Introduction
Logging In
Files and Directories
Input and Output
Programs and Processes
ANSI C Features
Error Handling
User Identification
Signals
Unix Time Values
System Calls and Library Functions
Unix Standardization and Implementations
Unix Standardization
ANSI C. IEEE POSIX. X/Open XPG3
FIPS. Unix Implementations
System V Release 4 4.3+BSD
Relationship of Standards and Implementations
Limits
ANSI C Limits
POSIX Limits
XPG3 Limits. sysconf, pathconf, and fpathconf Functions
FIPS 151-1 Requirements
Summary of Limits
Indeterminate Run-Time Limits
Feature Test Macros
Primitive System Data Types
Conflicts Between Standards
File I/O
File Descriptors. open Function. creat Function. close Function. lseek Function. read Function. write Function
I/O Efficiency
File Sharing
Atomic Operations. dup and dup2 Functions. fcntl Function. ioctl Function. /dev/fd
Files and Directories
stat, fstat, and lstat Functions
File Types
Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID. File Access Permissions
Ownership of New Files and Directories. access Function. umask Function. chmod and fchmod Functions
Sticky Bit. chown, fchown, and lchown Functions
File Size
File Truncation
Filesystems. link, unlink, remove, and rename Functions
Symbolic Links. symlink and readlink Functions
File Times. utime Function. mkdir and rmdir Functions
Reading Directories. chdir, fchdir, and getcwd Functions
Special Device Files. sync and fsync Functions
Summary of File Access Permission Bits
Standard I/O Library
Streams and FILE Objects
Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error
Buffering
Opening a Stream
Reading and Writing a Stream
Line-at-a-Time I/O. Standard I/O Efficiency
Binary I/O. Positioning a Stream
Formatted I/O. Implementation Details
Temporary Files
Alternatives to Standard I/O
System Data Files and Information
Password File
Shadow Passwords
Group File
Supplementary Group IDs
Other Data Files
Login Accounting
System Identification
Time and Date Routines
The Environment of a Unix Process
main Function
Process Termination
Command-Line Arguments
Environment List
Memory Layout of a C Program
Shared Libraries
Memory Allocation
Environment Variables. setjmp and longjmp Functions. getrlimit and setrlimit Functions
Process Control
Process Identifiers. fork Function. vfork Function. exit Functions. wait and waitpid Functions. wait3 and wait4 Functions
Race Conditions. exec Functions
Changing User IDs and Group IDs
Interpreter Files. system Function
Process Accounting
User Identification
Process Times
Process Relationships
Terminal Logins
Network Logins
Process Groups
Sessions
Controlling Terminal. tcgetpgrp and tcsetpgrp Functions
Job Control
Shell Execution of Programs
Orphaned Process Groups 4.3+BSD Implementation
Signals
Signal Concepts. signal Function
Unreliable Signals
Interrupted System Calls
Reentrant Functions
SIGCLD Semantics
Reliable Signal Terminology an