Secondary metabolism in model systems /

Table Of Contents:
1. Arabidopsis Thaliana, a Model System for Investigating Volatile Terpene Biosynthesis, Regulation, and Function 1(18)

Dorothea Tholl, Feng Chen, Jonathan Gershenzon, and Eran Pichersky

Introduction 2(2)

The Terpene Synthase Gene Family of Arabidopsis thaliana 4(1)

Terpene Biosynthesis in Flowers of Arabidopsis thaliana 5(6)

Emission of Monoterpenes and Sesquiterpenes from Flowers 5(4)

Function of Flower Specific AtTPS Genes and their Tissue Specific Expression 9(2)

Insect Visits to A. thaliana Flowers 11(2)

Emission of Terpenes from Leaves by Elicitation and Insect Attack 13(1)

Summary 14(5)
2. The Biochemical and Molecular Origins of Aliphatic Glucosinolate Diversity in Arabidopsis Thaliana 19(20)

Jim Tokuhisa, Jan-Willem de Kraker, Susanne Textor, and Jonathan Gershenzon

Introduction 20(4)

Glucosinolate Structure 20(1)

Glucosinolate Biosynthesis 21(3)

Modification of the Amino Acid Precursors 24(4)

Formation of Chain Elongated Analogs of Methionine 25(2)

Molecular Basis for Natural Variation in Chain Length 27(1)

Substrate Specificities in the Core Pathway of Glucosinolate Biosynthesis 28(2)

Cytochromes P450 29(1)

Further Steps of the Core Pathway 29(1)

Further Oxidative Modifications 30(3)

2-Oxoglutarate-dependent Dioxygenases 31(1)

Other Modifications 32(1)

Summary and Future Directions 33(6)
3. The Phenylpropanoid Pathway in Arabidopsis: Lessons Learned From Mutants in Sinapate Ester Biosynthesis 39(30)

Jake Stout and Clint Chapple

Introduction 40(1)

Physiological Roles of Phenylpropanoids 40(4)

Arabidopsis as a Model for Understanding Phenylpropanoid Metabolism 41(3)

Mutants Affecting Monolignol Biosynthesis 44(8)

Lignin Biosynthesis and Deposition 44(1)

fahl 45(2)

ref8 47(2)

irx4 49(1)

AtOMTl 50(1)

ref2 50(2)

Mutants Affecting the Final Stages of Sinapate Ester Synthesis 52(4)

sngl and sng2 52(4)

Summary and Future Directions 56(13)
4. Evolution of Indole and Benzoxazinone Biosynthesis in Zea Mays 69(16)

Alfons Gierl, Sebastian Gruen, Ullrich Genschel, Regina Huettl, and Monika Frey

Introduction 70(2)

Evolution of an Indole-3-glycerol Phosphate Lyase Function 72(5)

Conversion of Indole to Benzoxazinoids 77(2)

Cellular Compartmentation of the Benzoxazinoid Biosynthetic Enzymes 79(1)

Bx Genes Are Clustered on One Chromosome 79(1)

Evolution of Benzoxazinoid Biosynthesis 80(1)

Summary and Future Directions 81(4)
5. Genomics, Genetics, and Biochemistry of Maize Carotenoid Biosynthesis 85(26)

Eleanore T. Wurtzel

Introduction 86(1)

What Are Carotenoids? 86(1)

The Carotenoid Biosynthetic Pathway 87(2)

Localization 89(2)

Plastid Localization of Biosynthesis 89(1)

Accumulation in a Maize Seed 89(2)

Gene Regulation in Higher Plant Carotenoid Biosynthesis 91(2)

Regulation Within the Pathway 91(1)

Regulation Upstream of the Pathway 92(1)

Potential for Improving Maize Endosperm Carotenoid Content 93(1)

Tools for Gene Discovery and Enzyme Analysis 93(3)

Genome Sequence Databases 93(2)

Color Complementation for Functional Testing of Biosynthetic Enzymes 95(1)

Maize Genetics as a Tool 96(1)

Identifying Structural and Regulatory Loci 96(1)

Quantitative Trait Analysis and Associative Mapping 97(1)

The Maize Enzymes and Genes 97(5)

Enzymes and Genes for Carotenoid Precursors 98(1)

Enzymes and Genes for Carotenoid Biosynthesis 99(3)

Summary and Future Directions 102(9)
6. Genomic Survey of Metabolic Pathways in Rice 111(28)

Bernd Markus Lange and Gernot Presting

Introduction 112(1)

The Rice Genome - An Invaluable Resource for Functional Genomics 112(1)

Rice Metabolism - Current Knowledge and Future Challenges 112(10)

Rice Aroma - Mapping the Fragrance Gene 122(3)

Rice Nutrition - Proteomic Approaches to Explore Starch Metabolism 125(14)
7. Integrating Genome and Metabolome Toward Whole Cell Modeling with the E-Cell System 139(14)

Emily Wang, Yoichi Nakayama, and Masaru Tomita

Introduction 140(2)

Integrative Systems Biology for Large-Scale Modeling 142(1)

The Genome-Based E-Cell Modeling (GEM) System 143(1)

Integrating Metabolome Data 144(2)

Atomic Reconstruction of Metabolism (ARM) 146(2)

The Hybrid Static/Dynamic Simulation Algorithm 148(1)

Summary and Future Directions 149(4)
8. Metabolic Engineering of Soybean for Improved Flavor and Health Benefits 153(24)

Carl A. Maxwell, Maria A. Restrepo-Hartwig, Aideen O. Hession, and Brian McGonigle

Introduction 154(1)

Suppression of Daidzein Biosynthesis 155(8)

Vector Construction to Suppress Chalcone Reductase 160(1)

Generation of Soybean Transformants and Isoflavone Analysis 160(1)

Results of Genetic Modification of Chalcone Reductase 161(2)

Suppression of Saponin Biosynthesis 163(8)

Vector Construction to Suppress β-amyrin Synthase 166(1)

Generation of Soybean Transformants and Sapogenol Analysis 167(3)

Results of Genetic Modification of β-amyrin Synthase 170(1)

Summary and Future Directions 171(6)
9. Mining Soybean Expressed Sequence Tag and Microarray Data 177(20)

Martina V. Str枚mvik, Fran莽oise Thibaud-Nissen, and Lila O. Vodkin

Introduction 178(1)

Exploiting the Soybean EST Collection 179(6)

Lectins as an Example 179(1)

Contig Analysis and Electronic Northerns 180(5)

Exploiting Microarrays for Global Analysis of Pathways 185(7)

Induction of Somatic Embryos as a System 185(1)

Transcript Profiles During Early Somatic Embryogenesis 186(6)

Summary 192(5)
10. Aspeigillus Nidulans as a Model System to Study Secondary Metabolism 197(1)

Lori A. Maggio-Hall, Thomas M. Hammond, and Nancy P. Keller

Introduction 198(1)

Sterigmatocystin 199(7)

Biosynthetic Pathway 199(4)

Regulation 203(1)

Transcription Factors 203(1)

Signal Transduction 204(2)

pH 206(1)

Penicillin 206(1)

Biosynthetic Pathway 206(5)

Regulation 208(1)

Transcription Factors 208(1)

Carbon Source 209(1)

pH 210(1)

Amino Acids 210(1)

Lovastatin 211(2)

Biosynthesis 211(2)

Regulation 213(1)

Summary and Future Studies 213(10)
11. Genetics and Biochemistry of Aflatoxin Formation and Genomics Approach for Preventing Aflatoxin Contamination 223(1)

Jiujiang Yu, Deepak Bhatnagar, and Thomas E. Cleveland

Introduction 224(4)

Mycotoxins and Aflatoxins 224(1)

Health and Economic Impact of Aflatoxin Contamination 224(4)

Genetics and Molecular Biology of Aspergillus flavus 228(1)

Biochemical Pathway of Aflatoxin Formation 229(1)

Molecular Genetics of Aflatoxin Biosynthesis 230(6)

Clustering of Aflatoxin Pathway Genes 230(1)

Genes Involved in Biosynthesis 230(3)

Genes Involved in Regulation 233(3)

Factors Affecting Aflatoxin Formation 236(3)

Nutritional Factors 236(1)

Environmental Factors 237(1)

Developmental Factors 238(1)

Genomics Approaches to Prevent Aflatoxin Contamination 239(3)

Aspergillus flavus EST and Microarrays 239(2)

Aspergillus flavus Whole Genome Sequencing 241(1)

Summary 242(15)
Index 257