Entomopathogenic bacteria : from laboratory to field application /

Table Of Contents:
Contributors xiii
Preface xix

The Entomopathogenic Bacteria 1(64)

Biodiversity of the entomopathogenic, endosporeforming bacteria 1(22)

FG Priest

Introduction 2(1)

The genus Bacillus - a brief history 3(1)

The genus Bacillus becomes several genera 4(3)

Bacillus sensu stricto (rRNA group 1 sensu Ash et al., 1991) 7(3)

Round-spore-forming bacilli (rRNA group 2 sensu Ash et al., 1991) 10(2)

Paenibacillus (rRNA group 3 sensu Ash et al., 1991) 12(4)

Brevibacillus (rRNA group 4 sensu Ash et al., 1991) 16(1)

Concluding remarks 16(7)

Natural occurrence and dispersal of Bacillus thuringiensis in the environment 23(18)

PH Damgaard

Occurrence in soil 23(1)

Occurrence on foliage 24(2)

Occurrence in specific insects habitats 26(2)

Occurrence in foods 28(1)

Clinical infections 29(1)

Epizootiology of B. thuringiensis 30(2)

Factors governing B. thuringiensis-caused epizootics 32(2)

Conclusions 34(7)

Virulence of Bacillus thuringiensis 41(24)

BM Hansen

S Salamitou

Introduction 42(1)

Taxonomy and relations to B. cereus 42(1)

Non-insect pathogenesis of B. thuringiensis and B. cereus 43(1)

Virulence of B. thuringiensis and B. cereus spores 44(2)

Virulence factors of B. thuringiensis and B. cereus 46(6)

Expression of virulence factors 52(1)

B. thuringiensis in the environment 53(1)

Consequences for application of B. thuringiensis 54(11)

Toxins and Genes 65(102)

The diversity of Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxins 65(16)

N Crickmore

Toxin nomenclature 65(5)

Sequence comparisons 70(7)

Related sequences 77(1)

Summary 78(3)

Insecticidal proteins produced by bacteria pathogenic to agricultural pests 81(20)

T Yamamoto

DH Dean

Description of B. thuringiensis 81(2)

Extra-cellular insecticidal proteins 83(1)

Characterisation of the crystal protein 83(2)

Three domain structure of the crystal protein 85(1)

Domain I function 86(4)

Receptor binding sites in domain II 90(3)

Domain III function 93(1)

Cry2a family proteins 94(2)

Future for the bacterial insecticidal proteins 96(5)

Vector-active toxins: structure and diversity 101(26)

A Delecluse

V Juarez-Perez

C Berry

Introduction 101(1)

Dipteran active bacteria 102(3)

Mosquitocidal toxins 105(9)

Summary and conclusions 114(13)

Toxin and virulence gene expression in Bacillus thuringiensis 127(16)

D Lereclus

H Agaisse

Expression of the insecticidal toxin genes 128(9)

Virulence gene expression 137(2)

Conclusion 139(4)

Genetic and genomic contexts of toxin genes 143(24)

M-L Rosso

J Mahillon

A Delecluse

Introduction 143(1)

The entomopathogenic bacteria genome 144(5)

Genomic location of toxins 149(2)

Virulence gene mobility and transfer 151(5)

Concluding remarks 156(11)

Mode of Action and Resistance 167(86)

Pathogenesis of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins 167(14)

P Luthy

MG Wolfersberger

Introduction 167(2)

From the bacterial inclusion to the active polypeptide 169(2)

Reaction of insect Iarvae to the δ-endotoxin 171(1)

The gut epithelium as the target tissue 172(3)

In vitro studies 175(2)

On the origin of the δ-endotoxin: a hypothesis 177(4)

Investigations of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry 1 toxin receptor structure and function 181(18)

SF Garczynski

MJ Adang

Cry 1 toxin binding to brush border membrane vesicles 181(3)

Cry 1 receptor detection using toxin overlays 184(1)

Identification of Cry 1 receptor proteins 185(1)

Characteristics of Cry 1a binding molecules in M. sexta BBMV 186(3)

Cry 1a toxin-induced pores 189(1)

Functional Cry 1 receptors 190(1)

Concluding remarks 191(8)

Membrane permeabilisation by Bacillus thuringiensis toxins: protein insertion and pore formation 199(20)

J-L Schwartz

R Laprade

Introduction 199(1)

Toxicity at the molecular level 200(3)

Approaches and techniques 203(3)

Microenvironment of target cells 206(1)

Role of the receptor 206(1)

Conformational changes and pore structure 207(4)

Postbinding events, resistance 211(8)

Insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal crystal proteins 219(18)

J Van Rie

J Ferre

Introduction 219(1)

Biochemical basis of resistance 220(7)

Genetics of resistance 227(5)

Conclusions 232(5)

Mode of action of Bacillus sphaericus on mosquito Iarvae: incidence on resistance 237(16)

J-F Charles

MH Silva-Filha

C Nielsen-LeRoux

Introduction 237(1)

Cytological and physiological effects 238(2)

Binding of the binary toxin to a specific receptor 240(3)

The toxin receptor in Culex pipiens 243(3)

Toxin receptor interaction in B. sphaericus-resistant colonies of C. pipiens 246(2)

Toxin structure and in vivo/in vitro activity 248(1)

Conclusions/perspectives 249(4)

Safety and Ecotoxicology of Entomopathogenic Bacteria 253(22)

LA Lacey

JP Siegel

Introduction 253(1)

Direct effects of Bacillus entomopathogens on invertebrate non target organisms 254(3)

Indirect effects of Bt on nontarget invertebrates 257(1)

Effects of Bacillus entomopathogens on vertebrates 258(5)

Indirect effects of Bacillus entomopathogens on vertebrates 263(1)

Long term impact of Bacillus pathogens used as microbial pest control agents 264(2)

Conclusion 266(9)

Standardisation, Production and Registration 275(80)

Is Bacillus thuringiensis standardisation still possible? 275(22)

O Skovmand

I Thiery

G Benzon

Introduction 275(2)

History of Bt standardisation 277(1)

Standard procedures 278(7)

In vitro assays 285(1)

Future of bioassays 286(1)

Suggestion for new type of standard 287(10)

Industrial fermentation and formulation of entomopathogenic bacteria 297(20)

TL Couch

Introduction 297(1)

Culture selection 298(1)

Laboratory techniques for culture maintenance 299(1)

Fermentation inoculum preparation 299(2)

Fermentation medium selection 301(1)

Fermentation process 302(1)

Recovery of entomopathogenic bacteria 303(1)

Formulation 304(9)

Quality control requirements 313(1)

Conclusion 314(3)

Rural production of Bacillus thuringiensis by solid state fermentation 317(16)

E Aranda

A Lorence

M del Refugio Trejo

Introduction 317(1)

Strategies for insect control 318(2)

Solid state fermentation (SSF) 320(9)

Concluding remarks 329(4)

Registration of biopesticides 333(22)

GN Libman

SC MacIntosh

Introduction 333(1)

What are biopesticides? 334(2)

Registration of products containing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins as the active ingredient 336(19)

Field Application and Resistance Management 355(86)

Bacillus thuringiensis application in agriculture 355(16)

A Navon

Introduction 355(1)

Considerations of Bt uses in the field 356(6)

Combinations of Bt with other means of pest management 362(3)

Future prospects 365(6)

Application of Bacillus thuringiensis in forestry 371(12)

K van Frankenhuyzen

Introduction 371(1)

Field development 372(5)

The biological interface: reducing the efficacy bottleneck 377(6)

Bacterial control of vector-mosquitoes and black flies 383(16)

N Becker

Introduction 384(3)

Mosquitoes 387(7)

Blackflies 394(2)

Future prospects 396(3)

Resistance management for agricultural pests 399(20)

RT Roush

Introduction 399(2)

Factors that influence selection 401(4)

Myths about management of resistance 405(3)

Promising tactics for resistance management for bacteria and sprays 408(4)

Resistance monitoring 412(1)

Implementation 413(1)

Conclusions 414(5)

Management of resistance to bacterial vector control 419(22)

L Regis

C Nielsen-LeRoux

Introduction 419(1)

Case histories of B. sphaericus resistance in mosquito populations 420(2)

Mechanisms and genetics of resistance in terms of stability and reversibility 422(3)

Factors influencing the rate of development of resistance in the field 425(2)

Cross-resistance and toxin receptor interaction 427(2)

Strategy for the management of resistance to B. shaericus 429(4)

Conclusions and perspectives 433(8)

Biotechnology and Risk Assessment 441(64)

Biotechnological improvement of Bacillus thuringiensis for agricultural control of insect pests: benefits and ecological implications 441(20)

V Sanchis

Introduction 441(2)

Improvement of Bt strains 443(6)

Expression of cry genes in plants 449(1)

Ecological risks associated with the use of transgenic Bt crops 450(2)

Future challenges and prospects 452(3)

Summary and conclusions 455(6)

Genetic engineering of bacterial insecticides for improved efficacy against medically important Diptera 461(24)

B Federici

H-W Park

DK Bideshi

B Ge

Introduction 461(2)

Properties of mosquitocidal bacteria 463(3)

Factors for enhancing endotoxin synthesis 466(8)

Improvement of mosquitocidal bacteria 474(5)

Summary and conclusions 479(6)

Bacillus thuringiensis : risk assessment 485(20)

A Klier

Introduction 485(1)

Taxonomy of Bacillus thuringiensis and its occurrence in the environment 485(7)

Risk assessment 492(7)

Conclusions 499(6)
Index 505