简介
At 15.4 percent of the population, Latinos are the largest minority group in the United States. They are a growing presence in all sectors of the economy, play an increasingly important role in government and politics, and are influential across a wide range of cultural domains. Despite the growing attention paid to Latinos in recent years, this population is characterized by relatively low socio-economic status, and Latinos frequently rank behind the majority white population and other minority groups when it comes to education, finances, and employment. This book contributes to the understanding of these issues by addressing a comprehensive range of topics on Latino economic incorporation, outcomes, and impact over an individual鈥檚 lifetime. The volume starts with the foundational issue of education, and then moves to immigrant integration and adjustment, Latino and immigrant earnings, the economic impact of Latinos, and inter-generational incorporation and long-term integration issues. The contributions provide wide-ranging perspectives on the key factors that determine whether Latinos will be able to achieve their economic potential. The substantial individual, national, and international implications of these studies make this book of interest to scholars and policy-makers alike, particularly those concerned with the issues of education, immigration, employment, and earnings. 鈥淭he rapid and continuing growth of the Hispanic population ensures that the debate over social policy in the next few decades will increasingly focus on how best to alleviate the economic and social problems facing this population and perhaps encourage rapid assimilation. The studies in the volume edited by David Leal and Stephen Trejo provide an excellent foundation for this discussion. The conceptual issues and findings in these papers are sure to be valuable to both policy makers and researchers.鈥?George Borjas, Robert W. Scrivner Professor of Economics and Social Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University 鈥淟atinos and the Economy provides a truly authoritative but accessible compilation of first-rate scholarship on Hispanic incorporation, educational and political gains, and ongoing economic and cultural impacts. It is 鈥榤ust reading鈥?for anyone concerned about the future, especially as America moves inexorably towards becoming a majority-minority society by mid-century.鈥?Daniel T. Lichter, Ferris Family Professor, Department of Policy Analysis and Management Cornell University 鈥淭his is the volume to read for anyone interested in current American immigration issues or the role of Hispanics in the U.S. economy.鈥?Daniel S. Hamermesh, Killam Professor of Economics, University of Texas at Austin
目录
Acknowledgments 5
Contents 6
Contributors 8
1 Introduction 10
Latinos and the Economic Future 10
The Chapters 12
Latino Population Growth: Facts, Trends, and History 16
Notes 19
References 20
Part I K12 Education 21
2 The Hispanic Diaspora and the Public Schools: Educating Hispanics 22
Introduction 23
Data 25
The Dispersion and Suburbanization of Hispanic Schooling 25
Dispersion 25
Suburbanization 30
Suburban Schooling 32
The Impact of Dispersion on Hispanic Education Conditions 33
Public School Changes in New Settlement Areas 35
The Impact of Suburbanization on Hispanic Education Conditions 38
Conclusions 38
Notes 41
References 42
3 System of Elections, Latino Representation, and School Policy in Central California Schools 44
Introduction 44
Review of the Literature 46
Data and Methods 47
Latino Representation in Central California Schools 49
Modeling Latino School Board Representation 52
The Impact of Latino Representation on Policy 56
Views about Challenges and Priorities in the District 60
Conclusion and Policy Implications 64
Notes 65
References 66
Part II Higher Education 68
4 Does Reducing College Costs Improve Educational Outcomes for Undocumented Immigrants? EvidenceINTbreak; from State Laws Permitting Undocumented ImmigrantsINTbreak; to Pay In-State Tuition at State Colleges and Universities 69
Introduction 69
Background 71
Legislative Background 71
Related Literature 72
Theoretical and Empirical Framework 74
Theoretical Considerations 74
Empirical Framework 77
Data 79
Results 83
Effect on College Attendance 83
Effect on Dropping Out of High School 93
Conclusion 94
Notes 96
References 99
5 Is There a Link Between Hispanics and First-Generation College Students? The Importance of ExposureINTbreak; to a College-Going Tradition 101
Introduction 101
The Data and Sample 104
Descriptive Findings 106
A. Outcomes in Postsecondary Education by Generational Status 106
B. What Kind of Institutions Do First-Generation College Students Attend? 109
Hispanic and College Generation Status 111
Conclusions and Policy Implications 113
Notes 115
References 115
Part III Legalization and Naturalization 117
6 The Effects of Legalization on Migrant Remittances 118
Introduction 118
Theoretical Framework 120
The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act 121
Data 121
Research Strategy 124
Results 126
Changes in the Likelihood of Remitting Money Back Home 126
Changes in the Dollar Amount Remitted Back Home 129
Concluding Remarks 132
Notes 134
Appendix 135
References 136
7 Naturalization and Its Determinants Among Immigrants from Latin America: The Role of Dual Citizenship Rights 138
Introduction 139
Modeling an Immigrants Decision to Naturalize in the United States 141
Identifying the Effects of Dual Citizenship Rights on an Immigrants Propensity to Naturalize 142
Changes in Dual Citizenship Laws in the 1990s 143
Empirical Analysis 144
Data 144
Empirical Model 146
Other Influences on the Propensity to Naturalize in the 1990s 147
Estimation Results 148
Effects of Changes in Dual Citizenship Rights on the Probability of Naturalization 148
Specification Checks 150
Conclusions 152
Notes 153
References 154
Part IV Earnings 156
8 The LEP Earnings Penalty Among Hispanic Men in the US: 1980 to 2005 157
Introduction 157
Conceptual Issues 159
Overview of LEP Earnings and Education Differentials 161
Analyses of the Relative Earnings of the LEP 163
Hispanic Ethnicity and the LEP Penalty 165
Education and the LEP Penalty 166
Foreign Education and the LEP Penalty 166
Conclusion 168
Notes 169
References 170
9 The Minimum Wage and Latino Workers 172
Introduction 172
Theoretical Background 173
Data 175
Methods 181
Results 182
Substitution across Skill Groups 184
Legal Status and Years of US Residence 186
Conclusion 189
Notes 190
Appendix 192
References 193
10 Latino Veterans and Income: Are There Gains from Military Service 195
Introduction 195
Literature Review 196
Theoretical Accountings 197
Military Service as a Positive Start----Status-Attainment and Social Capital Theories 197
Military Service as a Penalty----Human Capital Theory 198
Military Service as a Contextually Dependent Setback----The Life-Course Theory 199
Data and Methods 199
Results 203
Conclusions 207
Notes 208
References 208
Part V Economic Impacts of Latinos 212
11 Do Recent Latino Immigrants Compete for JobsINTbreak; with Native Hispanics and Earlier Latino Immigrants? 213
Introduction 213
Why Focus on the Impact of Immigration on Hispanics 215
Demographic and Labor Market Characteristics of Native Hispanics, and Latino and Non-Latino Immigrants 217
The Impact of Recent Latino Immigrants on Native Hispanics and Earlier Latino Immigrants 220
Policy Implications and Conclusions 228
Notes 229
References 230
12 Immigrants, Hispanics, and the Evolution of Housing Prices in the US 232
Introduction 232
Immigrants and Housing Rents and Prices 235
Hispanic Growth and Housing Rents and Prices 238
Hispanic Density and Housing Prices: A Neighborhood Analysis Within Cities 245
Conclusions 249
Notes 249
References 249
Part VI InterGenerational Incorporation and Economic Outcomes 251
13 The Effects of English Proficiency Among Childhood Immigrants: Are Hispanics Different? 252
Introduction 252
Background and Data 255
Related Literature 255
Data 255
Age at Arrival and English Proficiency 256
Effects of English Proficiency 260
Labor Market Outcomes 261
Educational Attainment 264
Family Formation 265
Location of Residence 270
Why Might the Effect of English Proficiency Differ Between Hispanics and Non-Hispanics? 270
Robustness Checks 273
Discussion 274
Notes 275
Appendix 277
References 279
14 Who Remains Mexican? Selective Ethnic AttritionINTbreak; and the Intergenerational Progress of Mexican Americans 281
Introduction 281
Ethnic Identification and Ethnic Attrition 285
Intermarriage and Mexican Identification of Children 11 288
Extent and Selectivity of Mexican Intermarriage 289
Mexican Identification of Children 293
Indirect Evidence of Selective Ethnic Attrition 296
Spanish Surname and Hispanic Identification 18 296
Mexican Ethnicity and Ancestry 20 299
Direct Evidence of Selective Ethnic Attrition 24 302
Conclusion 307
Notes 309
References 312
About the Editors 317
About the Contributors 318
Contents 6
Contributors 8
1 Introduction 10
Latinos and the Economic Future 10
The Chapters 12
Latino Population Growth: Facts, Trends, and History 16
Notes 19
References 20
Part I K12 Education 21
2 The Hispanic Diaspora and the Public Schools: Educating Hispanics 22
Introduction 23
Data 25
The Dispersion and Suburbanization of Hispanic Schooling 25
Dispersion 25
Suburbanization 30
Suburban Schooling 32
The Impact of Dispersion on Hispanic Education Conditions 33
Public School Changes in New Settlement Areas 35
The Impact of Suburbanization on Hispanic Education Conditions 38
Conclusions 38
Notes 41
References 42
3 System of Elections, Latino Representation, and School Policy in Central California Schools 44
Introduction 44
Review of the Literature 46
Data and Methods 47
Latino Representation in Central California Schools 49
Modeling Latino School Board Representation 52
The Impact of Latino Representation on Policy 56
Views about Challenges and Priorities in the District 60
Conclusion and Policy Implications 64
Notes 65
References 66
Part II Higher Education 68
4 Does Reducing College Costs Improve Educational Outcomes for Undocumented Immigrants? EvidenceINTbreak; from State Laws Permitting Undocumented ImmigrantsINTbreak; to Pay In-State Tuition at State Colleges and Universities 69
Introduction 69
Background 71
Legislative Background 71
Related Literature 72
Theoretical and Empirical Framework 74
Theoretical Considerations 74
Empirical Framework 77
Data 79
Results 83
Effect on College Attendance 83
Effect on Dropping Out of High School 93
Conclusion 94
Notes 96
References 99
5 Is There a Link Between Hispanics and First-Generation College Students? The Importance of ExposureINTbreak; to a College-Going Tradition 101
Introduction 101
The Data and Sample 104
Descriptive Findings 106
A. Outcomes in Postsecondary Education by Generational Status 106
B. What Kind of Institutions Do First-Generation College Students Attend? 109
Hispanic and College Generation Status 111
Conclusions and Policy Implications 113
Notes 115
References 115
Part III Legalization and Naturalization 117
6 The Effects of Legalization on Migrant Remittances 118
Introduction 118
Theoretical Framework 120
The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act 121
Data 121
Research Strategy 124
Results 126
Changes in the Likelihood of Remitting Money Back Home 126
Changes in the Dollar Amount Remitted Back Home 129
Concluding Remarks 132
Notes 134
Appendix 135
References 136
7 Naturalization and Its Determinants Among Immigrants from Latin America: The Role of Dual Citizenship Rights 138
Introduction 139
Modeling an Immigrants Decision to Naturalize in the United States 141
Identifying the Effects of Dual Citizenship Rights on an Immigrants Propensity to Naturalize 142
Changes in Dual Citizenship Laws in the 1990s 143
Empirical Analysis 144
Data 144
Empirical Model 146
Other Influences on the Propensity to Naturalize in the 1990s 147
Estimation Results 148
Effects of Changes in Dual Citizenship Rights on the Probability of Naturalization 148
Specification Checks 150
Conclusions 152
Notes 153
References 154
Part IV Earnings 156
8 The LEP Earnings Penalty Among Hispanic Men in the US: 1980 to 2005 157
Introduction 157
Conceptual Issues 159
Overview of LEP Earnings and Education Differentials 161
Analyses of the Relative Earnings of the LEP 163
Hispanic Ethnicity and the LEP Penalty 165
Education and the LEP Penalty 166
Foreign Education and the LEP Penalty 166
Conclusion 168
Notes 169
References 170
9 The Minimum Wage and Latino Workers 172
Introduction 172
Theoretical Background 173
Data 175
Methods 181
Results 182
Substitution across Skill Groups 184
Legal Status and Years of US Residence 186
Conclusion 189
Notes 190
Appendix 192
References 193
10 Latino Veterans and Income: Are There Gains from Military Service 195
Introduction 195
Literature Review 196
Theoretical Accountings 197
Military Service as a Positive Start----Status-Attainment and Social Capital Theories 197
Military Service as a Penalty----Human Capital Theory 198
Military Service as a Contextually Dependent Setback----The Life-Course Theory 199
Data and Methods 199
Results 203
Conclusions 207
Notes 208
References 208
Part V Economic Impacts of Latinos 212
11 Do Recent Latino Immigrants Compete for JobsINTbreak; with Native Hispanics and Earlier Latino Immigrants? 213
Introduction 213
Why Focus on the Impact of Immigration on Hispanics 215
Demographic and Labor Market Characteristics of Native Hispanics, and Latino and Non-Latino Immigrants 217
The Impact of Recent Latino Immigrants on Native Hispanics and Earlier Latino Immigrants 220
Policy Implications and Conclusions 228
Notes 229
References 230
12 Immigrants, Hispanics, and the Evolution of Housing Prices in the US 232
Introduction 232
Immigrants and Housing Rents and Prices 235
Hispanic Growth and Housing Rents and Prices 238
Hispanic Density and Housing Prices: A Neighborhood Analysis Within Cities 245
Conclusions 249
Notes 249
References 249
Part VI InterGenerational Incorporation and Economic Outcomes 251
13 The Effects of English Proficiency Among Childhood Immigrants: Are Hispanics Different? 252
Introduction 252
Background and Data 255
Related Literature 255
Data 255
Age at Arrival and English Proficiency 256
Effects of English Proficiency 260
Labor Market Outcomes 261
Educational Attainment 264
Family Formation 265
Location of Residence 270
Why Might the Effect of English Proficiency Differ Between Hispanics and Non-Hispanics? 270
Robustness Checks 273
Discussion 274
Notes 275
Appendix 277
References 279
14 Who Remains Mexican? Selective Ethnic AttritionINTbreak; and the Intergenerational Progress of Mexican Americans 281
Introduction 281
Ethnic Identification and Ethnic Attrition 285
Intermarriage and Mexican Identification of Children 11 288
Extent and Selectivity of Mexican Intermarriage 289
Mexican Identification of Children 293
Indirect Evidence of Selective Ethnic Attrition 296
Spanish Surname and Hispanic Identification 18 296
Mexican Ethnicity and Ancestry 20 299
Direct Evidence of Selective Ethnic Attrition 24 302
Conclusion 307
Notes 309
References 312
About the Editors 317
About the Contributors 318
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