Table Of Contents:
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxvii

Natural Resources Law and the Improtance of Place 1(34)

Overview 1(1)

Discussion Problem: Climate Change and Natural Resources 2(8)

Massachusetts v. EPA 3(7)

What Are Natural Resources? 10(7)

In re Tortorelli 10(3)

Paige v. Fairfield 13(4)

What Is Conservation? 17(5)

Keeping Faith with Nature 17(2)

Robert B. Keiter

The Conservation Ethic 19(3)

Edward O. Wilson

The Trust Notion 22(5)

The Planetary Trust: Conservation and Integenerational Equity 22(2)

Edith Brown Weiss

We Do Not Hold the Earth in Trust 24(3)

Jeffrey M. Gaba

The Importance of Place 27(4)

The Memory Place 27(4)

Barbara Kingsolver

Discussion Problem: The Yellowstone Bison Herd 31(4)

PART 1 FEDERAL LANDS 35(536)

Federal Lands: An Introduction 37(64)

Overview 37(3)

Discussion Problem: Nye County, Nevada 40(3)

Historical Background 43(40)

The Birth of the Federal Public Domain 43(2)

Pollard v. Hagan 45(6)

United States v. Gardner 51(5)

Land Grants to States 56(4)

Branson School District v. Romer 60(6)

Grants to Private Parties 66(1)

Foust v. Lujan 67(7)

From Grants to Management 74(2)

United States v. Grimaud 76(4)

Light v. United States 80(2)

Public Land Management and Environmental Quality 82(1)

The Property Clause: Federal Authority and Federal Ownership 83(18)

Campield v. United States 84(6)

Kleppe v. New Mexico 90(5)

Minnesota v. Block 95(6)

Federal Agencies: Authority and Limits 101(132)

Overview 103(1)

The Legal Framework for Federal Land Management Decisions: Some Elements of Place-Based Lawmaking 104(18)

Discussion Problem: Improving Waterflows in Everglades National Park 105(2)

Everglades National Park Establishment Act 107(1)

National Park Service Organic Act of 1916 107(1)

Statutory Mandates and Organic Acts 108(1)

The National Wildlife Refuge System and the Hallmarks of Modern Organic Legislation 108(4)

Robert L. Fischman

Tiered Desisionmaking: Planning and Implementation 112(1)

The National Wildlife Refuge System and the Hallmarks of Modern Organci Legislation 113(2)

Robert L. Fischman

The Judical Enforcebility of Plans and Statutory Mandates 115(1)

Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance 116(6)

The National Environmental Policy Act: Environmental Impact Assessment by Federal Agencies 122(55)

Overview 122(1)

Statutory and Regulatory Excerpts 123(1)

National Environmental Polity Act of 1969 123(4)

Council on Environmental Quality Regulations on NEPA Implementation 127(6)

Is an EIS Required? The Threshold Issues 133(1)

Kleppe v. Sierra Club 133(5)

National Parks & Conservation Association v. Babbitt 138(7)

The Scope of Analysis: Cumulative Impacts, Tiering, and Alternatives 145(1)

Kleppe v. Sierra Club 145(1)

Sierra Club v. United States 146(4)

The Adequacy of the EIS 150(6)

Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council 156(7)

Dubois v. U. S. Department of Agriculture 163(5)

New Information and the Duty to Supplement NEPA Analyses 168(1)

Marsh v. Oregon Natural Resources Council 168(5)

NEPA's Impact: Does It Force Better Decisionmaking? 173(1)

Toward a Smarter NEPA: Monitoring and Managing Government's Environmental Performance 173(4)

Bradley C. Karkkainen

Agency Action and the Conduct of Judicial Review Under the APA 177(19)

Overview 177(1)

Statutory Excerpts 178(1)

The Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 178(3)

The Right to Judicial Review 181(1)

Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe 181(5)

Judicial Review of Agencies' Exercise of Discretion in Statutory Implementation 186(1)

Mausolf v. Babbitt 186(4)

Judicial Review of Agencies' Interpretation of Statutes 190(1)

Wilderness Watch v. Mainella 191(5)

Jurisdictional Limitations on the Availability of Judicial Review 196(34)

Standing 196(1)

Sierra Club v. Morton 196(9)

Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation 205(12)

Friends of the Boundary Waters Wilderness v. Dombeck 217(4)

Ripeness 221(1)

Ohio Forestry Association v. Sierra Club 221(5)

Exhaustion of Agency Remedies 226(1)

Kleissler v. U. S. Forest Service 226(4)

Discussion Problem: Power Plant Development on BLM Lands 230(3)

Non Federal Power on Federal Lands 233(48)

Overview 234(1)

Discussion Problem: Burying Nuclear Waste at Yucca Mountain 235(1)

The Authority of State Law on Federal Land 236(33)

Federal preemption of State Regulation 236(1)

Omaechevarria v. Idaho 236(4)

Ventura Country v. Gulf Oil Corp 240(5)

California Coastal Commission v. Granite Rock Company 245(6)

Non-Federal Interests in Federal Land: The R. S. 2477 Example 251(1)

Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance v. Bureau of Land Management 252(8)

Statutory Federalism: Congressionally Defined Roles for States 260(1)

Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 260(3)

California v. Norton 263(6)

Collaborative Management of Federal Natural Resources 269(8)

National Parks & Conservation Association v. Stanton 270(7)

Discussion Problem: The Northwest Colorado Working Landscape Trust 277(4)

Forests 281(64)

Overview 281(4)

Discussion Problem: Forest Management 285(3)

Foundations of Federal Management: Congress Sets the Stage 288(7)

Forest Service Organic Act of 1897 290(2)

The Multiple Use-Sustained Yield Act of 1960 292(3)

The Courts Intervene 295(8)

Izaak Walton League v. Butz 295(8)

Congress Strikes the Balance? 303(5)

National Forest Management Act of 1976 303(5)

The Courts Intervene, Again 308(37)

The Planning Idea 309(2)

Sierra Club v. U. S. Forest Service 311(4)

Sierra Club v. Marita 315(6)

A New Planning Paradigm? 321(1)

Citizens for Better Forestry v. U. S. Department of Agriculture 321(5)

The Standards Idea 326(1)

Sierra Club v. Espy [I] 327(5)

Sierra Club v. Espy [II] 332(3)

Sierra Club v. Glickman 335(4)

Sierra Club v. Peterson [I] 339(2)

Sierra Club v. Peterson [II] 341(4)

Rangelands 345(54)

Overview 346(4)

Public Lands Council v. Babbitt 347(3)

Discussion Problem: Grazing Buyouts in the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument 350(2)

The Statutory framework 352(10)

Taylor Grazing Act of 1934 352(4)

Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 356(4)

Public Rengelands Improvement Act of 1978 360(2)

The Grazier's Interest in Public Lands 362(11)

United States v. Fuller 362(6)

Public Lands Council v. Babbitt 368(5)

Protecting the Ecological Resources of the Federal Range 373(26)

Natural Resources Defense Council v. Morton 373(5)

Natural Resources Defense Council v. Hodel 378(6)

National Wildlife Federation v. BLM 384(7)

Proposed New Mexico Standards and Guidelines for Grazing Administration; Evaluation and Recommendations 391(8)

Minerals 399(72)

Overview 400(3)

Hard Rock Minerals: A Location System of Allocation 403(43)

Discussion Problem: Open Pit Gold Mining on Native American Sacred Lands 403

The Mechanics of the Mining Law 405(1)

The Mining Law of 1872 405(6)

The Rights of Mining Claimants Before Discovery 411(1)

Cole v. Ralph 411(5)

The Discovery of Valuable Minerals: The Marketability Test 416(1)

United States v. Coleman 416(5)

The Rights of Mining Claimants After Discovery 421(1)

United States v. Locke 421(6)

United States v. Rizzinelli 427(6)

Environmental Regulation of Mining Activities on Unpatented Claims 433(1)

Hard Rock Mining on National Forest Lands 433(1)

Okanogan Highlands Alliance v. Williams 433(4)

Hard Rock Mining on BLM Lands 437(1)

Mineral Policy Center v. Norton 437(7)

The Future of the Mining Law: Prospects for Reform 444(1)

Mining Reform Redux, Once More 444(2)

John D. Leshy

The Energy-Producing (and Some Other) Minerals: Allocation by Lease 446(25)

Duesing v. Udall 448(5)

Conner v. Burford 453(6)

Mobile Oil Exploration & Producing, Inc. v. United States 459(7)

Discussion Problem: Coal Bed Methane Leasong and Development in the Powder River Basin 466(5)

Energy and the Federal Lands: Making Policy for the Future 471(26)

Overview 472(1)

Discussion Problem: The Federal Lands and Energy Policy 473(1)

A Starting Point: The Energy Picture at the Biginning of the Twenty-First Century 474(2)

The Federal Lands: A Special Role? 476(21)

The BLM Lands 476(1)

Bureau of Land Management, Energy and Public Lands 476(4)

More Renewable Energy Produced on Public Lands, More Needed 480(2)

Rebecca Watson

The Outer Continental Shelf 482(1)

U. S. Dep't of the Interior, Minerals Mgmt. Service, What Is the Outer Continental Shelf? 482(1)

Outer Continental Shelf: Debate over Oil and Gas Leasing and Revenue Sharing 483(1)

Marc Humphries

Can Offshore Drilling Really Make the U. S. Oil Independent? 484(2)

Emily Gertz

The National Forests 486(1)

Renewable Energy on Federal Lands 486(2)

Sally Collins

The Cost of U. S. Forest-Based Carbon Sequestration 488(2)

Robert N. Stavins

Kenneth R. Richards

The Environmental and Climate Impacts of Energy Policy 490(1)

U. S. Dep't of the Interior, Energy Information Admin., History of Energy in the United States 490(2)

Alaska Wilderness League v. Kempthorne 492(5)

Parks, Monuments, Wilderness, and the Roadless Resource 497(74)

Overview 498(2)

A National Park ``System'' 500(19)

Discussion Problem: The National Park Service Mandate 502(4)

Sierra Club v. Department of the Interior 506(4)

The Fund for Animals v. Norton 510(6)

International Snowmobile Mfrs. Ass'n v. Norton 516(3)

National Monuments: Delegation of Congressional Authority 519(15)

Antiquities Act of 1906 521(1)

What Happened at jackson Hole 522(1)

89 Congressional Record 2233 523(2)

State of Wyoming v. Franke 525(4)

Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument 529(1)

Utah Association of Counties v. Bush 529(5)

Wilderness: Congressional Limitation on Executive Control 534(22)

Wilderness Act of 1964 535(5)

Wilderness Selection 540(1)

Discussin Problem: What Is Wilderness For? 540(2)

Parker v. United States 542(7)

Prohibited Activities 549(1)

The Wilderness Socity v. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service 549(7)

The Roadless Resource and the Roadless Rule 556(15)

Special Areas: Roadless Area Conservation 558(3)

State Petitions for Inventoried Roadless Area Management 561(1)

Speical Areas 562(2)

California ex rel. Bill Lockyer v. United States Department of Agriculture 564(5)

Discussion Problem: What Is the Roadless Resource For? 569(2)

PART 2 NON-FEDERAL LANDS 571(156)

Tribal Lands and Resources 573(44)

Discussion Problem: Tribal Hunting in Glacier National Park 575(2)

Indian Sovereignty and Federal Trust 577(15)

Felix S. Choen's Handbook of Federal Indian Law 579(4)

United States v. Mitchell 583(9)

Indian Resources on the Federal Conservation Estate 592(11)

Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Ass'n 592(5)

Bear Lodge Multiple Use Ass'n v. Babbitt 597(6)

Natural Resources Crossing Tribal-State Borders 603(12)

Puyallup Tribe, Inc. v. Washington Dep't of Game (Puyallup III) 603(7)

Minnesota v. Mille Lacs Band of Chippewa 610(5)

Discussion Problem: Indian Resources and Climate Change 615(2)

State Lands: the Public Trust Doctrine 617(62)

Discussion Problem: Recreation and the PUblic Trust Doctrine 619(2)

In the Beginning: Oyster Wars and Railroads 621(11)

Martin v. Waddell's Lessee 621(5)

Illinois Central Railroad Company v. Illinois 626(6)

The Scope of the Trust: The Concept of Navigability 632(12)

The Daniel Ball 633(2)

Utah v. United States 635(4)

Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Mississippi 639(5)

The Trustee: The Authority and Duty of the States 644(4)

Defenders of Wildlife v. Hull 644(4)

The Trust Purposes: Benefits Accuring to the Public 648(10)

National Audubon Society v. Superior Court (Mono Lake) 648(7)

Neptune City v. Avon-by-the-Sea 655(3)

Beyond the Federal Doctrine: Navigability for Use 658(7)

People v. Emmert 659(4)

Montana Coalition for Stream Access, Inc. v. Hildreth 663(2)

And Onto Dry Land? 665(8)

Daytona Beach v. Tona-Rama, Inc. 666(5)

Grayson v. Huntington 671(2)

Climate Change 673(6)

Discussion Problem: Rising Seas 673(1)

U.S. Climate Change Science Program, Scientific Assessment of the Effects of Global change on the United States 674(1)

U.S. EPA, Rising Seas, Coastal Erosion, and the Taking Clause 675(4)

Private Lands: Conservation Transactions 679(48)

Overview: What Is a Land Trust? 680(9)

Land trusts: Key Elements in the Struggle Against Sprawl 681(4)

Jean Hocker

Conservation Easement Conundrums: Colorado and Other Western States Crack Down on Abusers 685(4)

Jennie Lay

Discussion Problem: Options for a Rancher 689(3)

Conservationists Scramble to Save a Disappearing Landscape 689(3)

Jon Christensen

What Is a Conservation Easement? 692(15)

Uniform Conservation Easement Act 694(3)

Hicks v. Dowd 697(5)

Rethinking the Perpetual Nature of Conservation Easements 702(5)

Nancy A. McLaughlin

Land Trusts, Conservation Easements, and Tax Incentives 707(17)

Charitable Contributions and Gifts 707(4)

Glass v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue 711(7)

Mineral Interests 718(1)

Great Northern Nekoosa Corp v. United States 719(5)

Discussion Problem: Options for a Rancher---Revisited 724(3)

PART 3 ACROSS THE BOUNDARIES 727(374)

Wildlife and the Endangered species Act 729(112)

Overview 730(6)

Reed Noss, Some Principles of Conservation Biology as They Apply to Environmental Law 731(5)

Constitutional Foundations of Wildlife Law 736(28)

A Place to Start 737(1)

Geer v. Connecticut 737(5)

The Treaty Power 742(1)

Missouri v. Holland 742(4)

The Property Clause 746(1)

Wyoming v. United States 746(5)

The Commerce Clause 751(3)

Gibbs v. Babbitt 754(5)

Rancho Viejo, LLC v. Norton 759(5)

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 764(67)

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 764(8)

Listing Under §4 (Deciding What to Protect) 772(1)

Western Watersheds Project v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 772(5)

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Vertebrate Population Policy 777(3)

Defenders of Wildlife v. Department of Interior 780(5)

Defenders of Wildlife v. Norton 785(8)

Consultation, Jeopardy, and Adverse Modification Under §7 793(1)

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 793(9)

Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill 802(9)

National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife 811(7)

Discussion Problem: the Canada Lynx and National Forest Management 818(1)

The Take Prohibition of §9 819(1)

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 820(3)

Sweet Home chapter of Communities for a Greater Oregon v. Babbitt 823(8)

Species Protection in Place 831(6)

Arizona Cattle Growers Association v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 831(6)

Discussion Problem: Climate change, Polar Bears, and the Endangered Spcecies Act 837(4)

Water 841(102)

Overview 843(3)

Discussion Problem: Creating a Water Law System 846(1)

State Law 847(45)

The Riparian Doctrine 847(1)

Gordonsville v. Zinn 848(5)

Hoover v. Crane 853(2)

The Restatement (Second) of Torts 855(2)

Charting the Course of Riparianism: An Instrumentalist Theory of Change 857(2)

Robert H. Abrams

The Prior Appropriation Doctrine 859(2)

Irwin v. Phillips 861(2)

R.J.A., Inc. v. Water Users Association 863(5)

Thornton v. Fort Collins 868(6)

Regulated Riparianism 874(1)

Village of Tequesta v. Jupiter Inlet Corporation 875(4)

Southwest Florida Water Management District v. Charlotte County 879(2)

Joseph W. Dellapenna & American Society of Civil Engineers, The Regulated Riparian Model Water Code 881(2)

Groundwater 883(1)

Discussion Problem 883(1)

Water Follies: Groundwater Pumping and the Fate of America's Fresh Waters 884(4)

Robert Glennon

Wisconsin v. Michels Pipeline Construction, Inc. 888(4)

The Federal Overlay 892(29)

Federal Reserved Water Rights 893(1)

Winters v. United States 893(4)

United States v. New Mexico 897(5)

The Dormant Commerce Clause 902(1)

Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas 902(5)

Federal Water Pollution Prevention and Control 907(1)

Clean Water Act of 1972 907(1)

South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe of Indians 907(6)

Federal Protection of Endangered Species 913(1)

Why a Minnow Matters 914(1)

Alletta Belin

Rio Grande Choice: Take City's Water or Let Minnow Die 915(1)

Douglas Jehl

Rio Grande Silvery Minnow v. Keys 916(5)

Place-Based Regimes 921(17)

The Colorado River Basin: The Law of the River 921(1)

Seances, Cienegas, and Slop: Can Collaboraton Save the Delta? 921(4)

Bret C. Birdsong

The Klamath River Basin 925(1)

Ecosystem Services in the klamath Basin: Battlefield Casulaties or the Future? 925(4)

A. Dan Tarlock

The Great Lakes Basin: The Law of the Lakes 929(1)

The Law of the Lakes 929(5)

Christine A. Klein

Spark Plugs of Policy Implementation: Intergovernmental Relatons and Public Participation in Florida's Acceler8 Initiative to Speed Everglades Restoration 934(4)

Alfred R. Light

Climate Change and Water Resources 938(5)

National Sciences and Technology Council, Scientific Assessment of the Effects of Global Change on the United States 938(5)

Wetlands 943(62)

Overview 944(5)

The Sierra Club Wetlands Reader 946(1)

Sam Wilson

Tom Moritz

Wetland Functions and Values 947(2)

William S. Sipple

Discussion Problem: The Great Salt Lake 949(2)

Statutory and Regulatory Excerpts 951(7)

Clean Water Act of 1972 951(3)

Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Regulatons 954(2)

Environmental Protection Agency Wetlands Regulations 956(1)

Envrionmental Protection Agency Guidance Documents 957(1)

Which Wetlands Does §7 Regulate? 958(24)

United States v. Riverside Bayview HOmes, Inc. 960(5)

Solid Waste Agency v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 965(7)

Rapanos v. United States 972(10)

Which Activities Does §4 Regualte? 982(12)

Avoyelles Sportsmen's League, Inc. v. Marsh 983(5)

National Mining Association v. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 988(6)

The §404 Permit Process 994(11)

National Wildlife Federation v. Whistler 994(5)

Fund for Animals, Inc. v. Rice 999(6)

Natural Resources and Regulatory Takings 1005(62)

Discussion Problem: Windfalls and Wipeouts 1007(1)

A Brief Review of Regulatory Takings 1008(29)

The Ad Hoc Factual Approach 1008(1)

Peen Central Transportation Co. v. New York 1008(4)

The Categorial Approach 1012(1)

Lucas v. S. Caroliana Coastal Council 1012(8)

Refining the Analyis 1020(1)

Palazzolo v. Rhode Island 1021(7)

Tahoe-Sierra Preservation Council, Inc. v. TRPA 1028(6)

Abraham Bell & Gideon Parchomovsky, Givings 1034(3)

Private Property Interest in Natural Resorces 1037(30)

The Threshold Inquiry: Identifying the Property Interest 1038(1)

Conti v. United States 1038(4)

The Technologies of Property Rights: Choice Among Alternative Solutions to Tragedies of the Commons 1042(2)

Bruce Yandle

Andrew P. Morriss

Property Interest in Wetlands 1044(1)

Paklazzolo v. Rhode Island 1044(6)

Property Interests in Water 1050(1)

Estate of Hage v. United States 1050(4)

Casitas Municipal Water District v. United States 1054(7)

Property Interest in Forests 1061(1)

Seiber v. United States 1061(6)

Wildland Fire: Bringing It All Together 1067(34)

Overview 1067(5)

Discussion Problem: The New Fire Dilemma 1072(2)

Government Liability for Fire Management 1074(7)

Rayonier Inc. v. United States 1075(2)

Miller v. United States 1077(4)

Public Land Management and the Threat of Fire 1081(4)

Rounds v. United States Forest Service 1081(4)

Legislative Responses to the Fire Dilemma 1085(16)

The Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003 1086(5)

Biodiversity Associates v. Cables 1091(5)

2002 Supplemental Appropriations Act for Further Recovery from and Response to Terrorist Acts 1096(5)
Table of Cases 1101(8)
Table of Statutes and Regulations 1109(6)
Index 1115