Molecular infection biology : interactions between microorganisms and cells /
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作 者：edited by J鑟rg Hacker, J鑥rgen Heesemann.
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ISBN：9780471178460
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简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
Eleven researchers ten German and one from the U.S. examine the molecular mechanisms used by traditional and newly emerged pathogens to cause disease. Coverage includes medically significant pathogens; nonspecific defenses against microorganisms; the adaptive immune system; symbiosis, infection, and pathogenicity; offensive, defensive, and nonspecific pathogenicity factors; protein secretion systems; microbial surface variation and pathogenicity; regulation of virulence-associated genes; infection ecology; plant and human pathogen parallels; evolutionary infection biology; cellular microbiology; in vivo expression of pathogenicity; genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics; molecular diagnosis and epidemiology; therapeutic problems with infections diseases; vaccine development; infection models; and molecular infection biology methods. Originally published as Molekulare Infektionsbiologie (Spektrum Akademishcer Verlag, 2000). Translated from German by Renate FitzRoy. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Publisher Summary 2
This comprehensive volume focuses on molecular methods and principles of prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens. The authors present the molecular and cellular aspects by focusing on the interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and their hosts. The publication begins with an overview of the most important and dangerous causative agents of infectious diseases. Next are discussions of how microbial "weapons," pathogenicity factors, proteinsecretion machines, and surface variation systems work, presenting the molecular and genetic methods that are used by scientists for their discovery and analysis. Furthermore, infectious diseases are discussed in light of the newly formed research areas of evolutionary and cellular microbiology and genomics. Future aspects on diagnostic techniques, therapy, and vaccine development are also presented.
目录
Foreword J.B. Kaper p. XIII
Acknowledgments p. XV
Contributors p. XVII
Chapter 1 Introduction J. Hacker and J. Heesemann p. 1
Chapter 2 Medically Significant Pathogens J. Heesemann and J. Hacker p. 7
2.1 What Are Pathogens? p. 7
2.2 Infections of the Oral Cavity p. 11
2.3 Infections of the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract p. 12
2.4 Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract p. 15
2.5 Infections of the Urinary Tract p. 17
2.6 Sexually Transmitted Infections p. 19
2.7 Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) p. 20
2.8 Skin and Wound Infections p. 23
2.9 Serious Systemic Infections, Sepsis p. 24
2.10 Pathological Immune Response as a Result of Infection p. 26
Bibliography p. 26
Chapter 3 Host Defenses Against Microorganisms: Nonspecific Defenses J. Heesemann p. 29
3.1 Defense Systems Against Infection p. 29
3.2 Physical Barriers and Normal Flora p. 30
3.3 Recognition and Tagging of Invading Microbes p. 32
3.3.1 Locating Invading Microbes p. 32
3.3.2 The Complement System p. 35
3.4 Antimicrobial Peptides p. 38
3.5 Effector Cells of the Innate Immune System p. 38
3.6 Genetically Determined Infection Susceptibility p. 41
Bibliography p. 42
Chapter 4 The Adaptive Immune System J. Heesemann p. 45
4.1 Specific Defenses Against Pathogens p. 45
4.2 Lymphatic Organs p. 46
4.3 Antigen-Binding Receptors of B and T Lymphocytes p. 46
Bibliography p. 52
Chapter 5 Symbiosis, Infection, and Pathogenicity U. Hentschel and J. Hacker p. 53
Bibliography p. 56
Chapter 6 Offensive Pathogenicity Factors p. 57
6.1 Adhesins J. Hacker p. 57
6.1.1 The Structure of Adhesins p. 57
6.1.2 The Biological Significance of Adhesion p. 59
6.2 Invasins T. Olschlager p. 61
6.2.1 Invasion as a Survival Strategy p. 61
6.2.2 Trigger and Zipper Mechanisms p. 62
6.2.3 The Structure of Invasion Systems p. 62
6.2.4 Eukaryotic Internalization Receptors p. 65
6.2.5 Signal Transduction and the Cytoskeleton p. 66
6.2.6 Intracellular Survival p. 67
6.3 Toxins J. Reidl p. 67
6.3.1 Toxins as Virulence Factors p. 67
6.3.2 Toxin Structures p. 68
6.3.3 Membrane-Disrupting Activities of Toxins p. 70
6.3.4 Internalized Toxins p. 71
6.3.5 Noninternalized Toxins: Superantigens and Heat-Stable Toxins p. 74
Bibliography p. 75
Chapter 7 Defensive Pathogenicity Factors R. Haas and M. Hensel p. 77
7.1 Capsules and Slimes p. 77
7.2 Molecular Mimicry and Modulation of the Immune System p. 78
7.3 Lipopolysaccharides and O Antigen p. 79
7.4 Outer Membrane Proteins p. 81
7.5 Surface Layer p. 82
7.6 IgA Proteases p. 84
7.7 Further Enzymatic Activities p. 85
Bibliography p. 86
Chapter 8 Nonspecific Pathogenicity Factors J. Hacker p. 89
8.1 Iron-Uptake Systems p. 89
8.2 Extracellular Enzymes p. 93
8.3 Metabolism and Pathogenicity p. 94
Bibliography p. 95
Chapter 9 Protein Secretion Systems J. Heesemann and T. Olschlager p. 97
9.1 Overview on Bacterial Protein Secretion p. 97
9.2 Secretion System Type I (SST I) p. 99
9.3 Secretion System Type II (SST II) p. 99
9.4 Secretion System Type III (SST III) p. 99
9.5 Secretion System Type IV (SST IV) p. 103
9.6 Secretion System Type V (SST V) p. 104
Bibliography p. 105
Chapter 10 Microbial Surface Variation and Pathogenicity J. Morschhauser p. 107
10.1 Phase Variation p. 107
10.1.1 Phase Variation by Site-Specific Recombination p. 107
10.1.2 Phase Variation by Differential DNA Methylation p. 109
10.1.3 Phase Variation by Insertion and Deletion of Nucleotides p. 110
10.2 Antigenic Variation p. 112
10.2.1 Antigenic Variation by Site-Specific Recombination p. 112
10.2.2 Antigenic Variation by Homologous Recombination p. 114
10.2.3 Antigenic Variation Through Insertion and Deletion of Nucleotides p. 117
10.3 Mobile Genetic Elements, Amplifications, and Deletions p. 117
10.3.1 Phase Variation Through IS Elements p. 118
10.3.2 Gene Amplification p. 118
10.3.3 Gene Deletions p. 119
Bibliography p. 119
Chapter 11 Regulation of Virulence-Associated Genes J. Morschhauser p. 121
11.1 General Mechanisms in Virulence Gene Regulation p. 121
11.1.1 Regulation of Transcription p. 121
11.1.2 Regulation Through Termination/Antitermination p. 124
11.1.3 Differential mRNA Stability p. 125
11.1.4 Regulation of Translation p. 127
11.1.5 Posttranslational Regulation Mechanisms p. 128
11.2 Gene Regulation Through Two-Component Systems p. 128
11.3 Quorum Sensing Systems p. 132
11.4 Coordination of Gene Expression p. 133
11.4.1 Operons p. 133
11.4.2 Regulons p. 134
11.4.3 Stimulons p. 134
11.4.4 Global Regulation Mechanisms p. 134
Bibliography p. 136
Chapter 12 Infection Ecology J. Hacker p. 137
12.1 Infections and Microbial Ecology p. 137
12.2 Environmental Signals and Stress p. 138
12.3 Dormant Variants and Infection p. 139
12.4 Competition Among Microbes p. 141
12.5 Reservoirs and Transmission p. 142
Bibliography p. 144
Chapter 13 Parallels Between Plant and Human Pathogens J. Hacker p. 145
Bibliography p. 147
Chapter 14 Evolutionary Infection Biology J. Hacker p. 149
14.1 Principles of Evolution p. 149
14.2 New Selection Conditions: New Pathogens p. 150
14.3 The Clone Concept p. 152
14.4 Point Mutations, Rearrangements, and Evolution in Quantum Leaps p. 153
14.5 Horizontal Gene Transfer p. 155
14.5.1 Transformation and Generation of Mosaic Genes p. 155
14.5.2 Bacteriophages and Transduction p. 155
14.5.3 Plasmids and Transposons p. 156
14.5.4 Pathogenicity Islands and Genomic Islands p. 158
14.6 Genome Plasticity Versus Genetic Stability p. 160
Bibliography p. 161
Chapter 15 Cellular Microbiology T. Olschlager and J. Heesemann p. 163
15.1 The Microanatomy of Animal Cells p. 163
15.2 The Structure of Epithelial and Endothelial Tissues in the Host p. 164
15.3 Principles of Signal Transduction p. 166
15.4 Interaction Between Microorganisms and Host Cell Receptors p. 170
15.5 Induced Rearrangements of the Cytoskeleton p. 170
15.6 Cellular Microbiology and Toxins p. 172
15.7 Endocytosis and Vesicle Transport p. 173
15.8 Microbes and Apoptosis p. 175
Bibliography p. 178
Chapter 16 In Vivo Expression of Pathogenicity M. Hensel p. 181
16.1 Gene Expression In Vitro and In Vivo p. 181
16.2 Gene Expression in the Stationary Phase p. 182
16.3 Experimental Approaches to the Analysis of In Vivo Gene Expression p. 183
16.3.1 Proteomic Analysis and Subtraction Techniques p. 184
16.3.2 Genetic Methods p. 184
16.3.3 DNA Chip Technology p. 185
Bibliography p. 186
Chapter 17 Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Proteomics J. Reidl and J. Hacker p. 187
17.1 Bacterial Genome Research p. 187
17.2 Genome Analysis: Applications in Infection Biology p. 189
17.3 DNA Arrays p. 190
17.4 Analysis of Protein Patterns (Proteome) p. 191
Bibliography p. 193
Chapter 18 Molecular Diagnosis and Epidemiology J. Hacker and J. Heeseman p. 195
18.1 Determination of Species and Subspecies p. 195
18.1.1 Classical Methods p. 195
18.1.2 Molecular Methods p. 196
18.1.3 In Situ Hybridizations p. 200
18.2 Determination of Pathotypes p. 200
18.3 Determination of Resistance p. 201
18.4 Molecular Epidemiology p. 202
18.5 Integrated Approaches: Use of Microarrays p. 204
Bibliography p. 205
Chapter 19 Therapeutic Problems with Infectious Diseases W. Ziebuhr p. 207
19.1 Development of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria p. 207
19.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance p. 209
19.2.1 Resistance Due to Modification of the Antibiotic p. 209
19.2.2 Resistance Due to Modification of the Target Structure p. 209
19.2.3 Active Efflux and Multidrug Resistance p. 210
19.3 Trends in the Development of New Antibiotics p. 210
19.3.1 Fluorquinolones p. 211
19.3.2 Streptogramins p. 211
19.3.3 Oxazolidinones p. 211
19.3.4 Lantibiotics p. 212
19.4 New Concepts in the Treatment of Infections p. 212
Bibliography p. 213
Chapter 20 The Development of Vaccines J. Heesemann p. 215
20.1 The History of Vaccine Development p. 215
20.2 The Principles of Vaccine Development p. 216
20.3 Killed/Inactivated Vaccines p. 218
20.4 Adjuvants p. 220
20.5 Live Vaccines p. 221
Bibliography p. 222
Chapter 21 Infection Models p. 225
21.1 Escherichia coli J. Hacker p. 225
21.1.1 General Remarks p. 225
21.1.2 Horizontal Gene Transfer in Escherichia coli p. 226
21.1.3 Escherichia coli Pathotypes p. 227
21.2 Vibrio cholerae J. Reidl p. 231
21.2.1 Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity Factors p. 231
21.2.2 Evolution and Transmission of Virulence Factors p. 232
21.3 Yersiniae, Shigellae, Salmonellae, and Listeriae J. Heesemann and M. Hensel p. 234
21.3.1 General Remarks p. 234
21.3.2 Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis p. 235
21.3.3 Shigellae p. 237
21.3.4 Salmonella enterica p. 239
21.3.5 Listeria monocytogenes p. 241
21.4 Staphylococci W. Ziebuhr p. 243
21.4.1 General Remarks p. 243
21.4.2 Adhesion, Colonization, and Biofilm Formation p. 244
21.4.3 Staphylococcal Infections p. 245
21.4.4 Antibiotic Resistance p. 246
21.4.5 Phenotype Variability as a Pathogenetic Principle p. 247
21.5 Streptococci J. Hacker p. 247
21.5.1 General Remarks p. 247
21.5.2 Adherence and Invasion p. 248
21.5.3 Toxin Formation p. 250
21.5.4 Environmental Regulation and Phenotype Variability p. 251
21.6 Legionella pneumophila J. Hacker p. 252
21.6.1 Environmental Bacteria and Pathogenic Agents p. 252
21.6.2 Intracellular Multiplication in Amoebae and Macrophages p. 253
21.7 Helicobacter pylori R. Haas p. 256
21.7.1 The Helicobacter pylori Infection p. 256
21.7.2 Microbiology of Helicobacter pylori p. 257
21.7.3 Virulence Factors in Helicobacter pylori p. 257
21.7.4 Diagnosis and Therapy p. 258
21.8 Toxoplasma gondii J. Heesemann p. 259
21.8.1 General Remarks p. 259
21.8.2 Form and Ultrastructure p. 260
21.8.3 Invasion Mechanisms p. 260
21.8.4 Stage Conversion p. 261
21.9 Candida albicans J. Hacker p. 262
21.9.1 Fungal Infections - the Host Is Crucial p. 262
21.9.2 Pathogenicity in Candida albicans p. 262
21.9.3 Dimorphism and Phenotypic Switching p. 264
Bibliography p. 266
Chapter 22 Future Developments J. Hacker and J. Heesemann p. 271
Bibliography p. 275
Chapter 23 Methods of Molecular Infection Biology p. 277
23.1 Introduction J. Hacker p. 277
23.2 Molecular Typing of Pathogens W. Ziebuhr p. 277
23.3 Fluorescence-Based In Situ Hybridization J. Hacker p. 280
23.4 Island Probing J. Hacker p. 282
23.5 Representative Difference Analysis J. Hacker p. 283
23.6 mRNA Differential Display J. Hacker p. 285
23.7 In Vivo Expression Technology M. Hensel p. 286
23.8 Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis M. Hensel p. 288
23.9 Reporter Gene Technologies M. Hensel p. 289
23.10 Differential Fluorescence Induction M. Hensel p. 290
23.11 Identification of Virulence-Associated Bacteriophages J. Reidl p. 291
23.12 Shuttle Mutagenesis R. Haas p. 293
23.13 Genomics J. Reidl p. 295
Bibliography p. 296
Appendix p. 301
Index p. 323
Acknowledgments p. XV
Contributors p. XVII
Chapter 1 Introduction J. Hacker and J. Heesemann p. 1
Chapter 2 Medically Significant Pathogens J. Heesemann and J. Hacker p. 7
2.1 What Are Pathogens? p. 7
2.2 Infections of the Oral Cavity p. 11
2.3 Infections of the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract p. 12
2.4 Infections of the Gastrointestinal Tract p. 15
2.5 Infections of the Urinary Tract p. 17
2.6 Sexually Transmitted Infections p. 19
2.7 Infections of the Central Nervous System (CNS) p. 20
2.8 Skin and Wound Infections p. 23
2.9 Serious Systemic Infections, Sepsis p. 24
2.10 Pathological Immune Response as a Result of Infection p. 26
Bibliography p. 26
Chapter 3 Host Defenses Against Microorganisms: Nonspecific Defenses J. Heesemann p. 29
3.1 Defense Systems Against Infection p. 29
3.2 Physical Barriers and Normal Flora p. 30
3.3 Recognition and Tagging of Invading Microbes p. 32
3.3.1 Locating Invading Microbes p. 32
3.3.2 The Complement System p. 35
3.4 Antimicrobial Peptides p. 38
3.5 Effector Cells of the Innate Immune System p. 38
3.6 Genetically Determined Infection Susceptibility p. 41
Bibliography p. 42
Chapter 4 The Adaptive Immune System J. Heesemann p. 45
4.1 Specific Defenses Against Pathogens p. 45
4.2 Lymphatic Organs p. 46
4.3 Antigen-Binding Receptors of B and T Lymphocytes p. 46
Bibliography p. 52
Chapter 5 Symbiosis, Infection, and Pathogenicity U. Hentschel and J. Hacker p. 53
Bibliography p. 56
Chapter 6 Offensive Pathogenicity Factors p. 57
6.1 Adhesins J. Hacker p. 57
6.1.1 The Structure of Adhesins p. 57
6.1.2 The Biological Significance of Adhesion p. 59
6.2 Invasins T. Olschlager p. 61
6.2.1 Invasion as a Survival Strategy p. 61
6.2.2 Trigger and Zipper Mechanisms p. 62
6.2.3 The Structure of Invasion Systems p. 62
6.2.4 Eukaryotic Internalization Receptors p. 65
6.2.5 Signal Transduction and the Cytoskeleton p. 66
6.2.6 Intracellular Survival p. 67
6.3 Toxins J. Reidl p. 67
6.3.1 Toxins as Virulence Factors p. 67
6.3.2 Toxin Structures p. 68
6.3.3 Membrane-Disrupting Activities of Toxins p. 70
6.3.4 Internalized Toxins p. 71
6.3.5 Noninternalized Toxins: Superantigens and Heat-Stable Toxins p. 74
Bibliography p. 75
Chapter 7 Defensive Pathogenicity Factors R. Haas and M. Hensel p. 77
7.1 Capsules and Slimes p. 77
7.2 Molecular Mimicry and Modulation of the Immune System p. 78
7.3 Lipopolysaccharides and O Antigen p. 79
7.4 Outer Membrane Proteins p. 81
7.5 Surface Layer p. 82
7.6 IgA Proteases p. 84
7.7 Further Enzymatic Activities p. 85
Bibliography p. 86
Chapter 8 Nonspecific Pathogenicity Factors J. Hacker p. 89
8.1 Iron-Uptake Systems p. 89
8.2 Extracellular Enzymes p. 93
8.3 Metabolism and Pathogenicity p. 94
Bibliography p. 95
Chapter 9 Protein Secretion Systems J. Heesemann and T. Olschlager p. 97
9.1 Overview on Bacterial Protein Secretion p. 97
9.2 Secretion System Type I (SST I) p. 99
9.3 Secretion System Type II (SST II) p. 99
9.4 Secretion System Type III (SST III) p. 99
9.5 Secretion System Type IV (SST IV) p. 103
9.6 Secretion System Type V (SST V) p. 104
Bibliography p. 105
Chapter 10 Microbial Surface Variation and Pathogenicity J. Morschhauser p. 107
10.1 Phase Variation p. 107
10.1.1 Phase Variation by Site-Specific Recombination p. 107
10.1.2 Phase Variation by Differential DNA Methylation p. 109
10.1.3 Phase Variation by Insertion and Deletion of Nucleotides p. 110
10.2 Antigenic Variation p. 112
10.2.1 Antigenic Variation by Site-Specific Recombination p. 112
10.2.2 Antigenic Variation by Homologous Recombination p. 114
10.2.3 Antigenic Variation Through Insertion and Deletion of Nucleotides p. 117
10.3 Mobile Genetic Elements, Amplifications, and Deletions p. 117
10.3.1 Phase Variation Through IS Elements p. 118
10.3.2 Gene Amplification p. 118
10.3.3 Gene Deletions p. 119
Bibliography p. 119
Chapter 11 Regulation of Virulence-Associated Genes J. Morschhauser p. 121
11.1 General Mechanisms in Virulence Gene Regulation p. 121
11.1.1 Regulation of Transcription p. 121
11.1.2 Regulation Through Termination/Antitermination p. 124
11.1.3 Differential mRNA Stability p. 125
11.1.4 Regulation of Translation p. 127
11.1.5 Posttranslational Regulation Mechanisms p. 128
11.2 Gene Regulation Through Two-Component Systems p. 128
11.3 Quorum Sensing Systems p. 132
11.4 Coordination of Gene Expression p. 133
11.4.1 Operons p. 133
11.4.2 Regulons p. 134
11.4.3 Stimulons p. 134
11.4.4 Global Regulation Mechanisms p. 134
Bibliography p. 136
Chapter 12 Infection Ecology J. Hacker p. 137
12.1 Infections and Microbial Ecology p. 137
12.2 Environmental Signals and Stress p. 138
12.3 Dormant Variants and Infection p. 139
12.4 Competition Among Microbes p. 141
12.5 Reservoirs and Transmission p. 142
Bibliography p. 144
Chapter 13 Parallels Between Plant and Human Pathogens J. Hacker p. 145
Bibliography p. 147
Chapter 14 Evolutionary Infection Biology J. Hacker p. 149
14.1 Principles of Evolution p. 149
14.2 New Selection Conditions: New Pathogens p. 150
14.3 The Clone Concept p. 152
14.4 Point Mutations, Rearrangements, and Evolution in Quantum Leaps p. 153
14.5 Horizontal Gene Transfer p. 155
14.5.1 Transformation and Generation of Mosaic Genes p. 155
14.5.2 Bacteriophages and Transduction p. 155
14.5.3 Plasmids and Transposons p. 156
14.5.4 Pathogenicity Islands and Genomic Islands p. 158
14.6 Genome Plasticity Versus Genetic Stability p. 160
Bibliography p. 161
Chapter 15 Cellular Microbiology T. Olschlager and J. Heesemann p. 163
15.1 The Microanatomy of Animal Cells p. 163
15.2 The Structure of Epithelial and Endothelial Tissues in the Host p. 164
15.3 Principles of Signal Transduction p. 166
15.4 Interaction Between Microorganisms and Host Cell Receptors p. 170
15.5 Induced Rearrangements of the Cytoskeleton p. 170
15.6 Cellular Microbiology and Toxins p. 172
15.7 Endocytosis and Vesicle Transport p. 173
15.8 Microbes and Apoptosis p. 175
Bibliography p. 178
Chapter 16 In Vivo Expression of Pathogenicity M. Hensel p. 181
16.1 Gene Expression In Vitro and In Vivo p. 181
16.2 Gene Expression in the Stationary Phase p. 182
16.3 Experimental Approaches to the Analysis of In Vivo Gene Expression p. 183
16.3.1 Proteomic Analysis and Subtraction Techniques p. 184
16.3.2 Genetic Methods p. 184
16.3.3 DNA Chip Technology p. 185
Bibliography p. 186
Chapter 17 Genomics, Transcriptomics, and Proteomics J. Reidl and J. Hacker p. 187
17.1 Bacterial Genome Research p. 187
17.2 Genome Analysis: Applications in Infection Biology p. 189
17.3 DNA Arrays p. 190
17.4 Analysis of Protein Patterns (Proteome) p. 191
Bibliography p. 193
Chapter 18 Molecular Diagnosis and Epidemiology J. Hacker and J. Heeseman p. 195
18.1 Determination of Species and Subspecies p. 195
18.1.1 Classical Methods p. 195
18.1.2 Molecular Methods p. 196
18.1.3 In Situ Hybridizations p. 200
18.2 Determination of Pathotypes p. 200
18.3 Determination of Resistance p. 201
18.4 Molecular Epidemiology p. 202
18.5 Integrated Approaches: Use of Microarrays p. 204
Bibliography p. 205
Chapter 19 Therapeutic Problems with Infectious Diseases W. Ziebuhr p. 207
19.1 Development of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria p. 207
19.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance p. 209
19.2.1 Resistance Due to Modification of the Antibiotic p. 209
19.2.2 Resistance Due to Modification of the Target Structure p. 209
19.2.3 Active Efflux and Multidrug Resistance p. 210
19.3 Trends in the Development of New Antibiotics p. 210
19.3.1 Fluorquinolones p. 211
19.3.2 Streptogramins p. 211
19.3.3 Oxazolidinones p. 211
19.3.4 Lantibiotics p. 212
19.4 New Concepts in the Treatment of Infections p. 212
Bibliography p. 213
Chapter 20 The Development of Vaccines J. Heesemann p. 215
20.1 The History of Vaccine Development p. 215
20.2 The Principles of Vaccine Development p. 216
20.3 Killed/Inactivated Vaccines p. 218
20.4 Adjuvants p. 220
20.5 Live Vaccines p. 221
Bibliography p. 222
Chapter 21 Infection Models p. 225
21.1 Escherichia coli J. Hacker p. 225
21.1.1 General Remarks p. 225
21.1.2 Horizontal Gene Transfer in Escherichia coli p. 226
21.1.3 Escherichia coli Pathotypes p. 227
21.2 Vibrio cholerae J. Reidl p. 231
21.2.1 Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity Factors p. 231
21.2.2 Evolution and Transmission of Virulence Factors p. 232
21.3 Yersiniae, Shigellae, Salmonellae, and Listeriae J. Heesemann and M. Hensel p. 234
21.3.1 General Remarks p. 234
21.3.2 Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis p. 235
21.3.3 Shigellae p. 237
21.3.4 Salmonella enterica p. 239
21.3.5 Listeria monocytogenes p. 241
21.4 Staphylococci W. Ziebuhr p. 243
21.4.1 General Remarks p. 243
21.4.2 Adhesion, Colonization, and Biofilm Formation p. 244
21.4.3 Staphylococcal Infections p. 245
21.4.4 Antibiotic Resistance p. 246
21.4.5 Phenotype Variability as a Pathogenetic Principle p. 247
21.5 Streptococci J. Hacker p. 247
21.5.1 General Remarks p. 247
21.5.2 Adherence and Invasion p. 248
21.5.3 Toxin Formation p. 250
21.5.4 Environmental Regulation and Phenotype Variability p. 251
21.6 Legionella pneumophila J. Hacker p. 252
21.6.1 Environmental Bacteria and Pathogenic Agents p. 252
21.6.2 Intracellular Multiplication in Amoebae and Macrophages p. 253
21.7 Helicobacter pylori R. Haas p. 256
21.7.1 The Helicobacter pylori Infection p. 256
21.7.2 Microbiology of Helicobacter pylori p. 257
21.7.3 Virulence Factors in Helicobacter pylori p. 257
21.7.4 Diagnosis and Therapy p. 258
21.8 Toxoplasma gondii J. Heesemann p. 259
21.8.1 General Remarks p. 259
21.8.2 Form and Ultrastructure p. 260
21.8.3 Invasion Mechanisms p. 260
21.8.4 Stage Conversion p. 261
21.9 Candida albicans J. Hacker p. 262
21.9.1 Fungal Infections - the Host Is Crucial p. 262
21.9.2 Pathogenicity in Candida albicans p. 262
21.9.3 Dimorphism and Phenotypic Switching p. 264
Bibliography p. 266
Chapter 22 Future Developments J. Hacker and J. Heesemann p. 271
Bibliography p. 275
Chapter 23 Methods of Molecular Infection Biology p. 277
23.1 Introduction J. Hacker p. 277
23.2 Molecular Typing of Pathogens W. Ziebuhr p. 277
23.3 Fluorescence-Based In Situ Hybridization J. Hacker p. 280
23.4 Island Probing J. Hacker p. 282
23.5 Representative Difference Analysis J. Hacker p. 283
23.6 mRNA Differential Display J. Hacker p. 285
23.7 In Vivo Expression Technology M. Hensel p. 286
23.8 Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis M. Hensel p. 288
23.9 Reporter Gene Technologies M. Hensel p. 289
23.10 Differential Fluorescence Induction M. Hensel p. 290
23.11 Identification of Virulence-Associated Bacteriophages J. Reidl p. 291
23.12 Shuttle Mutagenesis R. Haas p. 293
23.13 Genomics J. Reidl p. 295
Bibliography p. 296
Appendix p. 301
Index p. 323
Molecular infection biology : interactions between microorganisms and cells /
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