Preface p. xiii
About the Author p. 1
The History of I/O Psychology p. 2
What Is I/O Psychology? p. 4
How Are I/O Psychologists Trained? p. 4
What Do I/O Psychologists Do? p. 6
100 Years of History p. 9
Pre-World War I p. 12
World War I Through the 1920s p. 12
The 1930s to Pre-World War II p. 14
World War II to the Mid- 1960s p. 14
The Mid-1960s to the Mid-1980s p. 16
The Mid-1980s to the Present p. 17
The Importance of I/O Psychology in the 21st Century p. 17
Summary p. 20
Research Methods in I/O Psychology p. 22
What Is Science? p. 24
Goals of Science p. 24
Assumptions of Science p. 25
Theories p. 26
Research Terminology and Basic Concepts p. 30
Independent and Dependent Variables p. 30
Internal and External Validity p. 31
Control p. 32
A Model of the Research Process p. 34
Types of Research Designs p. 36
Experimental Methods p. 36
Observational Methods p. 38
Data Collection Techniques p. 40
Naturalistic Observation p. 40
Case Studies p. 40
Archival Research p. 41
Surveys p. 42
Measurement p. 45
Reliability p. 46
Validity of Tests, Measures, and Scales p. 48
Statistics p. 52
Measures of Central Tendency p. 52
Measures of Dispersion p. 53
Shapes of Distributions p. 53
Correlation and Regression p. 55
Meta-Analysis p. 59
Summary p. 59
Job Analysis p. 62
Some Terminology p. 64
Approaches to Job Analysis p. 65
Job Analytic Methods p. 66
Job-Oriented Techniques p. 66
Worker-Oriented Techniques p. 70
Defining the Job: Descriptions and Specifications p. 74
The Many Purposes of Job Analysis p. 75
Job Classification p. 76
Criterion Development and Performance Appraisal p. 76
Practitioner Forum p. 77
Selection and Placement p. 78
Job Design and Redesign p. 79
Training p. 79
Job Evaluation p. 80
Point System p. 80
Comparable Worth p. 84
Summary p. 85
Criterion Measurement p. 88
The Criterion Problem p. 90
Defining Criteria and Their Properties p. 90
Ultimate Criterion p. 92
Actual Criterion p. 93
Criteria for the Criteria p. 94
Two Major Components of the Criterion Problem p. 99
Multiple Versus Composite Criteria p. 99
Dynamic Criteria p. 102
Distinctions Among Performance Criteria p. 103
Objective Criteria p. 104
Subjective Criteria p. 105
Contextual Performance p. 106
Summary p. 109
Performance Appraisal p. 112
Uses of Performance Appraisal p. 114
The Role of I/O Psychology in Performance Appraisal p. 116
A Contextual Approach p. 116
Rating Formats p. 117
Rating Errors p. 122
Rater Training p. 128
Contemporary Performance Appraisal Research p. 130
Practitioner Forum p. 137
Legal Issues in Performance Appraisal p. 140
Summary p. 142
Predictors p. 144
Classification of Tests p. 146
Speed Versus Power Tests p. 147
Individual Versus Group Tests p. 148
Paper-and-Pencil Versus Performance Tests p. 148
Types of Predictors p. 150
Cognitive Ability p. 151
Psychomotor Tests p. 155
Personality Tests p. 155
Integrity Tests p. 157
Work Samples p. 158
Assessment Centers p. 161
Practitioner Forum p. 165
Biographical Information p. 166
Interviews p. 168
Summary p. 173
Selection Decisions and Personnel Law p. 176
A Brief Review p. 178
Recruitment p. 180
The Selection Decision p. 182
The Process of Test Validation p. 182
Validity Generalization p. 185
Practical Approaches to Selection p. 186
Practitioner Forum p. 189
Usefulness of Selection Processes p. 191
Legal Issues in Industrial Psychology p. 198
Employment At-Will p. 199
Adverse Impact p. 199
Affirmative Action p. 201
Equal Pay Act p. 205
Civil Rights Act p. 205
Executive Order 11246 p. 207
Age Discrimination in Employment Act p. 208
Americans with Disabilities Act p. 209
Family and Medical Leave Act p. 211
Summary p. 212
Training and Development p. 214
Assessing Training Needs p. 217
Organizational Analysis p. 217
Task Analysis p. 218
Practitioner Forum p. 219
Person Analysis p. 220
Demographic Analysis p. 220
Learning Context p. 221
Instructional Design p. 221
Principles of Learning p. 221
Individual Differences in Trainees p. 225
Characteristics of the Trainer p. 226
Transfer of Training p. 226
Training Delivery p. 227
Traditional Approaches p. 229
Technology-Based Approaches p. 232
Employee Development-Based Approaches p. 235
New Content for the New Millennium p. 239
Sexual Harassment Training p. 240
Workplace Diversity Management and Training p. 241
Training Evaluation p. 243
Training Criteria p. 243
Evaluation Designs p. 246
Summary p. 248
Motivation p. 250
Theoretical Perspectives p. 253
Need-Motive-Value Theories p. 253
Cognitive Choice Theories p. 260
Self-Regulation Theories p. 267
Applications of Motivational Theories to Organizational Problems p. 272
Organizational Behavior Management p. 272
Practitioner Forum p. 274
Goal Setting and Management-by-Objectives p. 275
Job Enrichment p. 279
Summary p. 281
Job Attitudes: Antecedents and Consequences p. 284
Attitudes, Intentions, and Behaviors p. 286
A Useful Model p. 286
Why Study Job Attitudes? p. 288
Job Satisfaction p. 288
Antecedents p. 289
Measurement and Dimensions p. 296
Consequences p. 298
Organizational Commitment p. 306
Components p. 306
Practitioner Forum p. 307
Antecedents p. 308
Consequences p. 312
Additional Job Attitudes p. 315
Job Involvement and Work Centrality p. 315
Perceived Organizational Support p. 316
Emotions at Work p. 316
Summary p. 318
Stress and Worker Well-Being p. 320
Stress and Strains p. 322
Stress p. 322
Strains p. 324
Coping with Stress p. 327
Environmental Determinants of Well-Being p. 328
Work-Family Conflict p. 330
Practitioner Forum p. 334
Family-Leave Policies p. 337
Child-Care Benefits p. 338
Elder-Care Assistance p. 340
Dual-Earner Couples p. 342
Psychological Effects of Job Loss p. 345
The Hard Facts p. 346
Environmental Determinants-Revisited p. 348
Workplace Violence p. 349
Summary p. 355
Group Processes and Work Teams p. 358
Groups Versus Teams p. 360
Social Influence in Groups p. 361
Norms p. 361
Roles p. 362
Cohesion p. 363
Group Development p. 365
Social Loafing p. 368
Group Decision Making p. 369
Effective Decision Making p. 370
Ineffective Decision Making p. 373
Work Teams of the 21st Century p. 377
Types of Work Teams p. 378
Practitioner Forum p. 379
Work-Team Effectiveness p. 382
Future Trends p. 385
Summary p. 387
Leadership p. 390
What Is Leadership? p. 392
Theories p. 393
Trait Theories p. 395
Behavior Theories p. 396
Practitioner Forum p. 397
Contingency Theories p. 400
Contemporary Theories p. 405
New Directions in Leadership Research p. 412
Gender and Leadership p. 412
Culture and Leadership p. 416
Summary p. 418
Organizational Theory and Development p. 420
Organizational Theory p. 422
Classical Organizational Theory p. 422
Humanistic Theory p. 428
Open-System Theory p. 431
Organizational Development p. 433
Why Organizations Need Organizational Development p. 434
Models of Organizational Change p. 437
Organizational Development Interventions p. 440
Practitioner Forum p. 451
Summary p. 453
Glossary p. 455
References p. 463
Credits p. 485
Name Index p. 487
Subject Index p. 495