简介
Simone Weil's Le脙搂ons de Philosophie are derived from a course she taught at the lyc脙漏e for girls at Roanne in 1933芒聙聯4. Anne Reynaud-Gu脙漏rithault was a pupil in the class; her notes are not a verbatim record but are a very full and, as far as one can judge, faithful rendering, often catching the unmistakable tone of Simone Weil's voice as well as the force and the directness of her thought. The lectures form a good general introduction to philosophy, ranging widely over problems about perception, mind, language, reasoning and problems in moral and political philosophy too. Her method of presentation is a characteristic combination of abstract argument, personal experience and literary or historical reference. Peter Winch points out in his introduction to the book some of the more systematic connections in her philosophical work (and between this philosophical work and her other concerns), and makes a number of suggestive comparisons between Simone Weil and Wittgenstein. The translation is by Hugh Price from the Plon edition of 1959. Dr Price has added some notes to explain references in the text that might be unfamiliar to English speaking students beginning philosophy.
目录
Cover 1
Half-title 3
Title 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Translator's preface 10
Introduction 11
Anne Reynaud-Guerithault's introduction 34
1 The materialist point of view 37
Reflexes 40
Instinct 43
The role of the body in actions 47
The role of the body in feeling 47
The role of the body in thought 50
The sense of movement 54
Sensations and time 55
Perception 57
Language 74
Kinds of language 75
Language as having a reality of its own 77
Language as something easy to handle 78
The influence which society has on the individualthrough language 84
Language badly used 86
The role of the imagination in perception 57
Reasoning 86
The syllogism 88
Mathematical reasoning 88
The natural sciences 91
In search of mind 97
2 After the discovery of mind 100
General importance of the question 101
Freud and the subconscious 102
Degrees of consciousness 104
Unconsciousness 105
The subconscious 106
Moral importance (the * choice') 107
Personality 109
The self as existing in the present 109
Identity in time 110
Judgement 111
The distinctions which logicians make 111
The question's significance 111
Different theories of judgement 112
Reasoning 115
Reasoning by hypothesis 116
Reasoning by analogy 116
Deduction 116
Space and time 118
Causality 120
The value of knowledge 121
Order 123
Mathematical invention 123
Deduction as what prepares the way for experiments 127
The value of deduction 128
The application of deduction 129
What is missing in deduction? 130
Verification 130
Induction 131
Reasoning by analogy 131
Two conceptions of the experimental sciences 133
An examination of different theories and ways of considering thedifferent experimental sciences 134
3 Politics and social theory 139
The great sociologists 141
Social oppression in history 143
Primitive societies 143
Serfdom in Egypt 144
Slavery in Greece and Rome 144
Economic life and the way it works 150
History and science 150
Auguste Comte's view 151
Karl Marx's view 152
Property 153
How can money yield interest? 155
Economic power 156
Collective work and method 156
Big industry and the firm 157
Bureaucracy 159
The helplessness of the individual 159
The present state of affairs 159
Workers are nothing but ' things' on the labour market 159
Workers as ' things' in big business 160
Palliatives? 160
Duties towards the state 162
Different views of the state 162
Machiavelli1 (in The Prince) 162
Rousseau1 163
Marx and Lenin 163
Enlightened despotism 165
A republic 165
A democratic state 166
A completely co-operative state 167
Monarchy 167
A fascist state 168
Russia 168
The right practical attitude towards the state 169
International relations. Diplomacy - Colonisation 170
Diplomacy 170
Colonisation 172
Conclusion 173
4 Ethics and aesthetics 175
Morals based on interest 175
Morality based on instinct 177
Sociological moralities 178
Theological morality: God (or the gods) 180
The true foundations of morality 183
Kant and the categorical imperative 183
The rational moralists 185
Socrates 185
Plato 185
The Cynic morality 186
The Stoics 187
Descartes 190
Rousseau 191
Kant 192
The psychology of the aesthetic sense. 194
The role of the body and of feeling 194
Mind and understanding 195
Harmony of body and mind in what is beautiful 196
the moral value of art 199
5 Miscellaneous topics and essay plans 200
Self-knowledge 200
The love of truth 204
Sacrifice 205
Philosophy and metaphysics 206
The relativity of knowledge 206
Error 207
Time 207
Intuition and deduction 210
Does introspection enable us to distinguish between voluntary and involuntary actions? 212
Attention 215
Will and the life of the emotions 216
The role of thought in the life of the emotions 217
Imagination in literary creation and scientific thought 218
Courage 220
Suicide 220
Justice and charity 223
Abstract ideas 223
Bacon: 'Man can only gain control over nature by obeying it' 224
Plato: ' The Republic' 226
Index 232
Half-title 3
Title 5
Copyright 6
Contents 7
Translator's preface 10
Introduction 11
Anne Reynaud-Guerithault's introduction 34
1 The materialist point of view 37
Reflexes 40
Instinct 43
The role of the body in actions 47
The role of the body in feeling 47
The role of the body in thought 50
The sense of movement 54
Sensations and time 55
Perception 57
Language 74
Kinds of language 75
Language as having a reality of its own 77
Language as something easy to handle 78
The influence which society has on the individualthrough language 84
Language badly used 86
The role of the imagination in perception 57
Reasoning 86
The syllogism 88
Mathematical reasoning 88
The natural sciences 91
In search of mind 97
2 After the discovery of mind 100
General importance of the question 101
Freud and the subconscious 102
Degrees of consciousness 104
Unconsciousness 105
The subconscious 106
Moral importance (the * choice') 107
Personality 109
The self as existing in the present 109
Identity in time 110
Judgement 111
The distinctions which logicians make 111
The question's significance 111
Different theories of judgement 112
Reasoning 115
Reasoning by hypothesis 116
Reasoning by analogy 116
Deduction 116
Space and time 118
Causality 120
The value of knowledge 121
Order 123
Mathematical invention 123
Deduction as what prepares the way for experiments 127
The value of deduction 128
The application of deduction 129
What is missing in deduction? 130
Verification 130
Induction 131
Reasoning by analogy 131
Two conceptions of the experimental sciences 133
An examination of different theories and ways of considering thedifferent experimental sciences 134
3 Politics and social theory 139
The great sociologists 141
Social oppression in history 143
Primitive societies 143
Serfdom in Egypt 144
Slavery in Greece and Rome 144
Economic life and the way it works 150
History and science 150
Auguste Comte's view 151
Karl Marx's view 152
Property 153
How can money yield interest? 155
Economic power 156
Collective work and method 156
Big industry and the firm 157
Bureaucracy 159
The helplessness of the individual 159
The present state of affairs 159
Workers are nothing but ' things' on the labour market 159
Workers as ' things' in big business 160
Palliatives? 160
Duties towards the state 162
Different views of the state 162
Machiavelli1 (in The Prince) 162
Rousseau1 163
Marx and Lenin 163
Enlightened despotism 165
A republic 165
A democratic state 166
A completely co-operative state 167
Monarchy 167
A fascist state 168
Russia 168
The right practical attitude towards the state 169
International relations. Diplomacy - Colonisation 170
Diplomacy 170
Colonisation 172
Conclusion 173
4 Ethics and aesthetics 175
Morals based on interest 175
Morality based on instinct 177
Sociological moralities 178
Theological morality: God (or the gods) 180
The true foundations of morality 183
Kant and the categorical imperative 183
The rational moralists 185
Socrates 185
Plato 185
The Cynic morality 186
The Stoics 187
Descartes 190
Rousseau 191
Kant 192
The psychology of the aesthetic sense. 194
The role of the body and of feeling 194
Mind and understanding 195
Harmony of body and mind in what is beautiful 196
the moral value of art 199
5 Miscellaneous topics and essay plans 200
Self-knowledge 200
The love of truth 204
Sacrifice 205
Philosophy and metaphysics 206
The relativity of knowledge 206
Error 207
Time 207
Intuition and deduction 210
Does introspection enable us to distinguish between voluntary and involuntary actions? 212
Attention 215
Will and the life of the emotions 216
The role of thought in the life of the emotions 217
Imagination in literary creation and scientific thought 218
Courage 220
Suicide 220
Justice and charity 223
Abstract ideas 223
Bacon: 'Man can only gain control over nature by obeying it' 224
Plato: ' The Republic' 226
Index 232
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