Within nanoscience, an emerging discipline is the study of the physics and chemistry of single molecules. Molecules may be considered as the ultimate building blocks, and are therefore interesting for the development of molecular devices and for surface functionalization. Thus, it is interesting to study their properties when adsorbed on a suitable substrate such as a solid or crystal surface, and also for their potential applications in nano- or molecular-electronics and nanosensing. Investigations have been made possible by the advent of high resolution surface imaging and characterization techniques, commonly referred to as Scanning Probe Microscopes. This book focuses on the fascinating properties of the single molecules, and the difference between single molecules and ensembles of molecules is emphasized. As the first book intended for graduate courses in the field, after each chapter, students should be able to answer the question: "What physical or chemical properties do you learn from a single molecule in this particular context?" Contributed by experts across the disciplines, the book provides useful reference material for specialized practitioners in surface science, nanoscience and nanoelectronics. Contents: Basic Properties of Clean Metal Surfaces (A L Vazquez de Parga & R Miranda); Basic Properties of Silicon Surfaces (M J Butcher & M Y Simmons); Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Scanning Force Microscopy (S Hembacher & F J Giessibl); Optical Detection of Single Molecules at Interfaces (B Hecht); Ab Initio Modeling of Molecular Electronics (D Roubtsov et al.); Perturbation Methods in Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (W A Hofer); Properties of Single Molecules: Manipulation, Dissociation and Synthesis with the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (K F Braun & S W Hla); Single Molecule Vibrational Spectroscopy and Chemistry (J I Pascual & N Lorente); Superlattices of Atoms, Molecules and Islands (H Brune); Mobility of Complex Organic Species at Metal Surfaces (J V Barth); Molecular Monolayers on Silicon Surfaces (G P Lopinski & D D M Wayner); Functionalization of Semiconductor Surfaces by Organic Layers: Concerted Cycloaddition Versus Stepwise Free-Radical Reaction Mechanisms (A Bilic et al.); Molecular Electronics (R Stadler); Exploring the Catalytic Activity of a Noble Metal: The Ag Catalyzed Ethylene Epoxidation Reaction (M L Bocquet & A Michaelides). Key Features Each chapter is self-contained and written in a readable style, accessible to a broad audience of non-specialists All chapters have been peer-reviewed Readership: Graduate students, scientists, researchers in condensed matter physics, physical chemistry, materials and nanoscience.