Law of environmental and toxic torts : cases, materials and problems / 3rd ed.

Table Of Contents:
Introduction to Third Edition vii

Table of Cases xxvii

Table of Statutes and Regulations xlix

Overview: Conflicting Perspectives on the Adequacy of the Tort System 1(22)

Generally 1(3)

Tort Goals and Their Application 2(1)

Typical Environmental or Toxic Tort Claims 3(1)

Special Characteristics of Environmental Tort Claims 4(19)

Generally 5(1)

Long Latency Periods 5(1)

Proof of Causation 6(1)

Role of Expert Scientific or Medical Testimony 6(2)

Relationship of Environmental Tort Law to Statutory Environmental Law 8(1)

Recurring Themes in Environmental Torts 8(1)

Kenneth S. Abraham, The Relation Between Civil Liability and Environmental Regulation: An Analytical Overview 9(14)

Trespass Actions 23(32)

General Principles of Trespass 23(21)

The Intent Requirement 23(2)

Possessory Interest 25(1)

Extent of Invasion: Are Actual Damages Necessary? 26(2)

Relationship to Nuisance 28(1)

Continuing Trespass 29(1)

The Basic Idea 29(1)

Continuing Damages or Injury; Abatability 29(2)

Robert N. Hoery v. United States 31(9)

Continuing Tortious Conduct 40(1)

Who's Right? 41(1)

Causation 41(3)

Judicial Applications of Trespass 44(11)

Martin v. Amoco Oil Company 44(3)

Notes and Questions 47(6)

Note on Negligent Trespass 53(2)

Nuisance: The Comprehensive Environmental Tort Theory 55(74)

Nuisance: An Introduction 55(1)

Public Nuisance 56(24)

Introduction 56(1)

Unreasonableness of the Interference 57(2)

What is a ``Public Right?'' 59(2)

Nashua Corporation v. Norton Company 61(3)

Notes and Questions 64(2)

Private Action for Public Nuisance---The Special Injury Rule 66(2)

In re the Exxon Valdez; Alaska Native Class v. Exxon Corp. 68(3)

Notes and Questions 71(3)

A Note on Economic Principles 74(2)

Physical Harm as Constituting Special Injury 76(2)

Equitable Actions for Public Nuisance 78(1)

Private Attorneys General 78(1)

Citizen Suits 79(1)

Class Actions 79(1)

Associational Standing 79(1)

Private Nuisance 80(49)

Generally 80(1)

Restatement's Formulation 81(1)

Standing: Who Can Sue for Private Nuisance 81(1)

Requirement of Significant Harm 82(1)

General Liability Rules 83(1)

What Constitutes An ``Intentional'' Invasion? 84(2)

What Is Unreasonableness? 86(3)

The Weighing Process 89(1)

Gravity of the Harm 89(1)

Utility of Defendant's Conduct 90(1)

Other Considerations on Unreasonableness 91(1)

Nature of the Interest Interfered With 91(1)

Adkins v. Thomas Solvent Company 91(6)

Notes and Questions 97(3)

Basis of Liability 100(1)

United Proteins, Inc. v. Farmland Industries, Inc. 100(5)

Notes and Questions 105(4)

Harm Versus Utility Balancing 109(1)

Carpenter v. The Double R Cattle Company, Inc. 110(2)

Notes and Questions 112(1)

Note on Anticipatory Nuisance and Injunctions 113(1)

Sharp v. 251st Street Landfill, Inc. 114(8)

Notes and Questions 122(1)

Problem 123(1)

Note on Negligent Conduct 124(3)

Problem 127(2)

Strict Liability for Abnormally Dangerous Activities and Other Theories 129(111)

Evolution of the Strict Liability Doctrine 129(5)

Genesis: Rylands v. Fletcher 129(2)

American Recognition and the First Restatement 131(2)

The Restatement (Second) of Torts 133(1)

Restatement (Second) of Torts Standard of Liability 134(39)

Relationship to Negligence and Balancing 135(1)

Relationship to Nuisance 135(1)

High Risks of Harm 136(2)

The Negligence Barrier and Section 520(c) 138(1)

Fletcher v. Conoco Pipe Line 138(6)

Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad Company v. American Cyanamid Company 144(5)

Notes and Questions 149(2)

Some Contrary Voices 151(1)

Defining the ``Activity'' That May Be Abnormally Dangerous 152(1)

Activities, not Substances 152(1)

Contrary Approaches 153(2)

Effect of Government Regulations 155(1)

Regulations As Implying that Due Care Is the Test 155(1)

Negligence Per Se 156(1)

Role of Common Usage and Locational Appropriateness 157(1)

The Restatement Explanation 157(1)

Exploration for Fuel, and its Transportation and Storage: Common Usage? Appropriate Locations? 158(1)

Other Applications of Factors (d) and (e) 159(1)

Value to the Community 160(2)

Question of Law: Who Does the Balancing? 162(1)

Function of the Court 162(1)

Inconsistent Findings: Disposal of Hazardous Waste 163(2)

Sale of Product Does Not Qualify 165(1)

Operation of Uranium Metals Production Plant Does Qualify 166(1)

Knowledge of the Danger or Foreseeability of Harm as a Prerequisite to Strict Liability 166(1)

T&E Industries v. Safety Light Corporation 166(3)

Notes and Questions 169(3)

Notes and Questions 172(1)

Rationales for Imposing Strict Liability 173(4)

Internalization of All Costs: The Enterprise Model 173(1)

Calabresi's Model 174(1)

Non-Reciprocal Risks Model 175(1)

Epstein's Corrective Justice Model 176(1)

Posner's Reduction in Levels of Activity Model 176(1)

The Relationship Between Statutory and Common-Law Strict Liabilities 177(15)

Hagen v. Texaco Refining and Marketing, Inc. 177(8)

Notes and Questions 185(6)

Notes and Questions 191(1)

Application of Nuisance, Trespass, Negligence, and Strict Liability to Vertical Relationships 192(18)

Rosenblatt v. Exxon Company, U.S.A. 193(9)

Notes and Questions 202(5)

Problem 207(3)

Misrepresentation as a Basis of Liability 210(30)

Liability for Non-Disclosure 210(1)

Strawn v. Canuso 210(8)

Notes and Questions 218(3)

Failure to Provide Disclosure Mandated by Law 221(1)

Edward A. Visconti, Jr. v. Pepper Partners Limited Partnership 222(6)

Negligent Misrepresentation 228(1)

Binette v. Dyer Library Association 228(5)

Notes and Questions 233(1)

A Note on Some Other Potentially Liable Parties 234(4)

Notes and Questions 238(2)

Remedies and Compensable Interests 240(90)

Injunctions: The Comparative Injury Calculus 240(4)

Notes and Questions 243(1)

Standards for Granting Injunctions: Balancing the Equities 244(11)

Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Company, Inc. 248(4)

Notes and Questions 252(3)

Damages for Injury to Real Property 255(21)

Harm to the Physical Condition of Land 255(1)

The General Rules 255(4)

Environmental Damages: Restoration Versus Diminution and the Role of Stigma Damages 259(1)

In re Paoli Railroad Yard PCB Litigation 259(7)

Notes and Questions 266(4)

Loss of Use or Enjoyment 270(1)

Personal Discomfort and Annoyance 270(1)

Hawkins v. Scituate Oil Co., Inc. 271(3)

Notes and Questions 274(2)

Damages to Persons and Present Liability for Prospective Harm 276(54)

Introduction: The Issues Identified 276(1)

Judicial Treatment of Medical Monitoring and Emotional Distress 277(1)

Metro-North Commuter Railroad Company v. Buckley 277(7)

Note on Post-Exposure, Pre-Symptom Medical Surveillance Damages 284(1)

Supporting Authority 284(2)

Evolution of the Elements of the Remedy 286(1)

Other Courts' Variations 287(2)

The Form of the Remedy: Lump Sum Award or Court Supervised Fund 289(2)

Medical Monitoring Under Cercla 291(1)

Generalized Scientific Studies to Determine Increased Risk 291(1)

Literature 292(1)

Problem 293(1)

Proving Medical Monitoring Damages 294(1)

Judicial Treatment of Fear of Future Disease and Emotional Distress 295(1)

Isabel v. Velsicol Chemical Co. 295(5)

Sterling v. Velsicol Chemical 300(1)

Notes and Questions 301(1)

A Civil Action 302(1)

Physical Harm, Impact or Related Requirements 303(5)

California Standard of Reasonableness and Probability of Disease 308(1)

Choosing From Among the Alternatives 309(1)

Increased Risk Alone Not Compensable 310(2)

Problem 312(1)

Punitive Damages 313(1)

Constitutional and Other Limitations 314(1)

Johansen v. Combustion Engineering, Inc. 314(10)

Notes and Questions 324(6)

Environmental Statutory Regulation and the Common Law: Preemption and Implied Rights 330(65)

General Principles of Federal Preclusion and Enhancement of Private Rights 330(50)

Introduction 330(1)

Regulation as Enhancing Common Law Rights 331(1)

American Canoe Assoc. v. District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority 332(15)

Note 347(1)

Regulation as Precluding Common Law Rights 347(1)

Supreme Court Decisions Precluding Common Law Rights 348(1)

Milwaukee v. Illinois 348(4)

Notes and Questions 352(6)

International Paper Co. v. Ouellette 358(6)

Notes and Questions 364(1)

Cipollone v. Liggett Group 365(10)

Notes and Questions 375(2)

Shaw v. Dow Brands, Inc. 377(2)

Notes and Questions 379(1)

State Judicial Considerations of Preemption: A Complementary Approach 380(4)

Negligence Per Se 384(11)

Notes 386(1)

Sheila Bush, Can You Get There From Here? Noncompliance With Environmental Regulation as Negligence Per Se in Tort Cases 386(4)

Notes and Questions 390(3)

Problem 393(2)

Toxic Products, Processes and Services 395(79)

Introduction: Some General Principles 395(10)

Negligence 396(1)

Breach of Warranty 396(1)

Express Warranty 397(1)

Implied Warranty of Merchantability 397(1)

Implied Warranty of Fitness for a Particular Purpose 398(1)

Proper Plaintiffs to a Warranty Claim 398(1)

Warranty Disclaimers and Limitations 399(1)

Strict Liability in Tort 400(1)

Misrepresentation 401(1)

Restatement (Second) of Torts § 402A: Strict Liability and New Approaches 402(3)

Toxic Product Claims by Type 405(69)

Asbestos 405(1)

Liability Standards and Defenses 405(1)

Borel v. Fibreboard Paper Products Corporation 406(3)

Notes and Questions 409(5)

Punitive Damages in Asbestos Litigation 414(1)

Fischer v. Johns-Manville Corporation 414(5)

Notes and Questions 419(3)

Alcohol 422(3)

Notes and Questions 425(2)

Prescription Pharmaceuticals, Biological Products and Medical Devices 427(1)

Pharmaceuticals and comment k 427(1)

Brown v. Superior Court 427(5)

Notes and Questions 432(2)

Biological Products: Special Problems of AIDS-Contaminated Blood Products 434(1)

McKee v. Miles Laboratories 434(3)

Notes and Questions 437(3)

Medical Devices 440(1)

Hegna v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company 440(3)

Notes and Questions 443(1)

Chemicals 443(1)

Liability Standards for Warnings 443(1)

Werckenthein v. Bucher Petrochemical Company 443(4)

Notes and Questions 447(2)

Bulk Suppliers of Chemicals: The Sophisticated User Defense 449(1)

Swan v. I.P., Inc. 450(9)

Notes and Questions 459(1)

Foreseeable Users and Uses 459(1)

High v. Westinghouse Electric Corp. 459(4)

Notes and Questions 463(1)

Agricultural Chemicals: Use of Express Warranty Theory 463(1)

Ciba--Geigy Corporation v. Alter 463(6)

Notes and Questions 469(3)

Problem 472(2)

Causation 474(106)

Introduction 474(1)

Causation: Did the Toxic Substance Cause Plaintiff's Harm? 474(55)

Introductory Principles 474(1)

Katie Bonner v. ISP Technologies, Inc. 474(2)

Note 476(1)

Problems With Causation Terminology 477(2)

The Dual Causation Question 479(2)

Early Use of Probabilistic Evidence 481(4)

Notes and Questions 485(1)

The Scientific Method: Toxicology and Epidemiology 485(1)

Gerald W. Boston, A Mass Exposure Model of Toxic Causation: The Content of Scientific Proof and the Regulatory Experience 485(9)

Standards of Admissibility of Scientific Evidence 494(2)

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 496(5)

Notes and Questions 501(1)

Problem 502(2)

Sufficiency of the Scientific Evidence: Nature and Quantum of Proof 504(1)

Minimalist Requirements 504(1)

Notes and Questions 505(2)

Intermediate Standard of Sufficiency 507(4)

Rigorous Standards of Sufficiency: The Bendectin Litigation 511(1)

Brock v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 511(6)

Notes and Questions 517(8)

Problem 525(1)

Note on Exposure as an Element of Causation 526(3)

Plaintiff Indeterminacy 529(12)

Individualized Model: Allen v. United States 530(2)

Notes and Questions 532(2)

The Collective Model: Agent Orange 534(1)

In re Agent Orange Product Liability Litigation 534(2)

Notes and Questions 536(5)

Did the Defendant Cause Plaintiff's Harm: The Indeterminate Defendant Problem 541(22)

Some Devices to Overcome Defendant Indeterminacy 541(1)

Alternative Liability 541(1)

Concert of Action Theory 542(1)

Enterprise or Industry--Wide Liability 542(1)

Market Share Liability 543(1)

Notes and Questions 544(4)

Market Share at the Boundaries: Factor VIII and Lead Paint 548(1)

Factor VIII and Contaminated Blood Products 548(1)

Smith v. Cutter Biological, Inc. 548(8)

Notes and Questions 556(1)

Problem 556(2)

Lead Paint Pigments 558(2)

Notes and Questions 560(1)

Note on Lead Paint and Causation 561(2)

Apportionment of the Harm or Damage 563(17)

Apportionment Between Plaintiff and Defendant 563(1)

Dafler v. Raymark Industries, Inc. 563(6)

Notes and Questions 569(2)

Apportionment or Joint and Several Liability Among Tortfeasors 571(1)

Michie v. Great Lakes Steel Division 572(3)

Notes and Questions 575(2)

Problem 577(3)

Workplace Injuries and Toxic Substances: Intersection of Workers' Compensation and Tort Liability 580(41)

Introduction to the Workers' Compensation System 580(4)

A Brief History 580(1)

Issue Preclusion 581(3)

Avoiding the Exclusivity Bar 584(19)

The Intentional Tort Exception to Exclusivity 584(1)

Notes and Questions 585(1)

Judicial Rationales for Creating the Exception 586(1)

The ``Non-accident'' Rationale 586(1)

Larson's Approach to the Accident Exception 586(1)

The ``Severed'' Relationship Rationale 586(1)

The ``Intentional'' Tort Standard Used by States 587(1)

The Majority Rule: Deliberate Intent to Cause Injury 587(1)

``Substantial Certainty'' Test of Intent 587(1)

Wilful, Wanton or Reckless Test 587(1)

Legislative Standards of Intent 587(1)

Toxic Exposure Cases 588(1)

Dan J. Oros v. Hull & Assoc., Inc. 588(8)

Note 596(1)

Deceit Exception 597(1)

Notes and Questions 598(1)

Actions by Spouses or Children Against Employers 599(1)

Claims by Spouses 599(1)

Claims by Children 600(1)

Fetal Protection Policies 601(1)

Take--Home Toxics 602(1)

Aggravation of Injury Exception 603(1)

Occupational Disease Acts 603(12)

Introduction 603(1)

Judicial Application of Occupational Disease Acts 604(1)

Palmer v. Del Webb's High Sierra 605(3)

Notes and Questions 608(1)

Distinguishing Diseases Incident to One's Employment From the Ordinary Diseases of Life 608(1)

Intentional Tort Exception in Occupational Diseases 609(1)

A Note on Environmental Tobacco Smoke 610(2)

Notes and Questions 612(1)

Employees' Actions for Relief 613(1)

Injunctive Relief 613(1)

Claims Based on Workers' Compensation Acts 613(1)

Claims Based on Negligence 614(1)

Miscellaneous Contexts 615(1)

Occupational Safety and Health Requirements 615(6)

Toxic and Hazardous Substances 616(1)

OSHA Recordkeeping Requirements 617(1)

Hazardous Chemicals 617(1)

The Role of Non--Compliance and Compliance 618(3)

CERCLA: Liability and Compensation for Cleaning Up Hazardous Substances 621(244)

Overview of Cercla 621(3)

Introduction 621(2)

Principal Statutory Provisions 623(1)

Government Actions 624(32)

Release or Threatened Release 625(1)

Hazardous Substance 626(1)

No Threshold Minimum 626(1)

Useful Product or Waste 627(1)

Exclusions and Underground Storage Tanks 628(1)

Facility 629(1)

National Priorities List 630(1)

Damages Recoverable by the Government 630(2)

The Government Action: Strict, Retroactive and Joint and Several Liability Rules 632(3)

In the Matter of Bell Petroleum Services, Inc. 635(11)

Notes and Questions 646(1)

The ``Typical'' Government Action: United States v. Monsanto 646(3)

Notes and Questions 649(1)

Divisibility of Harm: The Alcan Opinions 650(3)

Notes and Questions 653(3)

Parties Liable Under Cercla 656(32)

Current Owners and Operators 656(1)

Note 656(2)

Liability of Corporations and Affiliated Firms and Persons: Direct and Derivative Liability and Parent Corporations 658(1)

United States v. Bestfoods et al. 658(10)

Notes and Questions 668(7)

Advising Your Client 675(4)

Liability of Successor Entities 679(6)

Lenders as Owners 685(1)

Judicial Division 685(1)

EPA Lender Rule 685(1)

Congress Enacts Cercla Lender Amendment 686(1)

Redefinition of Owner 686(1)

Operational Versus Financial or Administrative Control 686(1)

Foreclosure Definition 687(1)

Participation in Management 687(1)

Foreclosure 688(1)

Private Cost Recovery Actions 688(17)

What are Private Cost Recovery Actions? 688(1)

Plaintiff's Prima Facie Case 689(1)

Compliance With the NCP 690(1)

General Rule 690(1)

State Claims Cannot Circumvent the NCP 691(1)

Is Compliance with State-Ordered Cleanups Sufficient? 692(1)

Moral of the Story on the NCP Compliance 693(1)

Proof of Compliance as Affecting Liability or Damages 694(1)

Recovery of Attorneys' Fees 695(1)

Key Tronic Corporation v. United States et al. 696(5)

Notes and Questions 701(1)

Causation in Private Cost Recovery Actions 702(1)

What Kind of Test to Apply 702(2)

Special Problems of Two-Site Cases 704(1)

Statutory Defenses to Cercla Liability 705(24)

Third--Party Defense 706(2)

Notes and Questions 708(1)

State of New York v. Lashins Arcade Co. 709(7)

Notes and Questions 716(6)

Innocent Landowner Defense 722(1)

Background 722(1)

Congress' Attempt to Create a Defense for Purchasers 722(2)

Caused ``Solely By'' Requirement 724(1)

Failure to Exercise Reasonable Care 725(1)

Failure to Perform Appropriate Inquiry 726(2)

Successful Invocations of the Defense 728(1)

Allocating the Clean-Up Costs: Contribution Actions and Other Devices 729(112)

Standards for Obtaining Contribution 729(1)

Contribution Summarized 730(1)

Private Cost Recovery Actions under § 107 Versus Contribution Actions under § 113 731(1)

Pre--SARA Developments 731(1)

Congress Enacts Explicit Contribution Remedy 732(1)

Continuing Confusion 733(3)

New Castle County et al. v. Halliburton NUS Corp. 736(6)

Notes and Questions 742(7)

Problems 749(3)

The Allocation Process in Contribution Actions 752(1)

Introduction 752(1)

Elements of the Contribution Action 753(2)

United States v. R. W. Meyer, Inc. 755(3)

Notes and Questions 758(2)

More on Approaches to Allocating Costs 760(1)

Per Capita 760(1)

Comparative Fault 760(1)

Comparative Causation 761(1)

Gore Amendment 761(1)

Other Relevant Factors 762(1)

Control Data Corporation v. S.C.S.C. Corp. 763(5)

Notes and Questions 768(5)

Contribution and Causation 773(1)

Acushnet Company v. Mohasco Corporation 773(10)

Notes and Questions 783(10)

Note on Joint and Several Liability 793(1)

Revisiting the § 113(f) Versus § 107 Debate 793(2)

Courts of Appeal Move to Joint and Several: Carter-Jones Lumber Co. 795(1)

Seventh Circuit Adopts Broader Joint and Several Liability Recognition 796(1)

Browning--Ferris Industries of Illinois, Inc. v. Richard Ter Maat, et al. 797(4)

Notes and Questions 801(2)

Literature 803(1)

Causation: Final Thoughts 804(2)

Rights to a Jury Trial 806(1)

Effect of Settlement With the Government 806(1)

Effect of Settlement on Contribution: Cercla's Provisions 807(2)

Rumpke of Indiana, Inc. v. Cummins Engine Company, Inc., et al. 809(9)

Notes and Questions 818(5)

Judicial Review of Settlements 823(5)

Diversity of Views on Nonsettlor Liability 828(1)

Framing the Issue 828(1)

The Uniform Contribution Among Tortfeasors Act and § 113(f)(2): Pro Tanto or Dollar Reduction Method 829(4)

Uniform Comparative Fault Act and § 113(f): Proportionate Reduction 833(8)

Indemnification Agreements 841(24)

The Statutory Provision 841(1)

Are Such Agreements Permitted Under Cercla? 841(3)

How Should Such Agreements be Construed? 844(1)

Unknown Liabilities 844(1)

Effect of Pre-Cercla Contracts on Cercla Claims 845(1)

Governing Law 846(2)

What Role for Sophistication of the Parties? 848(2)

Trace Amounts and Rationality 850(1)

SDC/Pullman Partners v. Tolo Incorporated 850(8)

Notes and Questions 858(2)

Problem 860(5)

Insurance 865(39)

Introduction 865(1)

Insurance Coverage for Environmental and Toxic Torts 866(14)

Occurrence 867(1)

The General Rule 867(1)

Differing Views 868(1)

Objective versus Subjective Test 869(1)

Problem 870(1)

Bodily Injury and Emotional Harm 871(1)

Property Damage 872(2)

Triggers of Coverage for Bodily Injury 874(1)

Exposure 874(2)

Manifestation/Discovery 876(1)

Injury-in-Fact 876(1)

Multiple or Continuous Trigger 877(1)

Triggers of Coverage for Property Damage 878(1)

Number of Occurrences 878(2)

Special Insurance Problems of Environmental Cleanups 880(24)

Pay ``As Damages'' and ``Suit'' Controversies 880(1)

Coakley v. Maine Bonding and Casualty Company 880(9)

Notes and Questions 889(2)

Sudden and Accidental Pollution Exclusion 891(1)

Sudden and Accidental Exception to the Pollution Exclusion 891(3)

Problem 894(1)

Does the Claim Involve Release of a ``Pollutant'' into the Atmosphere? 895(2)

Absolute Pollution Exclusion 897(2)

Personal Injury Endorsement 899(2)

Owned Property Exclusion 901(1)

Known Risk Limitation 902(2)

Defenses 904(48)

Introduction 904(1)

Statutes of Limitation for Injury to Real Property 905(12)

Mangini v. Aerojet-General Corporation 905(6)

Notes and Questions 911(6)

Statutes of Limitation in Product and Occupational Exposure Cases 917(10)

Date of the Injury 917(1)

Accrual Based on the Discovery Rule 918(1)

Evenson v. Osmose Wood Preserving Company of America, Inc. 919(4)

Notes and Questions 923(3)

Problem 926(1)

Successive Actions and Statutes of Limitation 927(12)

Wilson v. Johns-Manville Sales Corporation 928(5)

Notes and Questions 933(6)

Statutes of Repose 939(3)

How They Differ From Statutes of Limitation 939(2)

Constitutional Questions 941(1)

Revival Statutes 942(1)

Contributory Fault/Assumption of the Risk in Real Property Actions 943(6)

Defenses to Nuisance and Real Property Actions 943(1)

Contributory Negligence or Fault 943(1)

Assumption of the Risk 944(1)

Coming to the Nuisance 945(2)

Sale of Property Defense 947(2)

Plaintiff's Conduct as a Bar in Toxic Products Cases 949(3)

Special Problems in Trial Management and Settlement of Toxics Litigation 952(63)

Class Actions 952(12)

Dennis Mullen, et al. v. Treasure Chest Casino, LLC, et al. 954(7)

Notes and Questions 961(1)

Notes and Questions 962(2)

Other Aggregative or Disaggregative Procedures 964(3)

Consolidation 964(1)

Bifurcation of Claims and Issues 965(1)

Multidistrict Litigation 966(1)

Asbestos Litigation: Classes, Consolidations, Bifurcations and Multidistrict Litigation 967(13)

In re Fibreboard Corporation 968(6)

Notes and Questions 974(6)

Judicial Case Management 980(10)

``Lone Pine'' Orders 980(3)

Notes and Questions 983(2)

Protective Orders 985(1)

Non-disclosure Orders 985(1)

Donor Identification 986(1)

Sanctions for Violation of Protective Orders 987(1)

Gag Orders; Sealing of Documents 988(2)

State Statutes 990(1)

Settlements 990(10)

General Strategy 990(5)

Releases of Future Injuries 995(1)

Green Cards and Medical Monitoring 996(1)

General Approach 996(1)

Three Mile Island 996(1)

Fernald Litigation 997(1)

Distribution of Settlement Funds 998(1)

Value Protection Programs 998(2)

Choice-of-Law Problems 1000(9)

Lex Loci Delecti: Vested Rights 1001(1)

Most Significant Relationship 1001(1)

Strongest Governmental Interest 1001(1)

Other Approaches 1002(1)

Proposals for Reform 1002(1)

Federal Substantive Law 1002(2)

Federal Common Law 1004(2)

Federalized Choice of Law 1006(2)

Notes and Questions 1008(1)

Judicial Management of Scientific and Technology Issues 1009(6)

Use of Court--Appointed Experts 1010(1)

Special Masters 1011(1)

Reasons for Underutilization 1012(1)

Recommendations for Change 1012(2)

Notes and Questions 1014(1)
Index 1015