The living world / 5th ed.

The Living
World Brief Contents
PART ONE | THE STUDY OF LIFE
Chapter 1 The Science of Biology 1
Chapter 2 Evolution and Ecology 21
PART TWO | THE LIVING CELL
Chapter 3 The Chemistry of Life 41
Chapter 4 Cells 69
Chapter 5 Energy and Life 101
Chapter 6 How Cells Acquire Energy 113
PART THREE | THE CONTINUITY OF LIFE
Chapter 7 How Cells Divide 141
Chapter 8 Foundations of Genetics 167
Chapter 9 How Genes Work 197
PART FOUR | THE NEW BIOLOGY
Chapter 10 Gene Technology 221
Chapter 11 Genomics 241
Chapter 12 The Revolution in Cell Technology 255
PART FIVE | THE EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY
OF LIFE
Chapter 13 Evolution and Natural Selection 269
Chapter 14 How We Name Living Things 295
Chapter 15 The First Single-Celled Creatures 311
Chapter 16 Advent of the Eukaryotes 333
Chapter 17 Fungi Invade the Land 351
PART SIX | PLANT LIFE
Chapter 18 Evolution of Plants 365
Chapter 19 Plant Form and Function 385
Chapter 20 Plant Reproduction and Growth 403
PART SEVEN | EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL LIFE
Chapter 21 Evolution of the Animal Phyla 421
Chapter 22 History of the Vertebrates 461
Chapter 23 How Humans Evolved 485
PART EIGHT | ANIMAL LIFE
Chapter 24 The Animal Body and How it Moves 501
Chapter 25 Circulation and Respiration 525
Chapter 26 The Path of Food Through the Animal Body 553
Chapter 27 How the Animal Body Defends Itself 583
Chapter 28 The Nervous System 607
Chapter 29 Chemical Signaling Within the Animal Body 637
Chapter 30 Reproduction and Development 653
PART NINE | THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT
Chapter 31 Ecosystems 677
Chapter 32 Populations and Communities 703
Chapter 33 Behavior and the Environment 731
Chapter 34 Planet Under Stress 753
APPENDIX A
Answers to Self-Test Questions 773
Glossary 775
Credits 786
Index 789
Applications Index 806
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joh1795x_fm.indd iii 11/11/04 10:04:42 AM
The Living
World Contents
Part One | The Study of Life
1 The Science of Biology 1
BIOLOGY AND THE LIVING WORLD 2
1.1 The Diversity of Life 2
1.2 Properties of Life 3
1.3 The Organization of Life 4
1.4 Biological Themes 6
THE SCIENTIFIC PROCESS 8
1.5 How Scientists Think 8
1.6 Science in Action: A Case Study 9
1.7 Stages of a Scientifi c Investigation 10
1.8 Theory and Certainty 13
CORE IDEAS OF BIOLOGY 14
1.9 Four Theories Unify Biology as a Science 14
Author?s Corner: Where Are All My Socks
Going? 12
2 Evolution and Ecology 21
EVOLUTION 22
2.1 Darwin?s Voyage on HMS Beagle 22
2.2 Darwin?s Evidence 24
2.3 The Theory of Natural Selection 25
DARWIN?S FINCHES: EVOLUTION
IN ACTION 27
2.4 The Beaks of Darwin?s Finches 27
2.5 How Natural Selection Produces Diversity 30
ECOLOGY 31
2.6 What Is Ecology? 31
2.7 A Closer Look at Ecosystems 32
2.8 How Species Evolve to Occupy Different Niches
Within an Ecosystem 33
POPULATIONS AND HOW THEY GROW 34
2.9 Patterns of Population Growth 34
2.10 Human Populations 36
p Science in Action: Evolution Repeats Itself in
Caribbean Lizards 29
Part Two | The Living Cell
3 The Chemistry of Life 41
SOME SIMPLE CHEMISTRY 42
3.1 Atoms 42
3.2 Ions and Isotopes 44
3.3 Molecules 46
WAT E R : C R A D L E O F L I F E 50
3.4 Hydrogen Bonds Give Water Unique Properties 50
3.5 Water Ionizes 52
MACROMOLECULES 54
3.6 Forming Macromolecules 54
3.7 Proteins 56
3.8 Nucleic Acids 61
3.9 Carbohydrates 63
3.10 Lipids 65
p Science in Action: The Case of the Dying Racehorse
Foals 47
Author?s Corner: How Tropical Lizards Climb
Vertical Walls 49
4 Cells 69
THE WORLD OF CELLS 70
4.1 Cells 70
4.2 The Plasma Membrane 74
KINDS OF CELLS 77
4.3 Prokaryotic Cells 77
4.4 Eukaryotic Cells 78
TOUR OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL 80
4.5 The Nucleus: The Cell?s Control Center 80
4.6 The Endomembrane System 82
4.7 Organelles That Contain DNA 84
4.8 The Cytoskeleton: Interior Framework of the Cell 86
4.9 Outside the Plasma Membrane 89
TRANSPORT ACROSS PLASMA
MEMBRANES 90
4.10 Diffusion and Osmosis 90
4.11 Bulk Passage into and out of Cells 92
4.12 Selective Permeability 94
A Closer Look: Membrane Defects Can Cause
Disease 76
5 Energy and Life 101
CELLS AND ENERGY 102
5.1 The Flow of Energy in Living Things 102
5.2 The Laws of Thermodynamics 103
CELL CHEMISTRY 104
5.3 Chemical Reactions 104
ENZYMES 105
5.4 How Enzymes Work 105
5.5 Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity 106
5.6 How Cells Regulate Enzymes 107
HOW CELLS USE ENERGY 108
5.7 ATP: The Energy Currency of the Cell 108
6 How Cells Acquire Energy 113
PHOTOSYNTHESIS 114
6.1 An Overview of Photosynthesis 114
6.2 How Plants Capture Energy from Sunlight 116
6.3 Organizing Pigments into Photosystems 118
6.4 How Photosystems Convert Light to Chemical
Energy 120
6.5 Building New Molecules 122
CELLULAR RESPIRATION 126
6.6 An Overview of Cellular Respiration 126
6.7 Using Coupled Reactions to Make ATP 128
6.8 Harvesting Electrons from Chemical Bonds 132
6.9 Using the Electrons to Make ATP 136
A Closer Look: The Energy Cycle 125
Author?s Corner: Fad Diets and Impossible
Dreams 131
A Closer Look: Metabolic Effi ciency and the
Length of Food Chains 133
Part Three | The Continuity of Life
7 How Cells Divide 141
CELL DIVISION 142
7.1 Prokaryotes Have a Simple Cell Cycle 142
7.2 Eukaryotes Have a Complex Cell Cycle 143
7.3 Chromosomes 144
7.4 Cell Division 146
7.5 Controlling the Cell Cycle 149
CANCER AND THE CELL CYCLE 150
7.6 What Is Cancer? 150
7.7 Cancer and Control of the Cell Cycle 151
7.8 Curing Cancer 152
MEIOSIS 154
7.9 Discovery of Meiosis 154
7.10 The Sexual Life Cycle 155
7.11 The Stages of Meiosis 156
7.12 Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis 160
7.13 Evolutionary Consequences of Sex 162
A Closer Look: Why Sex? 163
8 Foundations of Genetics 167
MENDEL 168
8.1 Mendel and the Garden Pea 168
8.2 What Mendel Observed 170
8.3 Mendel Proposes a Theory 172
8.4 Mendel?s Laws 175
FROM GENOTYPE TO PHENOTYPE 176
8.5 How Genes Infl uence Traits 176
8.6 Why Some Traits Don?t Show Mendelian
Inheritance 178
CHROMOSOMES AND HEREDITY 185
8.7 Chromosomes Are the Vehicles of Mendelian
Inheritance 185
8.8 Human Chromosomes 187
HUMAN HEREDITARY DISORDERS 189
8.9 The Role of Mutations in Human Heredity 189
8.10 Genetic Counseling and Therapy 193
A Closer Look: Does Environment Affect
I.Q.? 181
Mendelian Genetics Problems 184
9 How Genes Work 197
GENES ARE MADE OF DNA 198
9.1 The Griffi th Experiment 198
9.2 The Avery and Hershey-Chase Experiments 199
9.3 Discovering the Structure of DNA 200
9.4 How the DNA Molecule Replicates 202
FROM GENE TO PROTEIN 206
9.5 Transcription 206
9.6 Translation 207
9.7 Architecture of the Gene 210
REGULATING GENE EXPRESSION 212
9.8 Turning Genes Off and On 212
ALTERING THE GENETIC MESSAGE 216
9.9 Mutation 216
A Closer Look: How Small RNAs Regulate Gene
Expression 214
Part Four | The New Biology
10 Gene Technology 221
GENETIC ENGINEERING 222
10.1 A Scientifi c Revolution 222
10.2 Restriction Enzymes 223
10.3 The Four Stages of a Genetic Engineering
Experiment 224
10.4 Working with DNA 228
ADVANCES IN MEDICINE 230
10.5 Genetic Engineering and Medicine 230
TRANSFORMING AGRICULTURE 232
10.6 Genetic Engineering of Farm Animals 232
10.7 Genetic Engineering of Crop Plants 233
11 Genomics 241
THE CHALLENGE OF SEQUENCING ENTIRE
GENOMES 242
11.1 Genomics 242
11.2 Comparing Genomes 243
11.3 The Human Genome 246
PUTTING GENOMIC INFORMATION TO
WORK 250
11.4 Gene Microarrays 250
11.5 Proteomics: The Next Frontier 252
A Closer Look: The Y Chromosome?Men Really
Are Different 249
12
The Revolution in Cell Technology 255
CLONING 256
12.1 Proving That Reproductive Cloning Is Possible 256
12.2 Problems with Reproductive Cloning 257
STEM CELLS 258
12.3 Embryonic Stem Cells 258
12.4 Therapeutic Cloning 260
12.5 Grappling with the Ethics of Stem Cell
Research 262
GENE THERAPY 264
12.6 Initial Attempts at Gene Therapy 264
12.7 More Promising Vectors 265
12.8 Ethical Issues Raised by Gene Therapy 266
A Closer Look: When Does Human Life
Begin? 263
13
Part Five | The Evolution and Diversity of Life
Evolution and Natural
Selection 269
THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION 270
13.1 Evolution: Getting from There to Here 270
13.2 The Evidence for Evolution 272
HOW POPULATIONS EVOLV E 276
13.3 Genetic Change Within Populations: The Hardy-
Weinberg Rule 276
13.4 Why Allele Frequencies Change 278
13.5 Forms of Selection 280
ADAPTATION WITHIN POPULATIONS 282
13.6 Sickle-Cell Anemia 282
13.7 Selection on Color in Guppies 284
HOW SPECIES FORM 286
13.8 The Biological Species Concept 286
13.9 Isolating Mechanisms 287
13.10 Working with the Biological Species Concept 289
13.11 The Pace of Evolution 292
A Closer Look: Evolution?s Critics 291
14 How We Name Living Things 295
THE CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS 296
14.1 The Invention of the Linnaean System 296
14.2 Species Names 297
14.3 Higher Categories 298
14.4 What Is a Species? 299
INFERRING PHYLOGENY 300
14.5 How to Build a Family Tree 300
KINGDOMS AND DOMAINS 304
14.6 The Kingdoms of Life 304
14.7 Domain Archaea 305
14.8 Domain Bacteria 306
14.9 Domain Eukarya 307
Author?s Corner: Biodiversity Behind Bars 303
15
The First Single-Celled
Creatures 311
ORIGIN OF THE FIRST CELLS 312
15.1 Origin of Life 312
15.2 How Cells Arose 314
PROKARYOTES 316
15.3 The Simplest Organisms 316
15.4 Comparing Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes 318
15.5 Importance of Prokaryotes 319
15.6 Prokaryotic Lifestyles 320
VIRUSES 322
15.7 The Structure of Viruses 322
15.8 How Bacteriophages Enter Prokaryotic Cells 323
15.9 How Animal Viruses Enter Cells 326
15.10 Disease Viruses 328
A Closer Look: Has Life Evolved Elsewhere? 315
A Closer Look: Prions and Mad Cow Disease
325
16 Advent of the Eukaryotes 333
THE EVOLUTION OF EUKARYOTES 334
16.1 The Origin of Eukaryotic Cells 334
16.2 The Evolution of Sex 336
16.3 General Biology of Protists, the Most Ancient
Eukaryotes 338
THE PROTISTS 340
16.4 Classifying the Protists 340
16.5 Heterotrophs with No Permanent Locomotor
Apparatus 342
16.6 Heterotrophs with Flagella 343
16.7 Heterotrophs with Restricted Mobility 344
16.8 Photosynthetic Protists 345
16.9 Nonmotile Spore-Formers 348
17 Fungi Invade the Land 351
FUNGI AS MULTICELLULAR
ORGANISMS 352
17.1 Complex Multicellularity 352
17.2 A Fungus Is Not a Plant 353
17.3 Reproduction and Nutrition of Fungi 354
FUNGAL DIVERSITY 355
17.4 Kinds of Fungi 355
17.5 Zygomycetes 356
17.6 Ascomycetes 357
17.7 Basidiomycetes 358
17.8 Chytridiomycetes, Imperfect Fungi, and Yeasts 359
THE ECOLOGY OF FUNGI 360
17.9 Ecological Roles of Fungi 360
Part Six | Plant Life
18 Evolution of Plants 365
PLANTS 366
18.1 Adapting to Terrestrial Living 366
18.2 Plant Evolution 368
SEEDLESS PLANTS 370
18.3 Nonvascular Plants 370
18.4 The Evolution of Vascular Tissue 371
18.5 Seedless Vascular Plants 372
THE ADVENT OF SEEDS 374
18.6 Evolution of Seed Plants 374
18.7 Gymnosperms 376
THE EVOLUTION OF FLOWERS 378
18.8 Rise of the Angiosperms 378
18.9 Why Are There Different Kinds of Flowers? 379
18.10 Improving Seeds: Double Fertilization 380
18.11 Improving Seed Dispersal: Fruits 382
19 Plant Form and Function 385
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PLANT
TISSUES 386
19.1 Organization of a Vascular Plant 386
19.2 Plant Tissue Types 387
THE PLANT BODY 390
19.3 Roots 390
19.4 Stems 392
19.5 Leaves 394
PLANT TRANSPORT AND NUTRITION 396
19.6 Water Movement 396
19.7 Carbohydrate Transport 399
19.8 Essential Plant Nutrients 400
20
Plant Reproduction and
Growth 403
FLOWERING PLANT REPRODUCTION 404
20.1 Angiosperm Reproduction 404
20.2 Seeds 407
20.3 Fruit 408
20.4 Germination 409
REGULATING PLANT GROWTH 410
20.5 Plant Hormones 410
20.6 Auxin 412
20.7 Other Plant Hormones 414
PLANT RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTA L
STIMULI 416
20.8 Photoperiodism and Dormancy 416
20.9 Tropisms 418
Part Seven | Evolution of Animal Life
21 Evolution of the Animal Phyla 421
INTRODUCTION TO THE ANIMALS 422
21.1 General Features of Animals 422
21.2 The Animal Family Tree 424
THE SIMPLEST ANIMALS 430
21.3 Sponges: Animals Without Tissues 430
21.4 Cnidarians: Tissues Lead to Greater
Specialization 432
THE ADVENT OF BILATERAL
SYMMETRY 435
21.5 Solid Worms: Bilateral Symmetry 435
THE ADVENT OF A BODY CAV I T Y 439
21.6 Roundworms: The Evolution of a Body Cavity 439
21.7 Mollusks: Coelomates 442
21.8 Annelids: The Rise of Segmentation 444
21.9 Arthropods: Advent of Jointed Appendages 446
REDESIGNING THE EMBRYO 452
21.10 Protostomes and Deuterostomes 452
21.11 Echinoderms: The First Deuterostomes 454
21.12 Chordates: Improving the Skeleton 456
22 History of the Vertebrates 461
OVERVIEW OF VERTEBRAT E
EVOLUTION 462
22.1 The Paleozoic Era 462
22.2 The Mesozoic Era 464
22.3 The Cenozoic Era 467
THE PARADE OF VERTEBRAT E S 468
22.4 Fishes Dominate the Sea 468
22.5 Amphibians Invade the Land 472
22.6 Reptiles Conquer the Land 474
22.7 Birds Master the Air 476
22.8 Mammals Adapt to Colder Times 478
Author?s Corner: Evolution of the Family
Dog 481
23 How Humans Evolved 485
THE EVOLUTION OF PRIMAT E S 486
23.1 The Evolutionary Path to Apes 486
23.2 How the Apes Evolved 488
THE FIRST HOMINIDS 490
23.3 An Evolutionary Tree with Many Branches 490
23.4 The Origins of Bipedalism 492
23.5 The Beginning of Hominid Evolution 493
THE FIRST HUMANS 494
23.6 African Origin: Early Homo 494
23.7 Out of Africa: Homo erectus 495
MODERN HUMANS 496
23.8 The Last Stage of Hominid Evolution 496
23.9 Our Own Species: Homo sapiens 498
24
Part Eight | Animal Life
The Animal Body and How It
Moves 501
THE ANIMAL BODY PLAN 502
24.1 Innovations in Body Design 502
24.2 Organization of the Vertebrate Body 504
TISSUES OF THE VERTEBRATE BODY 508
24.3 Epithelium Is Protective Tissue 508
24.4 Connective Tissue Supports the Body 510
24.5 Muscle Tissue Lets the Body Move 513
24.6 Nerve Tissue Conducts Signals Rapidly 515
THE SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR
SYSTEMS 516
24.7 Types of Skeletons 516
24.8 Muscles and How They Work 518
Author?s Corner: Running Improperly Provides
a Painful Lesson in the Biology of Bones and
Muscles 519
25 Circulation and Respiration 525
CIRCULATION 526
25.1 Open and Closed Circulatory Systems 526
25.2 Architecture of the Vertebrate Circulatory
System 528
25.3 The Lymphatic System: Recovering Lost Fluid 531
25.4 Blood 532
EVOLUTION OF VERTEBRAT E
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS 534
25.5 Fish Circulation 534
25.6 Amphibian and Reptile Circulation 535
25.7 Mammalian and Bird Circulation 536
25.8 Cardiovascular Diseases 539
RESPIRATION 540
25.9 Types of Respiratory Systems 540
25.10 Respiration in Aquatic Vertebrates 541
25.11 Respiration in Terrestrial Vertebrates 542
25.12 The Mammalian Respiratory System 544
25.13 How Respiration Works: Gas Exchange 546
LUNG CANCER AND SMOKING 548
25.14 The Nature of Lung Cancer 548
26
The Path of Food Through the
Animal Body 553
FOOD ENERGY AND ESSENTIAL
NUTRIENTS 554
26.1 Food for Energy and Growth 554
DIGESTION 558
26.2 Types of Digestive Systems 558
26.3 Vertebrate Digestive Systems 559
26.4 The Mouth and Teeth 560
26.5 The Esophagus and Stomach 562
26.6 The Small and Large Intestines 564
26.7 Variations in Vertebrate Digestive Systems 566
26.8 Accessory Digestive Organs 568
MAINTAINING THE INTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT 570
26.9 Homeostasis 570
26.10 Osmoregulatory Organs 572
26.11 Evolution of the Vertebrate Kidney 574
26.12 The Mammalian Kidney 578
A Closer Look: Closing in On the Long-Sought
Link Between Diabetes and Obesity 557
27
How the Animal Body Defends
Itself 583
THREE LINES OF DEFENSE 584
27.1 Skin: The First Line of Defense 584
27.2 Cellular Counterattack: The Second Line of
Defense 586
27.3 Specifi c Immunity: The Third Line of Defense 589
THE IMMUNE RESPONSE 590
27.4 Initiating the Immune Response 590
27.5 T Cells: The Cellular Response 591
27.6 B Cells: The Humoral Response 592
27.7 Active Immunity Through Clonal Selection 594
27.8 Evolution of the Immune System 596
27.9 Vaccination 598
27.10 Antibodies in Medical Diagnosis 600
DEFEAT OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM 601
27.11 Overactive Immune System 601
27.12 AIDS: Immune System Collapse 602
p Science in Action: The Search for an Effective
AIDS Vaccine Looks More Promising 603
28 The Nervous System 607
NEURONS AND HOW THEY WORK 608
28.1 Evolution of the Animal Nervous System 608
28.2 Neurons Generate Nerve Impulses 610
28.3 The Synapse 612
28.4 Addictive Drugs Act on Chemical Synapses 614
THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 616
28.5 Evolution of the Vertebrate Brain 616
28.6 How the Brain Works 618
28.7 The Spinal Cord 621
THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 622
28.8 Voluntary and Autonomic Nervous Systems 622
THE SENSORY NERVOUS SYSTEM 624
28.9 Sensory Perception 624
28.10 Sensing Gravity and Motion 626
28.11 Sensing Chemicals: Taste and Smell 627
28.12 Sensing Sounds: Hearing 628
28.13 Sensing Light: Vision 630
28.14 Other Types of Sensory Reception 634
29
Chemical Signaling Within the
Animal Body 637
THE NEUROENDOCRINE SYSTEM 638
29.1 Hormones 638
29.2 How Hormones Target Cells 640
THE MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLANDS 642
29.3 The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary 642
29.4 The Pancreas 645
29.5 The Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal
Glands 646
29.6 A Host of Other Hormones 650
30
Reproduction and Development 653
VERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION 654
30.1 Asexual and Sexual Reproduction 654
30.2 Evolution of Reproduction Among the
Vertebrates 656
THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 660
30.3 Males 660
30.4 Females 662
30.5 Hormones Coordinate the Reproductive Cycle 664
THE COURSE OF DEVELOPMENT 666
30.6 Embryonic Development 666
30.7 Fetal Development 668
BIRTH CONTROL AND SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED DISEASES 673
30.8 Contraception and Sexually Transmitted
Diseases 673
p Science in Action: Why You Age and Cancer
Cells Don?t 672
31 Ecosystems 677
THE ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMS 678
31.1 Energy Flows Through Ecosystems 678
31.2 Ecological Pyramids 682
MATERIALS CYCLE WITHIN
ECOSYSTEMS 683
31.3 The Water Cycle 683
31.4 The Carbon Cycle 685
31.5 Soil Nutrients and Other Chemical Cycles 686
HOW WEATHER SHAPES ECOSYSTEMS 688
31.6 The Sun and Atmospheric Circulation 688
31.7 Latitude and Elevation 689
31.8 Patterns of Circulation in the Ocean 690
MAJOR KINDS OF ECOSYSTEMS 692
31.9 Ocean Ecosystems 692
31.10 Freshwater Ecosystems 694
31.11 Land Ecosystems 696
32 Populations and Communities 703
POPULATION DYNAMICS 704
32.1 Population Growth 704
32.2 The Infl uence of Population Density 706
32.3 Life History Adaptations 707
32.4 Population Demography 708
HOW COMPETITION SHAPES
COMMUNITIES 710
32.5 Communities 710
32.6 The Niche and Competition 711
HOW COEVOLUTION SHAPES
COMMUNITIES 714
32.7 Coevolution and Symbiosis 714
32.8 Predator-Prey Interactions 718
32.9 Plant and Animal Defenses 720
32.10 Mimicry 722
COMMUNITY STABILITY 724
32.11 Ecological Succession 724
32.12 Biodiversity 726
A Closer Look: Invasion of the Killer
Bees 709
33 Behavior and the Environment 731
SOME BEHAVIOR IS GENETICALLY
DETERMINED 732
33.1 Approaches to the Study of Behavior 732
33.2 Instinctive Behavioral Patterns 733
33.3 Gene Effects on Behavior 734
BEHAVIOR CAN ALSO BE INFLUENCED
BY LEARNING 735
33.4 How Animals Learn 735
33.5 Instinct and Learning Interact to Determine
Behavior 736
33.6 Animal Cognition 737
EVOLUTIONARY FORCES SHAPE
BEHAVIOR 738
33.7 Behavioral Ecology 738
33.8 A Cost-Benefi t Analysis of Behavior 739
33.9 Migratory Behavior 740
33.10 Reproductive Behaviors 742
SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 744
33.11 Communication Within Social Groups 744
33.12 Altruism and Group Living 746
33.13 Vertebrate Societies 748
33.14 Human Social Behavior 749
p Science in Action: The Great Pigeon Race
Disaster of 1997 Suggests an Answer to an Enduring
Mystery 741
34 Planet Under Stress 753
GLOBAL CHANGE 754
34.1 Pollution 754
34.2 Acid Precipitation 755
34.3 The Ozone Hole 756
34.4 The Greenhouse Effect 757
34.5 Loss of Biodiversity 758
SAVING OUR ENVIRONMENT 760
34.6 Reducing Pollution 760
34.7 Finding Other Sources of Energy 761
34.8 Preserving Nonreplaceable Resources 762
34.9 Curbing Population Growth 764
SOLVING ENVIRONMENTA L
PROBLEMS 766
34.10 Preserving Endangered Species 766
34.11 Individuals Can Make the Difference 769
A Closer Look: The Global Decline in
Amphibians 759
Appendix A: Answers to Self-Test
Questions 773
Glossary 775
Credits 786
Index 789
Applications Index 806