简介
The Best Selling Text in the Field Updated for the New Era of Health Care IT "This is the most comprehensive and authoritative book available for the field today."
—Mark L. Diana, PhD, assistant professor and MHA program director, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University "With health care information technology now in the national policy spotlight, this book should be required reading for every health care administrator and student."
—Mark Leavitt, MD, PhD, chairman, Certification Commission for Healthcare Information Technology "The book provides an excellent overview of foundational principles and practical strategies—a valuable reference for health administration and health informatics students and professionals."
—Eta S. Berner, EdD, professor, Department of Health Services Administration, University of Alabama, Birmingham "The authors skillfully provide the tools necessary to facilitate movement from a paper-based to an electronic health record environment while championing the importance of managing in such an environment."
— Melanie S. Brodnik, PhD, director and associate professor, School of Allied Medical Professions, Ohio State University "Deploying health care information technology today is like navigating whitewater in the midst of a raging storm. Leveraging investments while introducing significant change is no easy task. It requires focused attention, a spirit of collaboration, and a willingness to learn from others. This book is written for the IT leader who is willing to tackle these challenges."
—Stephanie Reel, CIO and vice provost for Information Technologies, Johns Hopkins University
目录
CONTENTS 5
TABLES, FIGURES, AND EXHIBITS 11
FOREWORD 15
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 17
THE AUTHORS 19
PREFACE 21
PURPOSE AND ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK 21
IT CHALLENGES IN HEALTH CARE 24
RISING TO THE CHALLENGES 28
PART 1: HEALTH CARE INFORMATION 31
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH CARE INFORMATION 33
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 33
TYPES OF HEALTH CARE INFORMATION 34
INTERNAL DATA AND INFORMATION: PATIENT SPECIFIC\u2014CLINICAL 38
INTERNAL DATA AND INFORMATION: PATIENT SPECIFIC\u2014ADMINISTRATIVE 47
INTERNAL DATA AND INFORMATION: PATIENT SPECIFIC\u2014COMBINING CLINICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE 53
INTERNAL DATA AND INFORMATION: AGGREGATE\u2014CLINICAL 57
INTERNAL DATA AND INFORMATION: AGGREGATE\u2014ADMINISTRATIVE 60
INTERNAL DATA AND INFORMATION: AGGREGATE\u2014COMBINING CLINICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE 62
EXTERNAL DATA AND INFORMATION: COMPARATIVE 62
EXTERNAL DATA AND INFORMATION: EXPERT OR KNOWLEDGE BASED 67
SUMMARY 68
KEY TERMS 68
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 69
CHAPTER 2: HEALTH CARE DATA QUALITY 71
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 71
DATA VERSUS INFORMATION 72
PROBLEMS WITH POOR-QUALITY DATA 73
DOCUMENTATION 74
ENSURING DATA AND INFORMATION QUALITY 76
DATA DEFINITIONS 83
TESTING THE USE OF IT 86
SUMMARY 88
KEY TERMS 88
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 88
CHAPTER 3: HEALTH CARE INFORMATION REGULATIONS, LAWS, AND STANDARDS 91
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 91
LICENSURE, CERTIFICATION, AND ACCREDITATION 92
LEGAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING HEALTH INFORMATION 99
RECENT HEALTH CARE PRIVACY VIOLATIONS 107
SUMMARY 112
KEY TERMS 112
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 113
PART 2: HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 115
CHAPTER 4: HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 117
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 117
DEFINITION OF TERMS 118
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION 119
WHY HEALTH CARE LAGS IN IT 135
SUMMARY 136
KEY TERMS 137
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 137
CHAPTER 5: CURRENT AND EMERGING USE OF CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS 139
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 139
THE ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD 140
2007 DAVIES AWARD RECIPIENTS: AMBULATORY CARE CATEGORY 149
2007 DAVIES AWARD RECIPIENT: ORGANIZATIONAL CATEGORY 150
OTHER MAJOR HCIS TYPES 151
CPOE IMPLEMENTATION 154
GUIDELINES FOR CLINICAL ELECTRONIC MAIL COMMUNICATION 161
FITTING APPLICATIONS TOGETHER 165
INFORMATION EXCHANGE ACROSS BOUNDARIES 167
OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO ADOPTION 167
SUMMARY 171
KEY TERMS 171
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 171
CHAPTER 6: SYSTEM ACQUISITION 173
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 173
SYSTEM ACQUISITION: A DEFINITION 174
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE 174
SYSTEM ACQUISITION PROCESS 177
PROJECT MANAGEMENT TOOLS 192
SAMPLE CONTENTS OF A PROJECT REPOSITORY 192
THINGS THAT CAN GO WRONG 193
SUMMARY 195
KEY TERMS 195
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 196
CHAPTER 7: SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND SUPPORT 197
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 197
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS 198
MANAGING THE ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS 208
SYSTEM SUPPORT AND EVALUATION 215
SUMMARY 216
KEY TERMS 217
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 217
PART 3: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 219
CHAPTER 8: TECHNOLOGIES THAT SUPPORT HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 221
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 221
SYSTEM SOFTWARE 222
DATA MANAGEMENT AND ACCESS 225
RELATIONAL DATA MODELING 226
NETWORKS AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS 232
INFORMATION PROCESSING DISTRIBUTION SCHEMES 240
THE INTERNET, INTRANET, AND EXTRANETS 240
CLINICAL AND MANAGERIAL DECISION SUPPORT 245
TRENDS IN USER INTERACTIONS WITH SYSTEMS 248
INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE 254
CHOOSING THE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 258
SUMMARY 260
KEY TERMS 260
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 261
CHAPTER 9: HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEM STANDARDS 263
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 263
STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 264
CLASSIFICATION, VOCABULARY, AND TERMINOLOGY STANDARDS 267
HEALTH RECORD CONTENT STANDARDS 272
SUMMARY 279
KEY TERMS 279
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 280
CHAPTER 10: SECURITY OF HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 281
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 281
THE HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION\u2019S SECURITY PROGRAM 282
THREATS TO HEALTH CARE INFORMATION 283
OVERVIEW OF HIPAA SECURITY RULE 284
OUTLINE OF HIPAA SECURITY RULE 286
ADMINISTRATIVE SAFEGUARDS 289
PHYSICAL SAFEGUARDS 292
TECHNICAL SAFEGUARDS 294
PASSWORD DOs AND DON\u2019Ts 298
SECURITY IN A WIRELESS ENVIRONMENT 303
REMOTE ACCESS SECURITY 304
SUMMARY 304
KEY TERMS 307
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 307
PART 4: SENIOR MANAGEMENT IT CHALLENGES 309
CHAPTER 11: ORGANIZING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SERVICES 311
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 311
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FUNCTIONS 312
ORGANIZING IT STAFF AND SERVICES 328
IN-HOUSE VERSUS OUTSOURCED IT 334
EVALUATING IT EFFECTIVENESS 335
ASSESSING THE IT FUNCTION 338
MANAGING CORE IT PROCESSES 341
SUMMARY 342
KEY TERMS 343
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 343
CHAPTER 12: IT ALIGNMENT AND STRATEGIC PLANNING 345
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 345
OVERVIEW OF STRATEGY 347
AREAS REQUIRING IT STRATEGY 349
IT STRATEGY VECTORS 349
THE IT ASSET AND GOVERNING CONCEPTS 355
A NORMATIVE APPROACH TO IT STRATEGY 360
SAMPLE IT AGENDA FOR A STRATEGY TO IMPROVE PATIENT SCHEDULING SERVICE 361
SAMPLE IT AGENDA FOR A STRATEGY TO IMPROVE HEALTH INFORMATION ACCESS AND SELF-SERVICE FOR PATIENTS 362
SAMPLE OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IT NURSING DOCUMENTATION SUPPORT TO IMPROVE PATIENT SAFETY 363
IT STRATEGY AND ALIGNMENT CHALLENGES 369
IT AS A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 372
HOW GREAT COMPANIES USE IT 383
SUMMARY 387
KEY TERMS 388
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 388
CHAPTER 13: IT GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT 389
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 389
IT GOVERNANCE 390
THE FOUNDATION OF IT GOVERNANCE 391
PRINCIPLES FOR IT INVESTMENTS AND MANAGEMENT 397
IMPROVING COORDINATION AND WORKING RELATIONSHIPS 401
ARCHETYPES OF IT GOVERNANCE DECISION MAKING 402
IT EFFECTIVENESS 403
PRINCIPLES FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE 409
IT BUDGET 411
SUMMARY 415
KEY TERMS 416
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 416
CHAPTER 14: MANAGEMENT\u2019S ROLE IN MAJOR IT INITIATIVES 417
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 417
MANAGING CHANGE DUE TO IT 418
MANAGING IT PROJECTS 423
UNDERSTANDING IT INITIATIVE FAILURES 431
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS 439
IT PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLIST 440
SUMMARY 441
KEY TERMS 441
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 442
CHAPTER 15: ASSESSING AND ACHIEVING VALUE IN HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 443
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 443
DEFINITION OF IT-ENABLED VALUE 444
FOUR TYPES OF IT INVESTMENT 447
THE IT PROJECT PROPOSAL 450
STEPS TO IMPROVE VALUE REALIZATION 458
WHY IT FAILS TO DELIVER RETURNS 462
ANALYSES OF THE IT VALUE CHALLENGE 467
SUMMARY 470
KEY TERMS 471
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 471
CHAPTER 16: HEALTH IT LEADERSHIP 473
CASE 1: BOARD SUPPORT FOR A CAPITAL PROJECT 475
CASE 2: THE DECISION TO DEVELOP AN IT STRATEGIC PLAN 477
CASE 3: SELECTION OF A PATIENT SAFETY STRATEGY 478
CASE 4: STRATEGIC IS PLANNING FOR THE HOSPITAL ED 480
CASE 5: PLANNING AN EMR IMPLEMENTATION 482
CASE 6: CONSIDERATIONS FOR VOICE OVER IP TELEPHONY 484
CASE 7: IMPLEMENTING A CAPACITY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM 485
CASE 8: IMPLEMENTING A TELEMEDICINE SOLUTION 486
CASE 9: REPLACING A PRACTICE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 487
CASE 10: CONVERSION TO AN EMR MESSAGING SYSTEM 489
CASE 11: CONCERNS AND WORKAROUNDS WITH A CLINICAL DOCUMENTATION SYSTEM 490
CASE 12: STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING CPOE 492
CASE STUDY 13: IMPLEMENTING A SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM 494
CASE STUDY 14: THE ADMITTING SYSTEM CRASHES 496
CASE STUDY 15: BREACHING THE SECURITY OF AN INTERNET PATIENT PORTAL 497
CASE STUDY 16: ASSESSING THE VALUE AND IMPACT OF CPOE 499
APPENDIX A: OVERVIEW OF THE HEALTH CARE IT INDUSTRY 501
SUMMARY 510
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 511
APPENDIX B: SAMPLE PROJECT CHARTER 513
REFERENCES 523
INDEX 534
TABLES, FIGURES, AND EXHIBITS 11
FOREWORD 15
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 17
THE AUTHORS 19
PREFACE 21
PURPOSE AND ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK 21
IT CHALLENGES IN HEALTH CARE 24
RISING TO THE CHALLENGES 28
PART 1: HEALTH CARE INFORMATION 31
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH CARE INFORMATION 33
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 33
TYPES OF HEALTH CARE INFORMATION 34
INTERNAL DATA AND INFORMATION: PATIENT SPECIFIC\u2014CLINICAL 38
INTERNAL DATA AND INFORMATION: PATIENT SPECIFIC\u2014ADMINISTRATIVE 47
INTERNAL DATA AND INFORMATION: PATIENT SPECIFIC\u2014COMBINING CLINICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE 53
INTERNAL DATA AND INFORMATION: AGGREGATE\u2014CLINICAL 57
INTERNAL DATA AND INFORMATION: AGGREGATE\u2014ADMINISTRATIVE 60
INTERNAL DATA AND INFORMATION: AGGREGATE\u2014COMBINING CLINICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE 62
EXTERNAL DATA AND INFORMATION: COMPARATIVE 62
EXTERNAL DATA AND INFORMATION: EXPERT OR KNOWLEDGE BASED 67
SUMMARY 68
KEY TERMS 68
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 69
CHAPTER 2: HEALTH CARE DATA QUALITY 71
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 71
DATA VERSUS INFORMATION 72
PROBLEMS WITH POOR-QUALITY DATA 73
DOCUMENTATION 74
ENSURING DATA AND INFORMATION QUALITY 76
DATA DEFINITIONS 83
TESTING THE USE OF IT 86
SUMMARY 88
KEY TERMS 88
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 88
CHAPTER 3: HEALTH CARE INFORMATION REGULATIONS, LAWS, AND STANDARDS 91
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 91
LICENSURE, CERTIFICATION, AND ACCREDITATION 92
LEGAL ASPECTS OF MANAGING HEALTH INFORMATION 99
RECENT HEALTH CARE PRIVACY VIOLATIONS 107
SUMMARY 112
KEY TERMS 112
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 113
PART 2: HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 115
CHAPTER 4: HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 117
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 117
DEFINITION OF TERMS 118
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION 119
WHY HEALTH CARE LAGS IN IT 135
SUMMARY 136
KEY TERMS 137
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 137
CHAPTER 5: CURRENT AND EMERGING USE OF CLINICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS 139
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 139
THE ELECTRONIC MEDICAL RECORD 140
2007 DAVIES AWARD RECIPIENTS: AMBULATORY CARE CATEGORY 149
2007 DAVIES AWARD RECIPIENT: ORGANIZATIONAL CATEGORY 150
OTHER MAJOR HCIS TYPES 151
CPOE IMPLEMENTATION 154
GUIDELINES FOR CLINICAL ELECTRONIC MAIL COMMUNICATION 161
FITTING APPLICATIONS TOGETHER 165
INFORMATION EXCHANGE ACROSS BOUNDARIES 167
OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO ADOPTION 167
SUMMARY 171
KEY TERMS 171
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 171
CHAPTER 6: SYSTEM ACQUISITION 173
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 173
SYSTEM ACQUISITION: A DEFINITION 174
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE 174
SYSTEM ACQUISITION PROCESS 177
PROJECT MANAGEMENT TOOLS 192
SAMPLE CONTENTS OF A PROJECT REPOSITORY 192
THINGS THAT CAN GO WRONG 193
SUMMARY 195
KEY TERMS 195
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 196
CHAPTER 7: SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION AND SUPPORT 197
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 197
SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS 198
MANAGING THE ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS 208
SYSTEM SUPPORT AND EVALUATION 215
SUMMARY 216
KEY TERMS 217
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 217
PART 3: INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 219
CHAPTER 8: TECHNOLOGIES THAT SUPPORT HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 221
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 221
SYSTEM SOFTWARE 222
DATA MANAGEMENT AND ACCESS 225
RELATIONAL DATA MODELING 226
NETWORKS AND DATA COMMUNICATIONS 232
INFORMATION PROCESSING DISTRIBUTION SCHEMES 240
THE INTERNET, INTRANET, AND EXTRANETS 240
CLINICAL AND MANAGERIAL DECISION SUPPORT 245
TRENDS IN USER INTERACTIONS WITH SYSTEMS 248
INFORMATION SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE 254
CHOOSING THE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 258
SUMMARY 260
KEY TERMS 260
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 261
CHAPTER 9: HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEM STANDARDS 263
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 263
STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 264
CLASSIFICATION, VOCABULARY, AND TERMINOLOGY STANDARDS 267
HEALTH RECORD CONTENT STANDARDS 272
SUMMARY 279
KEY TERMS 279
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 280
CHAPTER 10: SECURITY OF HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 281
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 281
THE HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION\u2019S SECURITY PROGRAM 282
THREATS TO HEALTH CARE INFORMATION 283
OVERVIEW OF HIPAA SECURITY RULE 284
OUTLINE OF HIPAA SECURITY RULE 286
ADMINISTRATIVE SAFEGUARDS 289
PHYSICAL SAFEGUARDS 292
TECHNICAL SAFEGUARDS 294
PASSWORD DOs AND DON\u2019Ts 298
SECURITY IN A WIRELESS ENVIRONMENT 303
REMOTE ACCESS SECURITY 304
SUMMARY 304
KEY TERMS 307
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 307
PART 4: SENIOR MANAGEMENT IT CHALLENGES 309
CHAPTER 11: ORGANIZING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY SERVICES 311
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 311
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY FUNCTIONS 312
ORGANIZING IT STAFF AND SERVICES 328
IN-HOUSE VERSUS OUTSOURCED IT 334
EVALUATING IT EFFECTIVENESS 335
ASSESSING THE IT FUNCTION 338
MANAGING CORE IT PROCESSES 341
SUMMARY 342
KEY TERMS 343
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 343
CHAPTER 12: IT ALIGNMENT AND STRATEGIC PLANNING 345
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 345
OVERVIEW OF STRATEGY 347
AREAS REQUIRING IT STRATEGY 349
IT STRATEGY VECTORS 349
THE IT ASSET AND GOVERNING CONCEPTS 355
A NORMATIVE APPROACH TO IT STRATEGY 360
SAMPLE IT AGENDA FOR A STRATEGY TO IMPROVE PATIENT SCHEDULING SERVICE 361
SAMPLE IT AGENDA FOR A STRATEGY TO IMPROVE HEALTH INFORMATION ACCESS AND SELF-SERVICE FOR PATIENTS 362
SAMPLE OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IT NURSING DOCUMENTATION SUPPORT TO IMPROVE PATIENT SAFETY 363
IT STRATEGY AND ALIGNMENT CHALLENGES 369
IT AS A COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 372
HOW GREAT COMPANIES USE IT 383
SUMMARY 387
KEY TERMS 388
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 388
CHAPTER 13: IT GOVERNANCE AND MANAGEMENT 389
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 389
IT GOVERNANCE 390
THE FOUNDATION OF IT GOVERNANCE 391
PRINCIPLES FOR IT INVESTMENTS AND MANAGEMENT 397
IMPROVING COORDINATION AND WORKING RELATIONSHIPS 401
ARCHETYPES OF IT GOVERNANCE DECISION MAKING 402
IT EFFECTIVENESS 403
PRINCIPLES FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE 409
IT BUDGET 411
SUMMARY 415
KEY TERMS 416
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 416
CHAPTER 14: MANAGEMENT\u2019S ROLE IN MAJOR IT INITIATIVES 417
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 417
MANAGING CHANGE DUE TO IT 418
MANAGING IT PROJECTS 423
UNDERSTANDING IT INITIATIVE FAILURES 431
CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS 439
IT PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION CHECKLIST 440
SUMMARY 441
KEY TERMS 441
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 442
CHAPTER 15: ASSESSING AND ACHIEVING VALUE IN HEALTH CARE INFORMATION SYSTEMS 443
LEARNING OBJECTIVES 443
DEFINITION OF IT-ENABLED VALUE 444
FOUR TYPES OF IT INVESTMENT 447
THE IT PROJECT PROPOSAL 450
STEPS TO IMPROVE VALUE REALIZATION 458
WHY IT FAILS TO DELIVER RETURNS 462
ANALYSES OF THE IT VALUE CHALLENGE 467
SUMMARY 470
KEY TERMS 471
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 471
CHAPTER 16: HEALTH IT LEADERSHIP 473
CASE 1: BOARD SUPPORT FOR A CAPITAL PROJECT 475
CASE 2: THE DECISION TO DEVELOP AN IT STRATEGIC PLAN 477
CASE 3: SELECTION OF A PATIENT SAFETY STRATEGY 478
CASE 4: STRATEGIC IS PLANNING FOR THE HOSPITAL ED 480
CASE 5: PLANNING AN EMR IMPLEMENTATION 482
CASE 6: CONSIDERATIONS FOR VOICE OVER IP TELEPHONY 484
CASE 7: IMPLEMENTING A CAPACITY MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM 485
CASE 8: IMPLEMENTING A TELEMEDICINE SOLUTION 486
CASE 9: REPLACING A PRACTICE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 487
CASE 10: CONVERSION TO AN EMR MESSAGING SYSTEM 489
CASE 11: CONCERNS AND WORKAROUNDS WITH A CLINICAL DOCUMENTATION SYSTEM 490
CASE 12: STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING CPOE 492
CASE STUDY 13: IMPLEMENTING A SYNDROMIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM 494
CASE STUDY 14: THE ADMITTING SYSTEM CRASHES 496
CASE STUDY 15: BREACHING THE SECURITY OF AN INTERNET PATIENT PORTAL 497
CASE STUDY 16: ASSESSING THE VALUE AND IMPACT OF CPOE 499
APPENDIX A: OVERVIEW OF THE HEALTH CARE IT INDUSTRY 501
SUMMARY 510
LEARNING ACTIVITIES 511
APPENDIX B: SAMPLE PROJECT CHARTER 513
REFERENCES 523
INDEX 534
- 名称
- 类型
- 大小
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