Foreword 5
Preface 7
Contents 9
Evaluating Risks of Acquired Clinical Vulnerability Among Subjects Exposed to E-Waste 11
1 Introduction 11
2 Electronic Waste 12
2.1 E-Waste Generation and Regulation 13
2.2 Composition of E-Waste 15
2.3 E-Waste Recycling in India 16
3 Hazards to Human Health 16
3.1 Hazards Associated with Disposal in Landfills 19
3.2 Hazards Associated with Disposal by Incineration 20
4 Conclusions 21
5 Summary 22
References 23
Aerospace Toxicology Overview: Aerial Application and Cabin Air Quality* 25
1 Introduction 26
2 Agricultural Aviation 27
2.1 Application of Chemicals in Agriculture 27
2.2 Pesticidal Toxicology and Agricultural Aviation 27
2.3 Exposure to Multiagricultural Chemicals and Organic Solvents/Surfactants 28
2.4 Aerial Application Safety 30
2.5 Agricultural Chemical Exposure Monitoring 30
3 Cabin Air Contamination 30
3.1 Aviation Cabin Air Quality 30
3.2 Harmful Effects of Aircraft Cabin Air 35
3.3 Possible Toxicants in Space Vehicle Cabin Air 37
3.4 Fumes/Smoke in Aircraft Cabins: Analysis and Effects 38
4 Summary 43
References 44
Land Application of Sewage Sludge: Physicochemical and Microbial Response 51
1 Introduction 51
2 Characteristics of Sewage Sludge 53
3 Effects of Sewage Sludge Application on Soil Properties 55
3.1 Physical Properties 55
3.2 Chemical Properties 57
3.3 Biological Properties 60
3.3.1 Soil Microbial Biomass and Enzymes 60
3.3.2 Pathogens 63
4 Conclusions 64
5 Summary 65
References 66
Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Selected Medicinal Plants 72
1 Introduction 72
2 Medicinal Plants in Health Care: Use and Effectiveness 75
3 Heavy Metal Accumulation in Selected Medicinal Plants: Cause and Threat 77
4 Safe Limits vs. Actual Levels of Heavy Metals in Medicinal Plants 78
5 Hazardous Medicinal Plants 78
6 Conclusions 90
7 Summary 90
References 91
Effects of Organic Herbicides on Phototrophic Microbial Communities in Freshwater Ecosystems 96
1 Introduction 96
2 Experimental Studies 97
2.1 Effects of Single Herbicides 97
2.1.1 Triazines 97
Atrazine 97
Irgarol 106
Other Triazines 106
2.1.2 Phenylureas 108
Diuron 108
Isoproturon (IPU) 112
Linuron 112
2.1.3 Chloroacetamides 113
Alachlor and Metolachlor 113
Other Chloroacetamides 114
2.1.4 Sulfonylureas 114
2.1.5 Glyphosate 115
2.1.6 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4- D) 116
2.1.7 Other Herbicides 116
2.2 Effects of Herbicide Mixtures 117
2.2.1 Mixtures of Similarly Acting Herbicides 117
2.2.2 Mixtures of Dissimilarly Acting Herbicides 118
2.2.3 Mixtures of Herbicides with Other Organic Pesticides 118
Herbicides and Insecticides 118
Herbicides and Fungicides 119
2.2.4 Successive Treatments 119
3 Field Studies 120
3.1 Effect of In Situ Exposure on Community Structure and Primary Production 120
3.2 PICT Approaches 121
3.3 Recovery Studies 122
4 Potential Future Areas for Research 122
4.1 Improving Exposure Assessments 123
4.1.1 The Question of Mixtures 123
4.1.2 Benefiting from the Development of Chemical Tools 123
4.1.3 Exposure Characteristics and Dynamics (Chronic-Acute) 124
4.2 Improving Assessment of Biological Effects 124
4.2.1 From Monospecific Tests to Community Assessment 124
4.2.2 Using Molecular Tools in Ecotoxicology 125
4.2.3 Understanding the Ecological Consequences of Tolerance Acquisition 125
4.3 Ecosystem Recovery 125
5 Summary 126
References 127
Essential Roles and Hazardous Effects of Nickel in Plants 134
1 Introduction 135
2 Sources of Nickel Emission to the Environment 136
3 Nickel Availability and Uptake 137
4 Transport and Distribution in Plants 138
5 Role of Nickel as a Micronutrient 139
6 Causes and Symptoms of Nickel Deficiency in Plants 142
7 Toxicity of Nickel in Plants 143
8 Effect of Nickel on Seed Germination 144
8.1 Germination Percentage and Rate 144
8.2 Seedling Growth 145
8.3 Nutrient Uptake and Transport 145
8.4 Amylase and Protease Activities 146
8.5 Changes in Carbohydrates 146
8.6 Proteolytic and Ribonucleolytic Enzymes 147
8.7 Changes in Proteins and Amino Acids 148
9 Effects of Nickel at the Vegetative Stage 148
9.1 Growth Attributes 148
9.2 Membrane Permeability and Electrolyte Leakage 149
9.3 Photosynthetic Pigments 150
9.4 Photosynthesis 151
9.5 Water Relations 152
9.6 Free Amino Acids 153
9.7 Proline 154
9.8 Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Antioxidants 155
9.9 Soluble Proteins 155
9.10 Nutrient Accumulation 156
10 Yield and Yield Components 157
11 Anatomical Changes 158
12 Conclusions 159
13 Summary 160
References 161
Index for Rect Vol. 214 177