geologic Impacts 200(5)

Wind Erosion 201(2)

Wind Deposition 203(1)

Dune Migration 203(1)

Loess 203(2)

Deserts and Desertification 205(3)

Causes of Natural Deserts 205(1)

Desertification 206(1)

Causes of Desertification 207(1)

Desertification in the United States 207(1)

Global Impact of Desertification 208(1)

Global Climate, Past and Present 208(4)

Evidence of Climates Past 208(2)

Ice Ages and Their Possible Causes 210(2)

Climate, Present and Future 212(12)

The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming 212(2)

Climate Change Is More Than Global Warming 214(2)

Winds and Currents, Climate and Commerce: El Nino 216(2)

Climate---Blowing Hot and Cold 218(2)

Summary 220(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 221(1)

Exercises 221(1)

Suggested Readings/References 222(1)

Net Notes 222(2)

SECTION FOUR Resources

Resources, People, and Standards of Living 224(1)

Projection of Resource Supply and Demand 225(3)

Water as a Resource 228(30)

Fluid Storage and Mobility: Porosity and Permeability 229(2)

Aquifer Geometry and Groundwater Flow 231(2)

Confined and Unconfined Aquifers 231(1)

Darcy's Law and Groundwater Flow 232(1)

Other Factors in Water Availability 232(1)

Consequences of Groundwater Withdrawal 233(2)

Lowering the Water Table 233(1)

Compaction and Surface Subsidence 233(2)

Saltwater Intrusion 235(1)

Other Impacts of Urbanization on Groundwater Systems 235(3)

Loss of Recharge 235(2)

Artificial Recharge 237(1)

Other Features Involving Subsurface Water 238(2)

Karst 238(1)

Sinkholes 238(2)

Water Quality 240(3)

Measures of Water Quality 240(1)

Hard Water 241(1)

What's in the Water? 242(1)

Water Use, Water Supply 243(5)

General U.S. Water Use 243(1)

Surface Water versus Ground Water as Supply 243(2)

Regional Variations in Water Use 245(3)

Case Studies in Water Consumption 248(10)

The Colorado River Basin 249(1)

The High Plains (Ogallala) Aquifer System 250(1)

The Aral Sea 251(1)

Lake Chad 251(2)

Extending the Water Supply 253(1)

Conservation 253(1)

Interbasin Water Transfer 254(1)

Desalination 255(1)

Summary 256(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 256(1)

Exercises 256(1)

Suggested Readings/References 257(1)

Netnotes 257(1)

Soil as a Resource 258(22)

Soil Formation 259(3)

Soil-Forming Processes: Weathering 259(1)

Soil Profiles, Soil Horizons 260(2)

Chemical and Physical Properties of Soils 262(3)

Color, Texture, and Structure of Soils 262(1)

Soil Classification 263(2)

Soils and Human Activities 265(15)

Lateritic Soil 265(1)

Wetland Soils 266(1)

Soil Erosion 267(1)

Soil Erosion versus Soil Formation 268(2)

Strategies for Reducing Erosion 270(3)

Irrigation and Soil Chemistry 273(1)

The Soil Resource---The Global View 274(3)

Plantations in Paradise: A Case of Secondary Consequences 277(1)

Summary 278(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 278(1)

Exercises 278(1)

Suggested Readings/References 279(1)

Netnotes 279(1)

Mineral and Rock Resources 280(26)

Ore Deposits 281(1)

Definition 281(1)

Distribution 281(1)

Types of Mineral Deposits 281(6)

Igneous Rocks and Magmatic Deposits 281(2)

Hydrothermal Ores 283(1)

Relationship to Plate Margins 283(3)

Sedimentary Deposits 286(1)

Other Low-Temperature Ore-Forming Processes 286(1)

Metamorphic Deposits 287(1)

Mineral and Rock Resources---Examples 287(2)

Metals 287(1)

Nonmetallic Minerals 288(1)

Rock Resources 289(1)

Mineral Supply and Demand 289(4)

U.S. Mineral Production and Consumption 289(3)

World Mineral Supply and Demand 292(1)

Minerals for the Future: Some Options Considered 293(6)

New Methods in Mineral Exploration 293(3)

Marine Mineral Resources 296(1)

Conservation of Mineral Resources 297(2)

What's in a 12-Ounce Can? 299(1)

Impacts of Mining Activities 299(7)

Underground Mines 300(1)

Surface Mines 300(2)

Mineral Processing 302(1)

Summary 303(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 304(1)

Exercises 304(1)

Suggested Readings/References 304(1)

Netnotes 305(1)

Energy Resources---Fossil Fuels 306(24)

Oil and Natural Gas 308(2)

Formation of Oil and Gas Deposits 308(1)

Oil and Gas Migration 309(1)

The Time Factor 309(1)

Supply and Demand for Oil and Natural Gas 310(7)

Oil 310(1)

U.S. Oil Supplies 310(1)

Natural Gas 311(2)

A Case of Conflicting Priorities: The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge---To Drill or Not to Drill? 313(1)

Future Prospects 314(1)

Enhanced Oil Recovery 314(1)

Alternate National Gas Sources 314(2)

Conservation 316(1)

Oil Spills 317(2)

Coal 319(3)

Formation of Coal Deposits 319(1)

Energy Prices, Energy Uses 320(1)

Coal Reserves and Resources 321(1)

Limitations on Coal Use 321(1)

Gasification 321(1)

Liquefaction 322(1)

Environmental Impacts of Coal Use 322(4)

Sulfur in Coal 322(1)

Ash 322(1)

Coal-Mining Hazards and Environmental Impacts 323(3)

Oil Shale 326(1)

Tar Sand 327(3)

Summary 328(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 328(1)

Exercises 328(1)

Suggested Readings/References 329(1)

Netnotes 329(1)

Energy Resources---Alternative Sources 330(31)

Nuclear Power---Fission 332(7)

Fission---Basic Principles 332(1)

The Geology of Uranium Deposits 333(1)

Extending the Nuclear Fuel Supply 333(1)

Concerns Related to Nuclear Reactor Safety 334(1)

Concerns Related to Fuel Handling 335(1)

Radioactive Wastes 335(1)

The Case of the Crisis at Chernobyl 336(1)

Risk Assessment, Risk Projection 337(2)

Nuclear Power---Fusion 339(1)

Solar Energy 340(4)

Solar Heating 341(1)

Solar Electricity 342(1)

Potential Environmental Impacts of Large-Scale Commitment to Solar Electricity 342(1)

Solar Energy Summary 342(2)

Geothermal Power 344(3)

The Geothermal Resource 344(1)

Applications of Geothermal Energy 344(1)

Environmental Considerations of Geothermal Power 345(1)

Limitations on Geothermal Power 345(1)

Alternative Geothermal Sources 346(1)

Summary of Geothermal Potential 347(1)

Hydropower 347(3)

Limitations on Hydropower Development 349(1)

Tidal Power 350(1)

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 350(1)

Wind Energy 350(2)

Biomass 352(9)

Alcohol as Fuel 352(1)

Electricity's Hidden Costs 353(1)

Biogas 354(1)

Summary 354(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 355(1)

Exercises 355(1)

Suggested Readings/References 356(1)

Netnotes 356(5)

SECTION FIVE Waste Disposal, Pollution, and Health

Waste Disposal 361(32)

Solid Wastes---General 362(1)

Municipal Waste Disposal 362(6)

Open Dumps 363(1)

Sanitary Landfills 363(2)

Incineration 365(2)

Ocean Dumping 367(1)

Reducing Waste Volume 368(4)

Handling (Nontoxic) Organic Matter 369(1)

Recycling 369(2)

Other Options 371(1)

Liquid-Waste Disposal 372(3)

Secure Landfills 373(1)

Deep-Well Disposal 373(1)

Other Strategies 374(1)

Decisions, Decisions . . . 375(1)

Sewage Treatment 375(4)

Septic Systems 375(2)

Municipal Sewage Treatment 377(2)

The Ghost of Toxins Past: Superfund 379(1)

Radioactive Wastes 380(13)

Radioactive Decay 380(1)

Effects of Radiation 381(1)

Nature of Radioactive Wastes 382(1)

Historical Suggestions: Space, Ice, and Plate Tectonics 383(1)

Seabed Disposal 383(1)

Bedrock Caverns for Liquid Waste 384(1)

Bedrock Disposal of Solid High-Level Wastes 385(2)

Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) 387(1)

The Long Road to Yucca Mountain 387(2)

No High-Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Yet 389(1)

Summary 390(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 390(1)

Exercises 390(1)

Suggested Readings/References 391(1)

Netnotes 391(2)

Water Pollution 393(30)

General Principles 394(2)

Geochemical Cycles 394(1)

Residence Time 394(1)

Residence Time and Pollution 395(1)

Point and Nonpoint Pollution Sources 396(1)

Organic Matter 396(4)

Nature and Impacts 396(1)

Biochemical Oxygen Demand 397(1)

Eutrophication 397(2)

Clogging with Kindness? 399(1)

Industrial Pollution 400(7)

Inorganic Pollutants---Metals 400(1)

Other Inorganic Pollutants 401(1)

Mercury, the Once and Future Toxin? 402(1)

Organic Compounds 403(1)

Problems of Control 404(3)

Thermal Pollution 407(1)

Agricultural Pollution 407(3)

Fertilizers and Organic Waste 407(1)

Sediment Pollution 407(2)

Herbicides and Pesticides 409(1)

Reversing the Damage---Surface Water 410(2)

Dredging 410(1)

Physical Isolation or Chemical Treatment of Sediments 411(1)

Decontamination; Aeration 412(1)

Groundwater Pollution 412(3)

The Surface---Ground Water Connection Explored 412(3)

Tracing Pollution's Path 415(1)

Reversing the Damage---Ground Water 415(2)

Decontamination After Extraction 415(1)

Damage Control by Containment---The Rocky Mountain Arsenal 416(1)

In Situ Decontamination 417(1)

New Technology Meets Problems from the Past: California Gulch Superfund Site, Leadville, Colorado 417(6)

Summary 420(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 421(1)

Exercises 421(1)

Suggested Readings/References 421(1)

Netnotes 422(1)

Air Pollution 423(27)

Atmospheric Chemistry---Cycles and Residence Times 424(1)

Costs of Air Pollution 425(1)

Types and Sources of Air Pollution 425(11)

Particulates 425(2)

Carbon Gases 427(1)

Sulfur Gases 428(1)

Nitrogen Gases and ``Smog Ozone'' 428(2)

The Ozone Layer and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 430(2)

Lead 432(2)

Other Pollutants 434(2)

Acid Rain 436(5)

The Nature of Acid Rain 436(2)

Indoor Air Pollution? 438(1)

Regional Variations in Rainfall Acidity and Impacts 439(2)

Air Pollution and Weather 441(1)

Thermal Inversion 441(1)

Impact on Weather 442(1)

Toward Air-Pollution Control 442(8)

Air-Quality Standards 442(1)

Control Methods 443(1)

Automobile Emissions 444(1)

Cost and Effect 444(3)

Summary 447(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 447(1)

Exercises 447(1)

Suggested Readings/References 448(1)

Netnotes 448(2)

SECTION SIX Other Related Topics

Environmental Law 450(24)

Resource Law: Water 451(1)

Surface-Water Law 451(1)

Groundwater Law 452(1)

Resource Law: Minerals and Fuels 452(1)

Mineral Rights 452(1)

Mine Reclamation 453(1)

International Resource Disputes 453(4)

Law of the Sea and Exclusive Economic Zones 454(1)

Antarctica 455(2)

Pollution and Its Control 457(5)

A Clean Environment---By What Right? 457(1)

Water Pollution 457(1)

Air Pollution 457(2)

Waste Disposal 459(1)

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 460(1)

Defining Limits of Pollution 460(1)

International Initiatives 461(1)

Cost-Benefit Analysis 462(2)

Problems of Quantification 462(1)

Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Federal Government 463(1)

Laws Relating to Geologic Hazards 464(4)

Construction Controls 464(1)

Other Responses to Earthquake Hazards 465(1)

Flood Hazards, Flood Insurance 466(1)

Problems with Geologic-Hazard Mitigation Laws 466(1)

Floodplain? What Floodplain? 467(1)

The National Environmental Policy Act (1969) 468(6)

Impact Analysis and the Trans-Alaska Pipeline 469(2)

EIS---When? 471(1)

Summary 471(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 471(1)

Exercises 471(1)

Suggested Readings/References 472(1)

Netnotes 472(2)

Land-Use Planning and Engineering Geology 474(23)

Land-Use Planning---Why? 475(1)

Conversion of Rural Land 475(1)

Some Considerations in Planning 475(1)

Land-Use Options 476(1)

Multiple Use 476(1)

Sequential Use 476(1)

The Federal Government and Land-Use Planning 477(1)

Maps as a Planning Tool 478(6)

Engineering Geology---Some Considerations 484(4)

The Role of Testing and Scale Modeling 486(2)

Case Histories, Old and New 488(1)

The Leaning Tower of Pisa 488(2)

The Panama Canal 488(1)

Boston's ``Big Dig'' 489(1)

Dams, Failures, and Consequences 490(1)

The St. Francis Dam 490(7)

Other Examples and Construction Issues 491(1)

Three Gorges Dam (It's Not Only About Safety) 492(2)

How Green Is My---Golf Course? 494(1)

Summary 495(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 495(1)

Exercises 495(1)

Suggested Readings/References 495(1)

Netnotes 496(1)

APPENDIX A Geologic Time, Geologic Process Rates 497(8)

Introduction 497(1)

Relative Dating 497(2)

Arranging Events in Order 497(1)

Correlation 498(1)

Uniformitarianism 498(1)

How Old Is the Earth? 499(1)

Early Efforts 499(1)

The Nineteenth-Century View 500(1)

Radiometric Dating 500(2)

The Discovery of Radioactivity 500(1)

Radioactive Decay and Dating 500(1)

Choice of an Isotopic System 500(1)

Radiometric and Relative Ages Combined 501(1)

The Geologic Time Scale 502(1)

Geologic Process Rates 503(2)

Examples of Rate Determination 503(1)

The Danger of Extrapolation 503(1)

Summary 503(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 503(1)

Suggested Readings/References 504(1)

Netnotes 504(1)

APPENDIX B Introduction to Topographic and Geologic Maps and Remotely Sensed Imagery 505(13)

Maps and Scale 505(1)

Topographic Maps 505(2)

Contour Lines, Contour Intervals 505(1)

Other Features on Standard Topographic Maps 506(1)

Geologic Maps 507(3)

Basic Concepts Related to Geologic Maps 507(1)

Interpretation from Geologic Maps---Examples 507(3)

Cross Sections 510(1)

Remote Sensing and Satellite Imagery 510(8)

Satellite Images and Applications 511(3)

Radar Imaging 514(1)

Imaging Spectroscopy 515(1)

Key Terms and Concepts 516(1)

Suggested Readings/References 516(1)

Netnotes 516(2)

APPENDIX C Mineral and Rock Identification 518(5)

Mineral Identification 518(1)

A Note on Mineral Formulas 518(1)

Rock Identification 519(4)
Glossary 523(7)
Index 530