Cover 1
Half-title 3
Title 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Contributors 9
Introduction 13
I RIGHTS AND COMMUNITY 21
1 Are Individual Rights Necessary? A Confucian Perspective 23
I. WHERE INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS ARE OUT OF PLACE 23
II. THE DEBATE OVER THE IMPORTANCE OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS 27
III. FEINBERG\u2019S \u201cNOWHERESVILLE\u201d AND ITS IMPLICATIONS 27
IV. A REPLY TO FEINBERG 29
V. INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS AND A CONFUCIAN VIEW OF HUMAN VALUE 33
VI. THE VALUE OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS 38
Notes 41
2 Rights and Community in Confucianism 43
I. INTRODUCTION 43
II. COMMUNITY-CENTERED AND RIGHTS-CENTERED MORALITIES 44
III. THE COMMUNAL GROUND FOR RIGHTS 46
IV. THE DIFFERENT OUTCOMES OF THE COMMUNITY AND AUTONOMY GROUNDS 51
V. WORRIES ABOUT THE COMMUNAL GROUND FOR RIGHTS 52
VI. THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF RIGHTS AND COMMUNITY 54
VII. A FURTHER COMPLICATION 55
Notes 58
3 Whose Democracy? Which Rights? A Confucian Critique of Modern Western Liberalism 61
I. INTRODUCTION 61
II. CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND 64
III. WHOSE DEMOCRACY? 66
IV. WHICH RIGHTS? 70
V. A CONFUCIAN RESPONSE 71
VI. BEYOND THE LIBERAL TRADITION 76
Notes 80
4 The Normative Impact of Comparative Ethics: Human Rights 84
I. INTRODUCTION: COMPARATIVE ETHICS AND CHINESE PHILOSOPHY 84
A. Metaethical Issues: The Definition of \u201cMorality\u201d 86
B. Morality as a Hierarchy of Standards 87
II. NORMATIVE IMPLICATIONS 88
A. Subjective Responsibility and Excuses 89
B. Widening Moral Community 90
C. Summary of Normative Relevance 94
III. CHINA AND THE HUMAN RIGHTS DEBATE 95
A. Initial Problems for Chinese Theories of Rights 96
B. Chinese Classical Moral Discourse 98
IV. COMPARATIVE NORMATIVE CONCLUSIONS: SOME FAMILIAR FALLACIES 102
Notes 106
II SELF AND SELF-CULTIVATION 113
5 Tradition and Community in the Formation of Character and Self 115
I. THE DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDHOOD OF THE FOUNDATION OF SELF 115
II. BECOMING REALLY GOOD 122
III. THE UNITY OF THE SELF, AND CREATIVITY 129
III. THE UNITY OF THE SELF, AND CREATIVITY 129
Note 134
Bibliography 134
6 A Theory of Confucian Selfhood Self-Cultivation and Free Will in Confucian Philosophy 136
I. FROM TWO ASPECTS OF SELF TO HUMAN MIND AND HUMAN NATURE 137
II. FROM HUMAN NATURE TO HUMAN WILL: FREE WILL MADE FREE BY NATURE 143
III. UNITY OF HUMAN NATURE AND FREE WILL: SELF-DETERMINISM 151
Notes 156
7 The Virtue of Righteousness in Mencius 160
I. OUTLINE OF MENCIAN VIRTUES AND SELF-CULTIVATION 161
II. RIGHTEOUSNESS AND EXTENSION 162
III. RIGHTEOUSNESS AND SHAME 164
A. Shame 164
B. Western Discussions of Shame 166
C. Xiu, Wu, and Related Terms 176
IV. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS 180
A. Mencius Naturalized 180
B. Shame Culture or Guilt Culture? 181
C. Cognitive Extension 183
V. CONCLUSION 186
Notes 187
8 Conception of the Person in Early Confucian Thought 195
I. INTRODUCTION 195
II. CHINESE VIEW OF THE PERSON 196
III. SELF IN EARLY CONFUCIAN THOUGHT 198
IV. SELF AND SOCIAL ROLES 202
V. AUTONOMY AND RIGHTS 205
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS 208
Notes 209
III COMMENTS 213
9 Questions for Confucians: Reflections on the Essays in Comparative Study of Self, Autonomy, and Community 215
Note 230
Glossary of Chinese Terms 231
Index 235