Perspectives on animal behavior

Table Of Contents:

Introduction 1(8)

Four Questions About Animal Behavior 2(1)

Animal Behavior as an Interdisciplinary Study 3(6)
Part One APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOR 9(272)

History of the Study of Animal Behavior 11(38)

The Beginnings 12(3)

Intellectual Continuity in the Animal World 12(1)

Darwin's Evolutionary Framework 12(3)

Classical Ethology 15(13)

The Approach: Evolutionary, Comparative, Descriptive, Field-oriented 15(1)

Classical Ethological Concepts 16(1)

The Fixed Action Pattern 16(2)

Sign Stimuli and Releasers as Triggers 18(1)

Types of Sign Stimuli 19(2)

Supernormal Stimuli 21(1)

Sign Stimuli and Mimicry 21(1)

Chain of Reactions 21(3)

Action Specific Energy 24(1)

Vacuum Activity 24(1)

Displacement Activity 24(1)

Models for the Organization of Instinctive Behavior 25(1)

Lorenz's Psycho-Hydraulic Model 25(2)

Tinbergen's Hierarchical Model 27(1)

Comparative Psychology 28(5)

The Approach: Physiological, Developmental, Quantitative, Laboratory-oriented 28(1)

Early Concepts of Comparative Psychology 28(1)

Morgan's Cannon 28(1)

Learning and Reinforcement 29(2)

Behaviorism 31(1)

The Roots of Physiological Psychology 32(1)

The Nature/Nurture Controversy and the Modern Synthesis 33(10)

Difficulties with the Concept of Innate 35(1)

Problems with the Definition 35(1)

Problems Experimentally Demonstrating Innateness 36(1)

Modifying Innate Behavior by Experience 37(2)

Problems with Early Learning Theory 39(1)

Interference of Innate Behavior with a Conditioned Response 40(1)

Learning Predispositions 41(1)

Contemporary Views on Nature and Nurture 42(1)

Sociobiology 43(2)

Summary 45(4)

Genetic Analysis of Behavior 49(38)

The Relationship between Genes and Behavior 50(4)

Experimental Methods Demonstrating a Genetic Basis to Behavior 54(10)

Inbreeding 54(1)

Comparison of Inbred Strains to Show the Role of Genes 55(2)

Comparison of Inbred Strains to Show the Role of Environment 57(2)

Artificial Selection 59(1)

Hybridization 60(1)

Hygienic and Unhygienic Bees 61(1)

Cricket Calling Songs 61(3)

Locating the Effects of Genes 64(13)

Single-gene Mutations 64(1)

Paramecium 64(3)

Drosophila 67(1)

Mutation and Mosaic Analysis 68(1)

Drosophila 69(6)

Mice 75(2)

Recombinant DNA 77(6)

Inserting genes---the Drosophila per gene 79(1)

Mechanism of Control---Aplysia egg laying 80(3)

Summary 83(4)

Natural Selection and Ecological Analysis of Behavior 87(34)

Natural Selection 89(1)

Genetic Variation 90(5)

Existence of Variation 90(1)

Sources of Variation 91(1)

Factors Preserving Genetic Variation 92(1)

Frequency-Dependent Selection 92(1)

Frequency-Dependent Predation 92(1)

Frequency-Dependent Reproduction 93(1)

Negative-Assortative Mating 93(1)

Environmental Variation 93(2)

Natural Selection and Adaptation 95(2)

The Maintenance of Nonadaptive Traits 97(1)

The Search for Adaptiveness 97(6)

The Comparative Approach 99(1)

The Comparative Approach in Action 99(2)

Limitations of the Comparative Approach 101(1)

The Experimental Approach 102(1)

Optimality 103(4)

Optimality and Territoriality 104(3)

Evolutionarily Stable Strategies 107(3)

Digger Wasp Nesting Strategy as a Mixed ESS 108(2)

Game Theory 110(9)

Game Theory and Animal Aggression 110(1)

Dove-Dove Interactions---The ``War of Attrition'' 111(1)

Conflicts Involving Hawks 112(1)

Factors Influencing Strategy Success 113(1)

Cost 113(1)

Resource value 113(1)

Asymmetries and Conditional Strategies 114(1)

Asymmetry in Resource Value 115(2)

Asymmetry in Ability to Defend the Resource 117(1)

Arbitrary Asymmetry 118(1)

Summary 119(2)

Learning 121(26)

Learning and Adaptation 122(3)

Definition of Learning 125(1)

Categories of Learning 125(18)

Habituation 125(1)

Characteristics of Habituation 126(1)

The Adaptive Value of Habituation 127(1)

Classical Conditioning 128(1)

Characteristics of Classical Conditioning 128(1)

The Conditioned Stimulus as a Signal 129(1)

Extinction 129(2)

The Adaptive Value of Classical Conditioning 131(1)

Operant Conditioning 132(1)

Characteristics of Operant Conditioning 132(1)

Shaping 133(1)

Extinction 133(1)

Reinforcement Schedules 133(1)

Latent Learning 134(1)

The Adaptiveness of Latent Learning 134(2)

Insight Learning 136(1)

Learning Sets 137(1)

Social Learning 138(2)

Play 140(3)

Animal Cognition and Learning Studies 143(2)

Summary 145(2)

Physiological Analysis---Nerve Cells and Behavior 147(52)

Concepts from Cellular Neurobiology 149(14)

The Neuron 149(2)

The Message of a Neuron 151(1)

The Resting Potential 152(1)

The Action Potential 152(3)

Synaptic Transmission 155(1)

Electrical Synapses 155(1)

Chemical Synapses 156(1)

Integration 157(1)

Ions, Membrane Permeability, and Behavior 157(1)

Neuromodulators 158(5)

Sense Organs 163(18)

Classes of Receptors 163(1)

Some General Principles of Sensory Reception 163(1)

Auditory Receptors 164(1)

The Particle Movement and Pressure Components of Sound 164(1)

Selected Examples of Auditory Receptors 165(1)

Invertebrates 165(2)

Vertebrates 167(1)

Localization of Sound Source 167(6)

Photoreceptors 173(1)

Some General Principles of Photoreception 174(1)

Some Selected Examples of Photoreceptors 174(1)

Invertebrates 174(2)

Vertebrates 176(3)

Color Vision 179(1)

Detection of Polarized Light 180(1)

Sensory Processing 181(7)

Stimulus Filtering in the Little Skate 183(2)

Selective Processing of Visual Information in the Common Toad 185(1)

Processing of Visual Information in the Retina 186(2)

Processing of Visual Information in the Brain 188(1)

Motor Systems 188(8)

Sources of Neural Control in Motor Systems 189(1)

Locust Flight 190(1)

The Motor Pattern 191(1)

The Role of the Central Pattern Generator 192(2)

The Role of Sensory Feedback 194(1)

The Role of Motor Command 195(1)

Summary 196(3)

Physiological Analysis of Behavior---The Endocrine System 199(42)

The Endocrine System 201(16)

Definition of Endocrine Gland and Hormone 201(1)

Hormonal versus Neural Communication 201(1)

Invertebrate Endocrine Systems 202(1)

Hormonal Control of Growth and Metamorphosis in Insects 202(2)

Hormonal Mediation of Behavioral Changes in Honeybees 204(3)

Vertebrate Endocrine Systems 207(1)

Testis 207(2)

Ovary 209(1)

Adrenal Gland 209(2)

Pituitary Gland 211(3)

Pineal Gland 214(1)

Types of Hormones and Their Modes of Action 214(1)

Peptide Hormones 215(1)

Steroid Hormones 215(2)

Methods of Studying Hormone-Behavior Relationships 217(4)

Removal of Gland and Hormone Replacement 217(2)

Correlational Studies 219(2)

How Hormones Influence Behavior 221(3)

Effects on Sensation and Perception 221(1)

Effects on Development and Activity of the Central Nervous System 222(1)

Effects on Effector Mechanisms 222(2)

Organizational versus Activational Effects of Hormones---Sexual Behavior: A Case in Point 224(7)

Defining the Dichotomy 224(1)

An Example---Sexual Behavior of the Norway Rat 224(3)

Questioning the Dichotomy 227(1)

The Diversity of Mechanisms Underlying Sexual Behavior 228(3)

Factors that May Influence Effects of Hormones on Behavior 231(9)

Species Effects 231(3)

Strain Effects 234(2)

Individual Differences 236(1)

Social/Experiential Factors 237(2)

Seasonal Effects 239(1)

Summary 240(1)

The Development of Behavior 241(40)

Causes of Behavioral Change during Development 242(6)

Development of the Nervous System 242(2)

Changes in Hormonal State 244(2)

Changes in Non-neural Morphology 246(1)

Experience 247(1)

The Role of Genes and Environment in the Development of Bird Song 248(10)

Genetic, Hormonal, and Neural Control of Song in the Zebra Finch 248(2)

Role of Learning in the Development of Song in the White-crowned Sparrow 250(2)

Critical Periods in Song Learning 252(1)

Own-species Bias in Song Learning 253(1)

Choice of Tutor 253(2)

Nonauditory Experience and Song Development in the Cowbird 255(2)

Functional Significance of Song Learning 257(1)

The Concept of Critical Periods 258(16)

How Critical Period was Defined 258(1)

Timing of Critical Periods 259(1)

Onset of Sensitivity 259(1)

Decline of Sensitivity 260(1)

The Importance of Critical Periods in Behavioral Development and some examples 260(1)

Filial Imprinting in Birds 261(5)

Sexual Imprinting in Birds 266(3)

Imprinting-like Processes in Mammals 269(3)

Development of Social Behavior in Ants 272(2)

Developmental Homeostasis 274(5)

Social Development in Rhesus Monkeys 275(3)

Neurobehavioral Development in Amphibians 278(1)

Behavior Development in the Absence of Embryonic Experience 278(1)

Resilience in the Developing Nervous System 278(1)

Summary 279(2)
Part 2 BEHAVIOR OF THE INDIVIDUAL SURVIVING IN ITS ENVIRONMENT 281(244)

Biological Clocks 283(38)

Rhythmic Behavior 284(13)

Daily Rhythms 287(1)

Lunar Day Rhythms 288(3)

Semilunar Rhythms 291(2)

Monthly Rhythms 293(2)

Annual Rhythms 295(2)

Advantages of a Clock 297(2)

Anticipation of Environmental Change 297(1)

Synchronization of a Behavior with an Event that Cannot be Sensed Directly 298(1)

Continuous Measurement of Time 298(1)

The Clock versus the Hands of the Clock 299(1)

Clock Properties 299(4)

Persistence in Constant Conditions 300(1)

Stability of Period Length 301(1)

Entrainment by Environmental Cycles 301(1)

Period Control: Daily Adjustment of the Free-Running Period to Natural Day-Night cycle 301(1)

Phase Control: Adjustment to a New Light-Dark Cycle 301(2)

Temperature Compensation 303(1)

Attempts to Discover the Clock's Mechanism 303(4)

Chemical Manipulation 303(3)

Genetic Studies 306(1)

Circadian Organization 307(12)

Multiple Clocks 307(1)

A Hierarchy of Clocks 308(1)

Circadian Organization in Silkmoths 309(1)

Circadian Organization in Cockroaches 310(1)

Circadian Organization in Birds 310(7)

Circadian Organization in Rodents 317(2)

Summary 319(2)

Orientation in Space 321(18)

Types of Orientation 322(6)

Simple Orientation Responses 322(1)

Kinesis 322(1)

Taxis 323(1)

More Complicated Light Reactions 324(1)

Orientation and Navigation 325(3)

Migration 328(9)

Feats of Migration 328(1)

Arthropods 328(1)

Fish 328(1)

Reptiles 328(1)

Birds 329(1)

Mammals 329(1)

Methods of Tracking Migrants 329(2)

Origins of Migration 331(3)

Why Migrate? 334(1)

Costs of Migration 334(1)

Benefits of Migration 335(1)

Energy Profit 335(1)

Reproductive Benefits 336(1)

Reduction in Competition 336(1)

Reduction in Predation 336(1)

Summary 337(2)

Mechanisms of Orientation 339(40)

Visal Cues 340(15)

Landmarks 340(1)

Demonstrating Landmark Use 340(1)

Models of Landmark Use 341(1)

The Sun 342(1)

Evidence for Time-Compensated Sun Compass 343(4)

Development of the Sun Compass 347(1)

Ecological Considerations 347(1)

The Sun and Nocturnal Orientation 348(1)

Star Compass 348(2)

Moon Compass 350(2)

Polarized Light and Orientation 352(1)

The Nature of Polarized Light 352(2)

Uses of Polarized Light in Orientation 354(1)

Magnetic Cues 355(8)

Cues from the Earth's Magnetic Field 355(2)

Widespread Magnetic Effects on Orientation 357(3)

Magnetism and Bird Orientation 360(1)

The History of the Idea of Geomagnetic Sensitivity in Birds 361(1)

Development of the Magnetic Compass of Birds 362(1)

Is There a Magnetic Map? 363(1)

Chemical Cues 363(8)

Olfaction and Salmon Homing 364(2)

Olfaction and Pigeon Homing 366(1)

Models of Olfactory Navigation 366(1)

Tests of the Models 367(1)

Depriving Birds of their Sense of Smell 367(2)

Distorting the Olfactory Map 369(1)

Manipulating Olfactory Information 369(2)

Sound Cues and Echolocation 371(4)

Echolocation in Bats 372(3)

Electric Cues and Electrolocation 375(2)

Summary 377(2)

Foraging 379(32)

Obtaining Food 380(16)

Filter Feeding 380(1)

Plant Eating 380(1)

Hunting 381(1)

Modes of Hunting 381(1)

Pursuit 381(1)

Traps 382(1)

Ambush 383(1)

Antidetection Adaptations 383(2)

Adaptations for Detection of Prey 385(6)

Hunting Cryptic Prey 391(5)

Optimal Foraging 396(12)

Food Selection 396(1)

Distinguishing between Profitable and Unprofitable Prey 397(2)

Optimal Diet 399(1)

Nutrient Constraints 400(1)

Searching for Food 401(1)

Choosing a Site 401(1)

Assessing Site Quality 401(1)

Sensitivity to Variability in Food Abundance 402(3)

Deciding when to Leave a Patch---The Marginal Value Theorem 405(1)

Constraints on Optimal Foraging---Predation and Competition 406(2)

Summary 408(3)

Antipredator Behavior 411(36)

Crypsis 413(12)

Avoiding Detection through Color and Marking 413(1)

Breaking the Contour 413(1)

Countershading 413(1)

Transparency 414(1)

Color Change 415(1)

Color Polymorphism 416(1)

Avoiding Detection through Behavior 417(1)

The Peppered Moth: A Case in Point 418(1)

Selection of Appropriate Background 419(3)

Movement and Absence of Movement 422(1)

Modification of Environment 423(1)

Other Functions of Color 423(2)

Polymorphism as Defense 425(2)

Warning Coloration 427(2)

Batesian Mimicry 429(2)

Diverting Coloration, Structures, and Behavior 431(5)

Eyespots 431(1)

False Heads 431(1)

Autotomy 431(3)

Feigning Injury or Death 434(2)

Pronouncement of Vigilance 436(1)

Startle Mechanisms 437(2)

Intimidation and Fighting Back 439(1)

Enhancement of Body Size and Display of Weaponry 439(1)

Chemical Repellents 440(1)

Group Defense 440(6)

Alarm Signals 441(1)

Improved Detection 442(1)

Dilution Effect 443(1)

Selfish Herd 444(1)

Confusion Effect 444(2)

Mobbing 446(1)

Summary 446(1)

Sexual Reproduction and Sexual Selection 447(44)

Sexual Reproduction 448(8)

The Evolution of Sexual Reproduction 449(2)

Costs of Sexual Reproduction 451(1)

Origin and Maintenance of Sexual Reproduction 452(1)

The Long-term Hypothesis 452(1)

The Short-term Hypothesis 452(2)

Additional Hypotheses 454(2)

Evolution of the Sexes 456(2)

Sex Determination 458(1)

Chromosomal Sex Determination 458(1)

Environmental Sex Determination 459(1)

Sex Change 459(3)

Protandry 460(1)

Protogyny 461(1)

Sex Ratio 462(3)

Fisher's Theorem of the Sex Ratio 462(1)

Manipulation of the Sex Ratio 462(1)

The Trivers-Willard Hypothesis 462(1)

Examples of Apparent Sex Ratio Manipulation in Mammals 463(2)

Unanswered Questions 465(1)

Sexual Selection 465(23)

Darwin's View of Sexual Selection 466(1)

Runaway Selection 467(1)

Alternative Ideas for the Evolution of Female Choice: Choosing Males with Good Genes 467(2)

Bateman's Principle and Trivers's Theory of Parental Investment 469(2)

Male Mating Costs Revisited 471(1)

A Closer Look at Intrasexual Selection 471(1)

Adaptations that Help a Male Secure Copulations 471(1)

Sexual Enthusiasm 471(1)

Dominance Behavior 472(1)

Female Mimicry and Satellite Behavior 473(1)

Adaptations Favoring use of a male's sperm 474(1)

Mate Guarding 474(2)

Mechanisms to Displace or Inactivate Rival Sperm 476(2)

Mechanisms to Avoid Sperm Displacement 478(1)

Repellents and Copulatory Plugs 479(1)

Sexual Interference: An Adaptation to Decreasing the Reproductive Success of Rival Males 480(3)

A Closer Look at Intersexual Selection 483(1)

Criteria by which Females Choose Mates 483(1)

Ability of Male to Provide Sufficient Sperm 483(1)

Ability of Male to Provide High-Quality Resources or Parental Care 483(1)

Ability of Male to Provide High-Quality Genes 484(2)

Consequences of Mate Choice for Female Fitness 486(1)

Strategies of Female Choice 486(1)

Mate Choice by Males 487(1)

Methodological Problems Associated with Studying Mate Choice 487(1)

Summary 488(3)

Parental Care and Mating Systems 491(34)

Parental Care 492(16)

Some Models of the Parent-Offspring Relationship 492(1)

Parental Provision Model 492(1)

The Conflict Model 493(3)

The Symbiosis Model 496(2)

Evaluation of the Models 498(1)

Providing the Care 498(1)

Maternal versus Paternal Care 498(1)

Male versus Female Care and Mode of Fertilization 498(2)

Patterns of Parental Care and Phylogenetic History 500(1)

Sex Role Reversals 501(2)

Alloparental Care and Adoption 503(2)

Brood Parasitism 505(1)

Intraspecific Brood Parasitism 505(1)

Interspecific Brood Parasitism 506(2)

Mating Systems 508(14)

Problems Associated with Categorizing Mating Systems 509(1)

Determination of Mating Exclusivity 510(1)

Determination of Paternity 510(1)

Defining the Pair Bond 511(1)

A Classification of Mating Systems 512(1)

Polygyny 512(1)

Female Defense Polygyny 512(1)

Resource Defense Polygyny 512(4)

Lek Polygyny 516(2)

Monogamy 518(2)

Polyandry 520(2)

Summary 522(3)
Part Three BEHAVIOR OF GROUPS---SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 525(158)

Sociality and Dispersion 527(20)

Living in Groups 528(5)

The Costs of Sociality 529(1)

The Benefits of Sociality 530(3)

Natal Philopatry and Natal Dispersal 533(4)

Natal Philopatry, Natal Dispersal, and Breeding Dispersal 533(1)

Costs and Benefits of Natal Philopatry versus Natal Dispersal 533(1)

Some Hypotheses Regarding Patterns of Natal Philopatry and Natal Dispersal in Birds and Mammals Some Hypotheses 534(3)

Territoriality 537(8)

Home Ranges, Core Areas, and Territories 537(1)

Costs and Benefits of Territoriality 538(1)

The Ecology of Territoriality in Microtine Rodents 539(1)

The Females in Space (FIS) Hypothesis 539(3)

The Females in Space and Time (FIST) Hypothesis 542(2)

Unanswered Questions 544(1)

Interspecific Territoriality 544(1)

Summary 545(2)

Maintaining Group Cohesion---I. Description and Evolution of Communication 547(50)

Defining Communications 548(1)

Reasons for Communicates 549(7)

Sharing Information 549(1)

Manipulating Others 550(1)

Testing the Hypotheses? 551(1)

Signals and the Predictability of Future Behavior 551(1)

Signals and Honesty 552(1)

Tight Association with a Physical Attribute 553(1)

Stable Social Unit 553(2)

Cheating Costs Outweighing Benefits 555(1)

The Nature of Animal Communicative Signals 556(1)

Increasing the Amount of Information Conveyed 557(2)

Discrete versus Graded Displays 557(1)

Composite Signals 557(1)

Metacommunication 558(1)

Context 558(1)

Ritualization---The Evolution of a Communicative Signal 559(9)

Advantages of Stereotypy in Displays 559(1)

Reduction of Ambiguity 559(1)

Concealment of Conflicting Tendencies 559(1)

Comparison of Performances for Assessment of Qualities 559(1)

The Raw Material for Evolution 560(1)

Intention Movements 560(1)

Displacement Activities 561(1)

Autonomic Responses 562(1)

Urination and Defecation 562(1)

Vasodilation 562(1)

Respiratory Changes 563(1)

Thermoregulatory Responses 563(3)

The Ritualization Process 566(1)

Formalization of the Movements 566(1)

Change in Intensity 566(1)

Change in the Rate of Performance 567(1)

Development of Rhythmic Repetition 567(1)

Change in Components of Original Behavior Pattern 567(1)

Change in Orientation 567(1)

Emancipation 568(1)

Development of Conspicuous Structures 568(1)

Channels for Communication 568(9)

Vision 568(1)

Audition 569(2)

Chemical 571(2)

Touch 573(1)

Substrate Vibration 574(1)

Electric Fields 575(2)

Selective Forces Acting on the Form of the Signal 577(8)

Species Characteristics 577(1)

Anatomy and Physiology 577(2)

Behavior 579(1)

Environmental Characteristics 580(1)

Determination of the Sensory Channels Employed for a Signal 580(1)

Influence on the Specific Form of a Signal 581(1)

Dialects in the Language of Bees 581(2)

The Structure of Bird Song 583(2)

Language and Apes 585(7)

Communication and Animal Cognition 592(1)

Summary 593(4)

Maintenance of Group Cohesion---II. Functions of Communication and Contact 597(36)

Functions of Communication 598(31)

Recognition of Species 598(2)

Recognition of Caste 600(1)

Recognition of Population 601(1)

Protection of Resources 601(1)

Mate Choice 602(2)

Recognition of Kin 604(1)

Recognition of Individuals 605(1)

Is it Communication? 605(1)

Importance 605(1)

Methods of Recognition 605(2)

Sexual Attraction 607(1)

Courtship 607(1)

Identification 607(1)

Reduction of Aggression 607(1)

Coordination of Behavior and Physiology 608(1)

Assessment 609(1)

Synchronization of Hatching 610(1)

Begging and Offering Food 610(1)

Alarm 611(1)

Methods of Giving Alarms 611(2)

Specificity Among Alarms 613(1)

Similarity Among Species 613(1)

Distress 614(1)

Calming 615(1)

Signals Used in Agonistic Encounters 615(3)

Contact 618(1)

Recruitment 619(1)

Reasons 619(1)

Methods 619(1)

Tandem Running or Odor Trails 619(1)

Bee Dancing 619(10)

Maintenance of Social Bonds by Physical Contact 629(2)

Summary 631(2)

Altruism 633(50)

What is Altruism? 634(1)

Hypotheses for the Evolution of Altruism 634(11)

Individual Selection 635(1)

Kin Selection 636(2)

Kin-biased Behavior 638(1)

Location 638(1)

Familiarity 638(1)

Phenotype Matching 639(1)

Recognition Alleles 640(1)

Reciprocal Altruism 641(3)

Parental Manipulation 644(1)

Examples of Cooperation among Animals 645(33)

Alarm Calling 645(1)

Alarm Calls of Birds 645(1)

Is Avian Alarm Calling Altruistic? 645(1)

Hypotheses for Evolution of Avian Alarm Calling 645(1)

Individual Selection 645(1)

Kin Selection 646(1)

Reciprocal Altruism 647(1)

Alarm Calls of Ground Squirrels 647(1)

Individual Selection 647(1)

Kin Selection 648(2)

Cooperative Breeding and Helping 650(1)

Helper's Duties 650(1)

Providing Food 650(1)

Protection of Offspring 650(1)

Other Activities 650(1)

Are Helpers Altruistic? 651(1)

Fitness Benefits to Those Helped 651(2)

Costs to The Helper 653(1)

Ecological Conditions Favoring Helping 654(1)

Habitat Saturation in Stable Environment 654(2)

Biased Sex Ratios 656(1)

Cost of Reproduction in Unstable Environments 656(1)

The Evolution of Cooperative Breeding 657(1)

Individual Selection 658(1)

Enhanced Survivorship 659(1)

Increased Reproduction in the Future 659(1)

Increased Reproduction Success as Breeder 659(1)

Kin Selection 659(3)

Cooperation in Acquiring a Mate 662(1)

Kin Selection 662(1)

Wild Turkeys 662(1)

Lions 662(1)

Individual Selection 663(1)

Lions 664(1)

Long-tailed Manakins 664(1)

Reciprocal Altruism 665(1)

Eusociality 665(1)

The Social Insects 665(2)

Kin Selection and the Proposed Role of Haplodiploidy 667(5)

Individual Selection 672(3)

Parental Manipulation 675(1)

Mole-rats 676(1)

Kin Selection 676(2)

Individual Selection 678(1)

Conclusions 678(1)

Summary 678(5)
Appendix Magnetoreception 683(8)
References 691(72)
Photo Credits 763
Author Index I-1
Subject Index I-10
Species Index I-20
Common & Scientific Names of Species Discussed in Text I-29