Gene doping in sports : the science and ethics of genetically modified athletes /
副标题：无
作 者：Angela J. Schneider, Theodore Friedmann.
分类号：
ISBN：9780120176519
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简介
Advances in genetics have begun to deliver on their promise of new and improved approaches to the prevention and treatment of human disease, including the gene-based therapeutics. The international sports community has begun to recognize the potential harmful use of gene transfer technology by athletes. The task of monitoring and controlling sports doping must be a truly cooperative effort, involving the cooperation of a range of local, national, and international organizations. There are very serious broad social and ethical issues at stake that relate to our definition of sports and its role in our society, as well as the social and ethical principles that are challenged or breached through sport doping, determining which forms of performance enhancement in sport or any other realm of human activity are acceptable, and what makes the enhancement of sport performance different from enhancement in other areas of human activity (e.g., cosmetic surgery, mood and learning enhancement through drugs, and drug-based treatment of physical and intellectual changes in normal aging process). This book tackles all these issues and more, serving as the first such focused treatment of this increasingly important topic, which has broad-based implications for science, medicine, sports, and society.
目录
Cover Page 1
Title Page 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Foreword 10
Preface 12
Chapter 1: The Problem of Doping in Sports 14
I. The Development of Current Programs to Counter Drug Abuse in Sports 19
II. A Potential New Challenge for Sports: Genetic Doping 21
Chapter 2: The Scientific Basis for Gene Therapy: A New Concept in Medicine 24
I. How Human Genetic Disease Occurs and How it is Treated 28
II. Gene Transfer: A New Approach to Therapy 32
III. Clinical Delivery: How Therapeutic Gene Transfer Vectors Can Be Introduced into Human Beings 35
IV. Fine-Tuning the Expression of the Foreign Gene: Not too Much or too Little, Not at the Wrong Time 37
V. Reversing or Stopping the Effects of Foreign Genes if Things Go Wrong 38
Chapter 3: Early Gene Transfer Experiments: Problems and Eventual Success 40
Chapter 4: Gene Transfer In Sports: An Opening Scenario For Genetic Enhancement of Normal \ 50
I. Genetic Doping in Sports: What Might Be Tried? 52
II. Several Potential Scenarios for Gene-Based Doping 54
A. Muscle function 55
B. Erythropoietin, blood cell production, and oxygen delivery to exercising tissues 57
C. Energy production and utilization 58
III. Genetic Enhancement 60
IV. A Special Case Somewhere Between Genetic Enhancement and Genetic Therapy in Sport: Treatment of Disease and Repair of Injury in an Athlete 61
Chapter 5: Ethics and Oversight in Clinical Trials: Attempts at Gene Doping Would Not Conform to Accepted Ethical Standards 64
I. The Ethics of Research with Human Subjects 64
II. Additional Levels of Regulation and Oversight in Gene Therapy Research 71
A. US and Canada: Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), Institutional Biosafety Committees (IBCs) and Research Ethics Review Boards (REBs) 72
B. National review and regulation in the US: The FDA and the NIH/RAC 73
III. The Ethical Principles Used by Review Bodies 75
Chapter 6: International Cooperation and Regulation: The Banbury Workshop (2002) 78
I. International Regulation of Sport Applications of Genetic Technology 78
A. Sport: where talent and genetic manipulation collide 79
B. Summary of the Banbury Conference conclusions presented to the media following the conference 87
II. Beyond Banbury 89
Chapter 7: A Scientific Perspective 92
I. Gene Therapy Is a Reality 92
II. The Line Between Therapy and Enhancement is Indistinct: What Deserves \ 95
III. Repair of Injury is a Special Form of Enhancement in Sports 98
IV. Misuse of Genetic Science: The Reemergence of Eugenics 98
Chapter 8: Some Ethical Aspects of \ 102
I. Harm and Health: The Individual Athlete 102
II. Harm to Other Athletes 105
III. Harm to Society 105
Chapter 9: The List 108
S1. Anabolic Agents 109
S2. Hormones and Related Substances 113
S3. Beta-2 Agonists 113
S4. Agents with Antiestrogenic Activity 114
S5. Diuretics and Other Masking Agents 114
Prohibited Methods 115
M1. Enhancement of Oxygen Transfer 115
M2. Chemical and Physical Manipulation 115
M3. Gene Doping 115
Substances and methods prohibited in competition 116
Prohibited substances 116
S6. Stimulants 116
S7. Narcotics 117
S8. Cannabinoids 117
S9. Glucocorticosteroids 117
Substances prohibited in particular sports 117
P1. Alcohol 117
P2. Betablockers 118
Specified substances 119
Further Reading 120
Index 124
Title Page 4
Copyright Page 5
Contents 6
Foreword 10
Preface 12
Chapter 1: The Problem of Doping in Sports 14
I. The Development of Current Programs to Counter Drug Abuse in Sports 19
II. A Potential New Challenge for Sports: Genetic Doping 21
Chapter 2: The Scientific Basis for Gene Therapy: A New Concept in Medicine 24
I. How Human Genetic Disease Occurs and How it is Treated 28
II. Gene Transfer: A New Approach to Therapy 32
III. Clinical Delivery: How Therapeutic Gene Transfer Vectors Can Be Introduced into Human Beings 35
IV. Fine-Tuning the Expression of the Foreign Gene: Not too Much or too Little, Not at the Wrong Time 37
V. Reversing or Stopping the Effects of Foreign Genes if Things Go Wrong 38
Chapter 3: Early Gene Transfer Experiments: Problems and Eventual Success 40
Chapter 4: Gene Transfer In Sports: An Opening Scenario For Genetic Enhancement of Normal \ 50
I. Genetic Doping in Sports: What Might Be Tried? 52
II. Several Potential Scenarios for Gene-Based Doping 54
A. Muscle function 55
B. Erythropoietin, blood cell production, and oxygen delivery to exercising tissues 57
C. Energy production and utilization 58
III. Genetic Enhancement 60
IV. A Special Case Somewhere Between Genetic Enhancement and Genetic Therapy in Sport: Treatment of Disease and Repair of Injury in an Athlete 61
Chapter 5: Ethics and Oversight in Clinical Trials: Attempts at Gene Doping Would Not Conform to Accepted Ethical Standards 64
I. The Ethics of Research with Human Subjects 64
II. Additional Levels of Regulation and Oversight in Gene Therapy Research 71
A. US and Canada: Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), Institutional Biosafety Committees (IBCs) and Research Ethics Review Boards (REBs) 72
B. National review and regulation in the US: The FDA and the NIH/RAC 73
III. The Ethical Principles Used by Review Bodies 75
Chapter 6: International Cooperation and Regulation: The Banbury Workshop (2002) 78
I. International Regulation of Sport Applications of Genetic Technology 78
A. Sport: where talent and genetic manipulation collide 79
B. Summary of the Banbury Conference conclusions presented to the media following the conference 87
II. Beyond Banbury 89
Chapter 7: A Scientific Perspective 92
I. Gene Therapy Is a Reality 92
II. The Line Between Therapy and Enhancement is Indistinct: What Deserves \ 95
III. Repair of Injury is a Special Form of Enhancement in Sports 98
IV. Misuse of Genetic Science: The Reemergence of Eugenics 98
Chapter 8: Some Ethical Aspects of \ 102
I. Harm and Health: The Individual Athlete 102
II. Harm to Other Athletes 105
III. Harm to Society 105
Chapter 9: The List 108
S1. Anabolic Agents 109
S2. Hormones and Related Substances 113
S3. Beta-2 Agonists 113
S4. Agents with Antiestrogenic Activity 114
S5. Diuretics and Other Masking Agents 114
Prohibited Methods 115
M1. Enhancement of Oxygen Transfer 115
M2. Chemical and Physical Manipulation 115
M3. Gene Doping 115
Substances and methods prohibited in competition 116
Prohibited substances 116
S6. Stimulants 116
S7. Narcotics 117
S8. Cannabinoids 117
S9. Glucocorticosteroids 117
Substances prohibited in particular sports 117
P1. Alcohol 117
P2. Betablockers 118
Specified substances 119
Further Reading 120
Index 124
Gene doping in sports : the science and ethics of genetically modified athletes /
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