Statistics : informed decisions using data / 3rd ed.

Contents
Preface to the Instructor xiii Supplements xviii Technology Resources xix List of Applications xxi
Part 1: Getting the Information You Need 1
Chapter 1 Data Collection 2
1.1 Introduction to the Practice of Statistics 3
1.2 Observational Studies versus Designed Experiments 15
1.3 Simple Random Sampling 22
1.4 Other Effective Sampling Methods 30
1.5 Bias in Sampling 38
1.6 The Design of Experiments 45
Chapter 1 Review 58 Chapter Test 61 Making an Informed Decision: What Movie Should I Go To? 62 Case Study: Chrysalises for Cash 63
Part 2: Descriptive Statistics 65
Chapter 2 Organizing and Summarizing Data 66
2.1 Organizing Qualitative Data 67
2.2 Organizing Quantitative Data: The Popular Displays 82
2.3 Additional Displays of Quantitative Data 102
2.4 Graphical Misrepresentations of Data 110
Chapter 2 Review 119 Chapter Test 123 Making an Informed Decision: Tables or Graphs? 125 Case Study: The Day the Sky Roared 126
Chapter 3 Numerically Summarizing Data 128
3.1 Measures of Central Tendency 129
3.2 Measures of Dispersion 143
3.3 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from Grouped Data 160
3.4 Measures of Position and Outliers 167
3.5 The Five-Number Summary and Boxplots 175
Chapter 3 Review 184 Chapter Test 187 Making an Informed Decision: What Car Should I Buy? 189 Case Study: Who Was "A Mourner"? 190
vii
Chapter 4 Describing the Relation between Two Variables 192
4.1 Scatter Diagrams and Correlation 193
4.2 Least-Squares Regression 209
4.3 Diagnostics on the Least-Squares Regression Line 223
4.4 Contingency Tables and Association 238
4.5 Nonlinear Regression: Transformations (On CD) 4-1
Chapter 4 Review 248 Chapter Test 253 Making an Informed Decision: What Car Should I Buy? 254 Case Study: Thomas Malthus, Population, and Subsistence 255
Part 3: Probability and Probability Distributions 257
Chapter 5 Probability 258
5.1 Probability Rules 259
5.2 The Addition Rule and Complements 274
5.3 Independence and the Multiplication Rule 286
5.4 Conditional Probability and the General Multiplication Rule 292
5.5 Counting Techniques 302
5.6 Putting It Together: Which Method Do I Use? 315
5.7 Bayes's Rule (On CD) 5-1
Chapter 5 Review 321 Chapter Test 324 Making an Informed Decision: Sports Probabilities 326 Case Study: The Case of the Body in the Bag 327
Chapter 6 Discrete Probability
Distributions 330
6.1 Discrete Random Variables 331
6.2 The Binomial Probability Distribution 343
6.3 The Poisson Probability Distribution 358
6.4 The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution (On CD) 6-1
Chapter 6 Review 365 Chapter Test 368 Making an Informed Decision: Should We Convict? 369 Case Study: The Voyage of the St. Andrew 370
Chapter 7 The Normal Probability
Distribution 372
7.1 Properties of the Normal Distribution 373
7.2 The Standard Normal Distribution 385
7.3 Applications of the Normal Distribution 397
7.4 Assessing Normality 405
7.5 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Probability Distribution 412
Contents ix
Chapter 7 Review 417 Chapter Test 420 Making an Informed Decision: Join the Club 421 Case Study: A Tale of Blood Chemistry and Health 421
Part 4: Inference: From Samples to Population 425
Chapter 8 Sampling Distributions 426
8.1 Distribution of the Sample Mean 427
8.2 Distribution of the Sample Proportion 442
Chapter 8 Review 451 Chapter Test 452 Making an Informed Decision: How Much Time Do You Spend in a Day...? 453 Case Study: Sampling Distribution of the Median 454
Chapter 9 Estimating the Value of a Parameter Using Confidence Intervals 456
9.1 The Logic in Constructing Confidence Intervals for a Population Mean When the Population Standard Deviation is Known 457
9.2 Confidence Intervals for a Population Mean When the Population Standard Deviation is Unknown 475
9.3 Confidence Intervals for a Population Proportion 488
9.4 Confidence Intervals for a Population Standard Deviation 496
9.5 Putting It Together: Which Procedure Do I Use? 503
Chapter 9 Review 507 Chapter Test 510 Making an Informed Decision: What's Your Major? 511 Case Study: When Model Requirements Fail 511
Chapter 10 Hypothesis Tests Regarding a Parameter 514
10.1 The Language of Hypothesis Testing 515
10.2 Hypothesis Tests for a Population Mean-Population Standard Deviation Known 523
10.3 Hypothesis Tests for a Population Mean-Population Standard Deviation Unknown 541
10.4 Hypothesis Tests for a Population Proportion 552
10.5 Hypothesis Tests for a Population Standard Deviation 561
10.6 Putting It Together: Which Method Do I Use? 567
10.7 The Probability of a Type II Error and the Power of the Test 569
Chapter 10 Review 575 Chapter Test 578 Making an Informed Decision: What Does It Really Weigh? 579 Case Study: How Old Is Stonehenge? 580
Contents
Chapter 11 Inferences on Two Samples 582
11.1 Inference about Two Means: Dependent Samples 583
11.2 Inference about Two Means: Independent Samples 595
11.3 Inference about Two Population Proportions 608
11.4 Inference for Two Population Standard Deviations 621
11.5 Putting It Together: Which Method Do I Use? 632
Chapter 11 Review 636 Chapter Test 639 Making an Informed Decision: Where Should I Invest? 641 Case Study: Control in the Design of an Experiment 642
Chapter 12 Inference on Categorical Data 644
12.1 Goodness-of-Fit Test 645
12.2 Tests for Independence and the Homogeneity of Proportions 656
Chapter 12 Review 671 Chapter Test 673 Making an Informed Decision: Benefits of College 674 Case Study: Feeling Lucky? Well, Are You? 675
Chapter 13 Comparing Three or More Means 678
13.1 Comparing Three or More Means (One-Way Analysis of Variance) 679
13.2 Post Hoc Tests on One-Way Analysis of Variance 694
13.3 The Randomized Complete Block Design 704
13.4 Two-Way Analysis of Variance 713
Chapter 13 Review 728 Chapter Test 732 Making an Informed Decision: Where Should I Invest? Part II 733 Case Study: Hat Size and Intelligence 734
Chapter 14 Inference on the Least-Squares Regression Model and Multiple Regression 736
14.1 Testing the Significance of the Least-Squares Regression Model 737
14.2 Confidence and Prediction Intervals 753
14.3 Multiple Regression 758
Chapter 14 Review 781 Chapter Test 784 Making an Informed Decision: Buying a Car 785 Case Study: Housing Boom 786
Contents xi
Chapter 15 Nonparametric Statistics (on CD) 15-1
15.1 An Overview of Nonparametric Statistics 15-2
15.2 Runs Test for Randomness 15-4
15.3 Inferences about Measures of Central Tendency 15-11
15.4 Inferences about the Difference between Two Medians: Dependent Samples 15-18
15.5 Inferences about the Difference between Two Medians: Independent Samples 15-29
15.6 Spearman's Rank-Correlation Test 15-39
15.7 Kruskal-Wallis Test 15-45
Chapter 15 Review 15-53 Chapter Test 15-56 Making an Informed Decision: Where Should I Live? 15-57 Case Study: Evaluating Alabama's 1891 House Bill 504 15-58
Appendix A Tables A-1 Appendix A Tables (On CD) A-23 Appendix B Lines (On CD) B-1 Answers AN-1 Index I-1