简介
Israel is a small and relatively young country, but its turbulent history has placed it squarely at the centre of the world stage for most of this century. For two millennia the Jews, dispersed all over the world, prayed for a return to Zion. Until the nineteenth century, that dream seemed a fantasy, but then a secular Zionist movement was born and soon the initial trickle of Jewish immigrants to Palestine turned into a flood as Jews fled persecution in Europe. From these beginnings, Martin Gilbert traces the events and personalities that would lead to the sudden, dramatic declaration of Statehood in May 1948. From that point on, Israel's history has been dominated by conflict: Suez, the Six Day War, the Yom Kippur War, the Lebanon and the Intifada. Using contemporary documents and eyewitness accounts, drawing on his own intimate knowledge of the country and its people, Martin Gilbert weaves together a seamless, page-turning history of a powerful and proud nation.
目录
Foreword to the Third Edition p. xv
Foreword to the First Edition p. xvii
Abbreviations p. xx
Introduction p. 1
Prologue: The Ancient Orient Before CA. 2000 B.C. p. 23
Before History: The Foundations of Civilization in the Ancient Orient p. 24
The Earliest Stone Age Settlements p. 24
Cultural Developments in Mesopotamia p. 27
Egypt and Palestine in the Fourth Millennium p. 31
The Ancient Orient in the Third Millennium B.C. p. 33
Mesopotamia in the Earliest Historical Period p. 33
Egypt and Western Asia in the Third Millennium p. 38
The Ancient Orient on the Eve of the Patriarchal Age p. 41
Antecedents and Beginnings: The Age of the Patriarchs p. 45
The World of Israel's Origins p. 47
The Ancient Orient CA. 2000-1750 B.C. p. 48
Mesopotamia CA. 2000-1750 p. 48
Egypt and Palestine CA. 2000-1750 p. 51
The Ancient Orient CA. 1750-1550 B.C. p. 56
The Power Struggle of the Eighteenth Century in Mesopotamia p. 56
A Period of Confusion in the Ancient Orient p. 59
The Patriarchs p. 67
The Patriarchal Narratives: The Problem and Method of Procedure p. 67
The Nature of the Material p. 67
The Evaluation of the Traditions as Sources of History p. 74
The Historical Setting of the Patriarchal Narratives p. 77
The Patriarchs in the Context of the Early Second Millennium p. 77
The Date of the Patriarchs p. 83
The Hebrew Ancestors and History p. 87
The Migration of the Patriarchs p. 87
The Patriarchs as Figures of History p. 92
The Religion of the Patriarchs p. 96
The Formative Period p. 105
Exodus and Conquest: The Formation of the People Israel p. 107
Western Asia in the Late Bronze Age: The Egyptian Empire p. 108
The Eighteenth Dynasty and the Rise of the Empire p. 108
The Amarna Period and the End of the Eighteenth Dynasty p. 110
Western Asia in the Thirteenth Century: The Ninteenth Dynasty p. 112
Canaan in the Thirteenth Century B.C. p. 115
The Biblical Traditions in the Light of the Evidence p. 120
Egyptian Bondage and Exodus in the Light of the Evidence p. 120
The Wilderness Wandering in the Light of the Evidence p. 124
The Conquest of Palestine in the Light of the Evidence p. 129
The Formation of the People Israel p. 133
The Complexity of Israel's Origins p. 133
The Israelite Occupation of Canaan: Summary and Reconstruction p. 137
The Constitution and Faith of Early Israel: the Tribal League p. 144
The Problem and Method of Procedure p. 144
How Should the Religion of Early Israel be Described? p. 145
Primary Sources of Knowledge p. 146
The Faith of Early Israel p. 148
Israel the People of Yahweh: The Covenant Society p. 148
The God of the Covenant p. 157
The Constitution of Early Israel: The Tribal League and Its Institutions p. 162
The Israelite Tribal League p. 162
The Institutions of the Tribal League p. 168
The History of the Tribal League: The Period of the Judges p. 173
The World Situation ca. 1200-1050 B.C. p. 173
Israel in Canaan: The First two Centuries p. 176
Israel Under the Monarchy: The Period of National Self-determination p. 183
From Tribal Confederacy to Dynastic State: the Rise and Development of the Monarchy p. 184
First Steps Towards Monarchy: Saul p. 184
The Philistine Crisis and the Failure of the Tribal Organization p. 185
The First King: Saul p. 187
The Failure of Saul and the Rise of David p. 191
The United Monarchy of Israel: King David (ca. 1000-961) p. 195
David's Rise to Power p. 195
The Securing and Consolidating of the State p. 198
The Building of the Empire p. 202
The Davidic State p. 204
The Latter Years of David p. 207
The United Monarchy of Israel: Solomon (ca. 961-922) p. 211
Solomon as Statesman: The National Policy p. 211
Solomon's Commercial Activity p. 215
Israel's Golden Age p. 217
The Burden of the Monarchy p. 220
The Theological Problem of the Monarchy p. 224
The Independent Kingdoms of Israel and Judah: From the Death of Solomon to the Mid-Eighth Century p. 229
The Divided Monarchy: The First Fifty Years (922-876) p. 230
The Schism and Its Consequences p. 230
The Rival States: Sectional Warfare p. 232
The Rival States: Internal Affairs p. 236
Israel and Judah from the Accession of Omri to the Purge of Jehu (876-843/2) p. 240
The House of Omri: Israel's Recovery p. 240
The House of Omri: The Internal Situation p. 243
The Fall of the House of Omri p. 247
Internal Affairs in Judah ca. 873-837 p. 251
Israel and Judah from the Mid-Ninth to the Mid-Eighth Century p. 253
A Half Century of Weakness p. 253
The Resurgence of Israel and Judah in the Eighth Century p. 255
The Internal Sickness of Israel: The First of the Classical Prophets p. 259
The Monarchy (Continued): Crisis and Downfall p. 267
The Period of Assyrian Conquest: From the Mid-Eighth Century to the Death of Hezekiah p. 269
The Assyrian Advance: The Fall of Israel and the Subjugation of Judah p. 269
The Beginning of Israel's Downfall p. 269
The Last Days of the Kingdom of Israel p. 273
Judah a Satellite of Assyria: Ahaz (735-715) p. 276
The Struggle for Independence: Hezekiah (715-687/6) p. 278
Hezekiah's Policy and Its Significance p. 278
Hezekiah and Sennacherib p. 284
Prophets of the Late Eighth Century in Judah p. 288
The National Emergency and the Prophetic Message p. 288
The Effects of the Prophetic Preaching p. 294
The Problem of Sennacherib's Campaigns in Palestine p. 298
The Kingdom of Judah: The Last Century p. 310
The End of Assyrian Domination: Judah Regains Independence p. 310
Judah in the Mid-Seventh Century p. 310
The Last Days of the Assyrian Empire p. 313
The Reign of Josiah (640-609) p. 316
The Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Last Days of Judah p. 324
From the Death of Josiah to the First Deportation (609-597) p. 324
The End of the Kingdom of Judah p. 327
Prophets of the Last Days of Judah p. 331
The Developing Theological Emergency p. 331
The Prophets and the Survival of Israel's Faith p. 333
Tragedy and Beyond: The Exilic and Postexilic Periods p. 341
Exile and Restoration p. 343
The Period of Exile (587-539) p. 343
The Plight of the Jews After 587 p. 343
The Exile and Israel's Faith p. 347
The Last Days of the Babylonian Empire p. 351
On the Eve of Release: Prophetic Reinterpretation of Israel's Faith p. 354
The Restoration of the Jewish Community in Palestine p. 360
The Beginning of the New Day p. 360
The Early Years of the Restoration Community p. 364
The Completion of the Temple p. 368
The Jewish Community of the Fifth Century: The Reforms of Nehemiah and Ezra p. 373
From the Completion of the Temple to the Mid-Fifth Century p. 373
The Persian Empire to ca. 450 p. 373
The Fourtunes of the Jews ca.515-450 p. 375
The Reorganization of the Jewish Community Under Nehemiah and Ezra p. 379
Nehemiah and His Work p. 379
Ezra "the Scribe" p. 385
The Date of Ezra's Mission to Jerusalem p. 391
The Formative Period of Judaism p. 403
The End of the Old Testament Period: From Ezra's Reform to the Outbreak of the Maccabean Revolt p. 405
The Jews Through the Fourth and Third Centuries p. 405
The Last Century of Persian Rule p. 405
The Beginning of the Hellenistic Period p. 412
The Jews Under the Seleucids: Religious Crisis and Rebellion p. 417
The Persecutions of Antiochus Epiphanes p. 417
The Outbreak of the Maccabean Rebellion p. 422
Judaism at the End of the Old Testament Period p. 428
The Nature and Development of Early Judaism p. 428
The Jewish Community in the Postexilic Period: A Resume p. 428
The Religion of the Law p. 433
Features in the Theology of Early Judaism p. 442
The Jewish Community and the World p. 442
Theological Reflection in Early Judaism p. 446
The Future Hope of Early Judaism p. 452
Epilogue: Toward the Fullness of Time p. 458
An Update in the Search of Israel's History p. 465
Chronological Charts p. 487
Indexes to Text p. 497
Historical Maps p. 525
Foreword to the First Edition p. xvii
Abbreviations p. xx
Introduction p. 1
Prologue: The Ancient Orient Before CA. 2000 B.C. p. 23
Before History: The Foundations of Civilization in the Ancient Orient p. 24
The Earliest Stone Age Settlements p. 24
Cultural Developments in Mesopotamia p. 27
Egypt and Palestine in the Fourth Millennium p. 31
The Ancient Orient in the Third Millennium B.C. p. 33
Mesopotamia in the Earliest Historical Period p. 33
Egypt and Western Asia in the Third Millennium p. 38
The Ancient Orient on the Eve of the Patriarchal Age p. 41
Antecedents and Beginnings: The Age of the Patriarchs p. 45
The World of Israel's Origins p. 47
The Ancient Orient CA. 2000-1750 B.C. p. 48
Mesopotamia CA. 2000-1750 p. 48
Egypt and Palestine CA. 2000-1750 p. 51
The Ancient Orient CA. 1750-1550 B.C. p. 56
The Power Struggle of the Eighteenth Century in Mesopotamia p. 56
A Period of Confusion in the Ancient Orient p. 59
The Patriarchs p. 67
The Patriarchal Narratives: The Problem and Method of Procedure p. 67
The Nature of the Material p. 67
The Evaluation of the Traditions as Sources of History p. 74
The Historical Setting of the Patriarchal Narratives p. 77
The Patriarchs in the Context of the Early Second Millennium p. 77
The Date of the Patriarchs p. 83
The Hebrew Ancestors and History p. 87
The Migration of the Patriarchs p. 87
The Patriarchs as Figures of History p. 92
The Religion of the Patriarchs p. 96
The Formative Period p. 105
Exodus and Conquest: The Formation of the People Israel p. 107
Western Asia in the Late Bronze Age: The Egyptian Empire p. 108
The Eighteenth Dynasty and the Rise of the Empire p. 108
The Amarna Period and the End of the Eighteenth Dynasty p. 110
Western Asia in the Thirteenth Century: The Ninteenth Dynasty p. 112
Canaan in the Thirteenth Century B.C. p. 115
The Biblical Traditions in the Light of the Evidence p. 120
Egyptian Bondage and Exodus in the Light of the Evidence p. 120
The Wilderness Wandering in the Light of the Evidence p. 124
The Conquest of Palestine in the Light of the Evidence p. 129
The Formation of the People Israel p. 133
The Complexity of Israel's Origins p. 133
The Israelite Occupation of Canaan: Summary and Reconstruction p. 137
The Constitution and Faith of Early Israel: the Tribal League p. 144
The Problem and Method of Procedure p. 144
How Should the Religion of Early Israel be Described? p. 145
Primary Sources of Knowledge p. 146
The Faith of Early Israel p. 148
Israel the People of Yahweh: The Covenant Society p. 148
The God of the Covenant p. 157
The Constitution of Early Israel: The Tribal League and Its Institutions p. 162
The Israelite Tribal League p. 162
The Institutions of the Tribal League p. 168
The History of the Tribal League: The Period of the Judges p. 173
The World Situation ca. 1200-1050 B.C. p. 173
Israel in Canaan: The First two Centuries p. 176
Israel Under the Monarchy: The Period of National Self-determination p. 183
From Tribal Confederacy to Dynastic State: the Rise and Development of the Monarchy p. 184
First Steps Towards Monarchy: Saul p. 184
The Philistine Crisis and the Failure of the Tribal Organization p. 185
The First King: Saul p. 187
The Failure of Saul and the Rise of David p. 191
The United Monarchy of Israel: King David (ca. 1000-961) p. 195
David's Rise to Power p. 195
The Securing and Consolidating of the State p. 198
The Building of the Empire p. 202
The Davidic State p. 204
The Latter Years of David p. 207
The United Monarchy of Israel: Solomon (ca. 961-922) p. 211
Solomon as Statesman: The National Policy p. 211
Solomon's Commercial Activity p. 215
Israel's Golden Age p. 217
The Burden of the Monarchy p. 220
The Theological Problem of the Monarchy p. 224
The Independent Kingdoms of Israel and Judah: From the Death of Solomon to the Mid-Eighth Century p. 229
The Divided Monarchy: The First Fifty Years (922-876) p. 230
The Schism and Its Consequences p. 230
The Rival States: Sectional Warfare p. 232
The Rival States: Internal Affairs p. 236
Israel and Judah from the Accession of Omri to the Purge of Jehu (876-843/2) p. 240
The House of Omri: Israel's Recovery p. 240
The House of Omri: The Internal Situation p. 243
The Fall of the House of Omri p. 247
Internal Affairs in Judah ca. 873-837 p. 251
Israel and Judah from the Mid-Ninth to the Mid-Eighth Century p. 253
A Half Century of Weakness p. 253
The Resurgence of Israel and Judah in the Eighth Century p. 255
The Internal Sickness of Israel: The First of the Classical Prophets p. 259
The Monarchy (Continued): Crisis and Downfall p. 267
The Period of Assyrian Conquest: From the Mid-Eighth Century to the Death of Hezekiah p. 269
The Assyrian Advance: The Fall of Israel and the Subjugation of Judah p. 269
The Beginning of Israel's Downfall p. 269
The Last Days of the Kingdom of Israel p. 273
Judah a Satellite of Assyria: Ahaz (735-715) p. 276
The Struggle for Independence: Hezekiah (715-687/6) p. 278
Hezekiah's Policy and Its Significance p. 278
Hezekiah and Sennacherib p. 284
Prophets of the Late Eighth Century in Judah p. 288
The National Emergency and the Prophetic Message p. 288
The Effects of the Prophetic Preaching p. 294
The Problem of Sennacherib's Campaigns in Palestine p. 298
The Kingdom of Judah: The Last Century p. 310
The End of Assyrian Domination: Judah Regains Independence p. 310
Judah in the Mid-Seventh Century p. 310
The Last Days of the Assyrian Empire p. 313
The Reign of Josiah (640-609) p. 316
The Neo-Babylonian Empire and the Last Days of Judah p. 324
From the Death of Josiah to the First Deportation (609-597) p. 324
The End of the Kingdom of Judah p. 327
Prophets of the Last Days of Judah p. 331
The Developing Theological Emergency p. 331
The Prophets and the Survival of Israel's Faith p. 333
Tragedy and Beyond: The Exilic and Postexilic Periods p. 341
Exile and Restoration p. 343
The Period of Exile (587-539) p. 343
The Plight of the Jews After 587 p. 343
The Exile and Israel's Faith p. 347
The Last Days of the Babylonian Empire p. 351
On the Eve of Release: Prophetic Reinterpretation of Israel's Faith p. 354
The Restoration of the Jewish Community in Palestine p. 360
The Beginning of the New Day p. 360
The Early Years of the Restoration Community p. 364
The Completion of the Temple p. 368
The Jewish Community of the Fifth Century: The Reforms of Nehemiah and Ezra p. 373
From the Completion of the Temple to the Mid-Fifth Century p. 373
The Persian Empire to ca. 450 p. 373
The Fourtunes of the Jews ca.515-450 p. 375
The Reorganization of the Jewish Community Under Nehemiah and Ezra p. 379
Nehemiah and His Work p. 379
Ezra "the Scribe" p. 385
The Date of Ezra's Mission to Jerusalem p. 391
The Formative Period of Judaism p. 403
The End of the Old Testament Period: From Ezra's Reform to the Outbreak of the Maccabean Revolt p. 405
The Jews Through the Fourth and Third Centuries p. 405
The Last Century of Persian Rule p. 405
The Beginning of the Hellenistic Period p. 412
The Jews Under the Seleucids: Religious Crisis and Rebellion p. 417
The Persecutions of Antiochus Epiphanes p. 417
The Outbreak of the Maccabean Rebellion p. 422
Judaism at the End of the Old Testament Period p. 428
The Nature and Development of Early Judaism p. 428
The Jewish Community in the Postexilic Period: A Resume p. 428
The Religion of the Law p. 433
Features in the Theology of Early Judaism p. 442
The Jewish Community and the World p. 442
Theological Reflection in Early Judaism p. 446
The Future Hope of Early Judaism p. 452
Epilogue: Toward the Fullness of Time p. 458
An Update in the Search of Israel's History p. 465
Chronological Charts p. 487
Indexes to Text p. 497
Historical Maps p. 525
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