Introduction to Composites p. 1
Glossary of Terms p. 3
Introduction to Composites p. 27
General Use Considerations p. 35
Selection and Evaluation of Composites p. 38
Guide to General Information Sources p. 40
Properties of Constituent Materials p. 43
Introduction p. 43
Glass Fibers p. 45
Carbon/Graphic Fibers p. 49
Organic Fibers p. 54
Boron and Silicon Carbide Fibers p. 58
Ceramic Fibers p. 60
Epoxy Resins p. 66
Polyimide Resins p. 78
Polyester Resins p. 90
Thermoplastic Resins p. 97
Constituent Material Forms p. 105
Introduction p. 105
Glass Fibers p. 107
Carbon Fibers p. 112
Aramid Fibers p. 114
Other Continuous Fibers p. 117
Fiber Sizing p. 122
Unidirectional and Two-Directional Fabrics p. 125
Multidirectionally Reinforced Fabrics and Preforms p. 129
Wet Lay-Up Resins p. 132
Filament-Winding Resins p. 135
Prepreg Resins p. 139
Unidirectional Tape Prepegs p. 143
Multidirectional Tape Prepegs p. 146
Woven Fabric Prepegs p. 148
Prepeg Tow p. 151
Recycling Carbon Fiber Scrap p. 153
Sheet Molding Compounds p. 157
Bulk Molding Compounds p. 161
Injection Molding Compounds p. 164
Resin Transfer Molding Materials p. 168
Composite Materials Analysis and Design p. 173
Introduction p. 173
Overview of Composite Materials Analysis and Design p. 175
Design Requirements p. 181
Analysis of Material Properties p. 185
Damping Properties Analysis of Composites p. 206
Properties Analysis of Laminates p. 218
Strength, Failure, and Fatigue Analysis of Laminates p. 236
Fracture Analysis of Laminates p. 252
Damage Tolerance of Composites p. 259
Computer Programs for Stuctural Analysis p. 268
Software for Composite Materials Analysis p. 275
Testing p. 283
Introduction p. 283
Tests for Reinforcement Fibers p. 285
Properties Tests for Matrix Resins p. 289
Mechanical Properties and Environmental Exposure Tests p. 295
Statistical Analysis of Mechanical Properties p. 302
Generation of Design Allowables p. 308
Element and Subcomponent Tests p. 313
Full-Scale Tests p. 346
Forms and Properties of Composite Materials p. 353
Introduction p. 353
Materials and Properties Description p. 355
Fibers p. 360
Thermoplastic Matrix Composites p. 363
High-Temperature Thermoset Matrix Composites p. 373
Medium-Temperature Thermoset Matrix Composites p. 381
Low-Temperature Thermoset Matrix Composites p. 392
High-Strength Medium-Temperature Thermoset Matrix Composites p. 399
Composite Structures Analysis and Design p. 417
Introduction p. 417
Cost Drivers in Design and Manufacture of Composite Structures p. 419
Design/Tooling/Manufacturing Interfaces p. 428
Static Strength p. 432
Fatigue Strength p. 436
Instability Considerations p. 445
Laminate Ranking as a Tool for Laminate Sizing p. 450
Analysis of Structures p. 458
Numerical Design and Analysis of Structures p. 463
Joints p. 479
Manufacturing Processes p. 497
Introduction p. 497
Process Modeling and Optimization p. 499
Filament Winding p. 503
Braiding p. 519
Fiber Preforms and Resin Injection p. 529
Intrusion p. 533
Thermoplastic Maxtrix Processing p. 544
Manufacturing Processes: Consumer Products p. 554
Introduction p. 554
Injection Molding p. 555
Compression Molding p. 559
Resin Transfer Molding p. 564
Tube Rolling p. 569
Manufacturing Processes: Aerospace p. 575
Overview and Basic Operations p. 575
Tooling for Autoclave Molding p. 578
Electroformed Nickel Tooling p. 582
Graphite-Epoxy Tooling p. 586
Elastomeric Tooling p. 590
Elastomeric Tooling Application p. 595
Manual Lay-Up p. 602
Mechanically Assisted Lay-Up p. 605
Ply Die Cutting p. 608
Ultrasonic Ply Cutting p. 615
Computer-Controlled Ply Cutting and Labeling p. 619
Flat Tape Laying p. 624
Contoured Tape Laying p. 631
Automated Integrated Manufacturing System p. 636
Automated Ply Lamination p. 639
Preparation for Cure p. 642
Autoclave Cure Systems p. 645
Computerized Autoclave Cure Control p. 649
Curing Expoxy Resins p. 654
Curing BMI Resins p. 657
Curing Polyimide Resins p. 662
Machining, Assembly, and Assembly Forms p. 665
Introduction p. 665
Solid-Tool Machining and Drilling p. 667
Water-Jet and Abrasive Water-Jet Cutting p. 673
Laser Cutting p. 676
Adhesive Bonding Surface Preparation p. 681
Adhesives Selection p. 683
Adhesives Specifications p. 689
Bonding Cure Considerations p. 702
Mechanical Fastener Selection p. 706
Blind Fastening p. 709
Fastener Hole Considerations p. 712
Dissimilar Materials Seperation p. 716
Faying Surface Sealing p. 719
Honeycomb Structure p. 721
Quality Control
Introduction p. 729
Fiber Properties Analysis p. 731
Resin Properties Analysis p. 736
Tooling Quality Control p. 738
Reinforcing Material Lay-Up Quality Control p. 740
Cure Quality Control p. 745
Closed-Loop Cure p. 761
Failure Analysis p. 765
Introduction p. 765
Failure Causes p. 767
General Considerations for Continuous Fiber Composites p. 768
Failure Analysis Procedures p. 770
Destructive and Nondestructive Tests p. 774
Thermal Analysis p. 779
Basic Failure Modes of Continuous Fiber Composites p. 781
Fractography for Continuous Fiber Composites p. 786
Discontinuous Fiber Composites p. 794
Applications and Experience
Introduction p. 799
Aircraft Applications p. 801
High-Temperature Applications p. 810
Space and Missile Systems p. 816
Long-Term Environmental Effects and Flight Service Evaluation p. 823
Commercial and Automotive Applications p. 832
Marine Applications p. 837
Sports and Recreational Equipment p. 845
Metal, Carbon/Graphite, and Ceramic Matrix Composites p. 849
Introduction p. 849
Continuous Boron Fiber MMCs p. 851
Continuous Silicon Carbide Fiber MMCs p. 858
Continuous Graphite Fiber MMCs p. 867
Continuous Aluminum Oxide Fiber MMCs p. 874
Continuous Tungsten Fiber MMCs p. 878
Discontinuous Silicon Fiber MMCs p. 889
Whisker-Reinforced MMCs p. 896
Discontinuous Ceramic Fiber MMCs p. 903
Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Carbon Matrix Composites p. 911
Multidirectionally Reinforced Carbon/Graphite Matrix Composites p. 915
Oxidation-Resistant Carbon-Carbon Composites p. 920
Structurally Reinforced Carbon-Carbon Composites p. 922
Structural Ceramics Composites p. 925
Multidirectionally Reinforced Ceramics p. 933
Whisker-Reinforced Ceramics p. 941
Metric Conversion Guide p. 945
Abbreviations and Symbols p. 948
Index p. 951