Chapter 2 Theory of Membrane Phenomena in Ion Exchange Membranes 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Flux Equation 7
223 Permselectivity of Ions Through the Ion Exchange Membranes 10
2.4 Membrane Potential 13
2.5 Bi-ionic Potential 16
216 Eectrical Conductivity of Ion Exchange Membranes 17
2.7 Diffusion of Electrolyte Through Ion Exchange Membranes 18
2.8 Diffusion Of Non-Electrolyte Through Ion Exchange Membranes 21
2.9 Self-Diffusion Through Ion Exchange Membranes 21
2.110 Osmosis 24
2.11 Electro-osmosis 25
2.12 Hydrodynamic Permeability of Solvent 27
2.13 Permselectivity of Ions with the Same Charge 30
2.14 Conclusions 32
2.15 References 32
Chapter 3 Preparation of Ion Exchange Membranes 35
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Classification of Ion Exchange Membranes 35
3>3 General Explanation of Preparation Methods of Ion Exchange
Membranes 37
3.31 Heterogeneous Ion Exchange Membranes 38
3.3.2 Homogeneous Ion Exchange Membranes 39
3.4 Preparation of Cation Exchange Membranes 51
3.5 Preparation of Anion Exchange Membranes 52
3.6 Preparation of Amphoteric Ion Exchange Membranes 54
3.7 Preparation of Bipolar Ion Exchange Membranes 56
3.8 Preparation of Mosaic ion Exchange Membranes 57
3.9 Preparation of Inorganic Ion Exchange Membranes 58
3.10 Ion Exchange Membranes having Special Functions 59
3.10.1 Functionalized Ion Exchange Membrane in Electrodialysis 60
3.10.2 Cation Exchange Membranes for the Chlor-Alkali Membrane
Process 65
3.103 Ion Exchange Membranes for Diffusion Dialysis 67
3.10.4 Membranes for Fuel Cells 69
3.11 Conclusion 72
3.12 References 72
Chapter 4 Properties, Characterization and Microstructure of Ion
Exchange Membranes 89
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Primary Properties of Ion Exchange Membranes and their Evaluation
(Characterization) 89
4.2.1 Electrical Resistance of Ion Exchange Membranes 90
4.2.2 Transport Number 94
4.2.3 Determination of Ion Exchange Capacity and Water Content 99
4.2.4 Donnan Adsorbed Salt 101
4.2.5 Ion Exchange Equilibrium Constant and Permselectivity
between Two Ions 102
4.2.6 Diffusion Coefficient of Electrolyte through Ion Exchange
Membranes 104
4.2.7 Water Transport 105
4.2.8 Bi-ionic Potential 110
4.2.9 Streaming Potential I 1
4.2.10 Swelling 114
4.2.11 Chemical Stability 115
42.212 Thermal Stability, Mechanical Strength etc. 117
4.3 Micro-structure of Ion Exchange Membranes 117
4.3.1 Evaluation of Pore Size of Ion Exchange Membranes 118
4.3.2 Distribution of Ion Exchange Groups Throughout the
Membrane (Phase Separation of ion Exchange Groups in the
Membrane-domain Structure) 120
4.3.3 Distribution of Fixed Ion Concentration in the Ion Exchange
Membrane 124
4.4 Conclusions 127
4.5 References 127
Chapter 5 Modification of Transport Properties of Ion Exchange
Membranes 135
5,1 Introduction 135
5.2 Permselectivity of Specific Ions through the Ion Exchange Membrane
in Electrodialvsis 136
5.3 Permselectivity of Specific Cations through the Cation Exchange
Membrane in Electrodialysis 138
5.3.1 Increase in Cross-linkage of Cation Exchange Membranes 138
513.2 Effect of Species of Cation Exchange Groups in the
Membranes on Permselectivity between Cations 139
5.3.3 Formation of a Thin Cationic Charged Layer on the Surface of
the Cation Exchange Membrane 144
5 3,4 Cation Exchange Membranes Combined with Conducting
Polymers 148
5.3.5 Change in Permselectivity between Cations in the Presence of
Chelating Agents 157
5.4 Permselectivity of Specific Anions through Anion Exchange
Membranes in Electrodialysis 164
5.4.1 Increase in Cross-linkage of Anion Exchange Membranes 164
5.4.2 Formation of Thin Surface Layers on Anion Exchange
Membranes 69
5.4.3 Controlling Hydrophilicity of Anion Exchange Membranes
by Introducing Specific Anion Exchange Groups into the
Membranes 176
5.4.4 Effect of Hydrophilic Compounds in Anion Exchange
Membranes on Transport Numbers of Various Anions Relative
to Chloride Ions. 186
5.4.5 Controlling Transport Number between Anions through Anion
Exchange Membranes by Photoirradiation 189
5.4.6 Controlling Transport Number of Anions through Anion
Exchange Membranes with Temperature 196
5.5 Conclusions 201
5,6 References 202
Chapter 6 Application of Ion Exchange Membranes 215
6,1 Introduction 215
6.2 Electrodialysis 215
6.2.1 Principles and Methods of Electrodialysis 215
6.2.2 Equipments for Electrodialysis: the Electrodialyzer 219
6.23 Limiting Current Density 219
6.2.4 Electrodialysis Method 227
6.2.5 Optimization of Electrodialysis 227
6.2.6 Applications 230
6.3 Application to Electrolysis 240
6.3.11 Chor-alkali Production 241
6.3.2 Composite Ion Exchange Membranes and Electrode
Catalysts (MEA, Membrane Electrode Assembly), and Water
Electrolysis 244
6.3.3 Separators for Organic Synthesis 245
6.3.4 Electro-synthesis of Oxidizing Agents 246
6.3.5 Production of Highly Pure Organic Alkali
(Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide) 248
6.3.6 Other Applications 249
6.4 Separation Based on Chemical Potential Difference (Concentration
Gradient) 250
6.4.1 Diffusion Dialysis 250
6.4.2 Donnan Dialysis 257
6.4.3 Neutralization Dialysis 258
6.4.4 Up-hill Transport 259
6.5 Piezodialysis 260
6.6 Other Separation Methods of Electrolyte Solutions 261
6.7 Pervaporation 262
6.8 Facilitated Transport 265
6.9 Dehumidification of Gases 268
6.10 Application in Batteries 268
6.10.1 Large Batteries for Electric Power Storage 268
6.10.2 Fuel Cells 270
6,10,3 Concentration Cells using Ion Exchange Membranes 2' 73
6.10.4 Other Applications of Ion Exchange Membrane to Batteries 273
6.11 Applications of Ion Exchange Membranes to Sensing Materials 276
6. 12 Applications in Analytical Chemistry 278
6, 13 Applications of [on Exchange Membranes to Actuators 7 8
6.14 pplications to Modified Electrodes 279
6.15 Conclusions 280
6.16 References 280
Chapter 7 Ion Exchange Membranes in the Future 304