Sustainable agriculture research and education in the field A proceesings
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作 者：Board on national research council
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ISBN：9780309045780
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简介
Interest is growing in sustainable agriculture, which involves the use of productive and profitable farming practices that take advantage of natural biological processes to conserve resources, reduce inputs, protect the environment, and enhance public health. Continuing research is helping to demonstrate the ways that many factors - economics, biology, policy, and tradition - interact in sustainable agriculture systems. This book contains the proceedings of a workshop on the findings of a broad range of research projects funded by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The areas of study, such as integrated pest management, alternative cropping and tillage systems, and comparisons with more conventional approaches, are essential to developing and adopting profitable and sustainable farming systems.
目录
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE FIELD 1
Copyright 2
Preface 5
Contents 7
Introduction 11
BASIC CONCEPTS AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS 13
Basic Concepts 13
Operational Definitions 14
PUBLIC POLICY AND RESEARCH IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 16
Research Challenges 18
REFERENCES 20
PART ONE Overview 21
1 The U.S. Department of Agriculture Commitment to Sustainable Agriculture 23
THE USDA APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 24
The Road Ahead 25
The Need for Hard Data 25
CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACHES THAT ARE UNDER WAY 25
The Roles of Universities and Farmers 26
THE NEED FOR A PROACTIVE EFFORT 27
LEGISLATIVE AND FUNDING INITIATIVES 28
Farm Bill 28
Request for LISA Funding 28
Commitment to Research 29
CONCLUSION 30
REFERENCES 31
2 Background and Status of the Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture Program 32
BACKGROUND 32
LEGISLATION 33
LISA PROGRAM ENACTMENT 36
LISA RESEARCH AND EDUCATION 37
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE LISA PROGRAM 38
THE FUTURE 40
REFERENCES 40
3 Challenges and Rewards of Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education 42
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 44
The Elements of Crop Production Systems 44
TOWARD SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS OF WHEAT PRODUCTION IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST 46
The Soil Fumigation Effect 47
The Crop Rotation Effect 53
The Crop Residue Effect 59
The Herbicide Effect 64
IMPROVEMENT OF ROOT HEALTH WITH BENEFICIAL MICROORGANISMS IN THE RHIZOSPHERE 65
ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE 72
Making Maximum Use of Biological Interactions and Cycles on the Farm 74
Crop Rotations and Tillage 74
Suppressive Soils 74
Biological Control of Insects with Indigenous Natural Enemies 75
Biological Nitrogen Fixation Using a Legume 75
Maximizing the General Resistance in Crops to Disease 76
Making an Occasional Release, Introduction, or Treatment 77
Classical Biological Control of Insects 77
The Deployment of Genes for Disease and Pest Resistance 77
Making Regular Inputs 78
Rhizobium Inoculations 80
THE EXPANDING AGENDA FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION 80
REFERENCES 83
4 Overview of Current Sustainable Agriculture Research 87
THE CHALLENGES 88
LISA: SUCCESSES AND LIMITATIONS 90
ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL CHANGES ON THE GREAT PLAINS 92
Fallow on the Great Plains 92
The Changing Roles of Livestock 95
SCIENTIFIC LIMITATIONS 96
CONCLUSION 99
REFERENCES 100
5 Economic Considerations in Sustainable Agriculture for Midwestern Farmers 102
THREE LOW-INPUT FARMING SYSTEMS 104
Chemical and Organic Production System Demonstration Project in Northeastern Iowa 105
Rodale Conversion Project in Kutztown, Pennsylvania 107
Farming Systems Project in Central Iowa 108
Conclusion 109
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 109
Profitability 109
Societal Costs and Benefits 110
Farm Family Resources 111
Government Policies 112
Risk Management 112
Macrolevel Impacts 113
STEPS TOWARD SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 113
REFERENCES 115
PART TWO Research and Education in the Western Region 117
6 Comparative Study of Organic and Conventional Tomato Production Systems: An Approach to On-Farm Systems Studies 119
TERMINOLOGY 119
BACKGROUND RATIONALE 120
GOALS OF THE PROJECT 122
WHY AN ON-FARM STUDY? 123
METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 125
Site Selection 126
Working with Farmers 128
ANALYTICAL APPROACHES 128
Sampling Techniques and Variables Measured 130
Statistical Analysis 130
PRELIMINARY RESULTS AND EVALUATION 131
Site Selection 131
Management Practices 135
Preliminary Results 135
CONCLUSION 136
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 137
REFERENCES 138
7 STEEP: A Model for Conservation and Environmental Research and Education 143
THE STEEP PROGRAM 144
STEEP Program Objectives 145
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROGRAM 146
STEEP Program Extension 146
Farmer Support 146
STEEP PROGRAM RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS 147
Tillage and Plant Management 147
Plant Design 147
Erosion and Runoff Prediction 148
Pest Management 148
Socioeconomics of Erosion Control 148
Soil Erosion-Productivity Relationships 149
IMPACTS OF STEEP PROGRAM RESEARCH 149
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 150
Emerging Issues 150
STEEP II Program 151
CONCLUSION 153
REFERENCES 153
8 Soil Moisture Monitoring: A Practical Route to Irrigation Efficiency and Farm Resource Conservation 155
HOW SOIL MOISTURE MONITORING REDUCES GUESSWORK AND IMPROVES FARM RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 156
Scheduling Irrigations To Meet Crop Needs 156
Managing Equipment More Efficiently 156
Controlling Distribution and Drainage 157
Reducing Soil Compaction and Infiltration Problems 157
Converting to Conservation Tillage 157
Integrated Resource Management 157
TOOLS FOR MONITORING SOIL MOISTURE 158
Soil Moisture Monitoring and Other Approaches to Irrigation Management 159
INFORM'S RESEARCH: FORERUNNERS AND FINDINGS 159
Field Demonstrations, 1984\u20131986 160
Findings 162
GYPSUM BLOCK PROGRAMS IN CALIFORNIA AND COLORADO 162
The California Program, 1989\u20131990 163
Colorado's Ogallala Program 164
THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL ADVISERS AND AGENCIES 165
PRODUCERS OF GYPSUM BLOCKS 166
THE PUBLIC ROLE 166
REFERENCES 167
9 Reactors' Comments 168
RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE WESTERN REGION 168
REACTIONS 169
A FARMER'S PERSPECTIVE 171
REFERENCE 172
PART THREE Research and Education in the Southern Region 173
10 Southeastern Apple Integrated Pest Management 175
OVERVIEW OF SOUTHEASTERN ARTHROPOD PESTS AND DISEASES 176
PATHOLOGY RESEARCH 179
Postharvest Removal of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck 180
Chlorine Treatment Effects on Pesticide Residues 181
Shelf Life of Chlorine-Treated Apples 182
Phytotoxicity and Fruit Finish Trial 182
Conclusions of Fruit IPM Research 182
ENTOMOLOGY RESEARCH 183
Mating Disruption 183
Male Orientation to Traps 184
Damage Assessment 185
Ground Cover Management Inventory 185
Pesticide Applications Toxic to Beneficial Predators 186
Assessment of Grower Expertise for IPM 186
GEORGIA GROWER IPM TRIALS 187
REFERENCES 191
11 Low-Input Crop and Livestock Systems in the Southeastern United States 193
LOW-INPUT CROP AND LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS 194
RESEARCH PROJECT ORGANIZATION 196
CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS COMPARISON STUDY 196
Plot Location and Sampling 197
Pasture Establishment 198
Establishing the Crop Rotation Sequence 198
LISA System 198
Conventional System 198
Sampled Variables 199
LOW-INPUT CORN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 199
Contribution of Winter-Annual Legume and Small Grain Cover Crop Combinations to Silage Corn Production 200
Results 200
Evaluation of Alternative Cover Crop Management Practices for Winter-Annual Cover Crops in No-Till Corn 203
Results 205
Evaluation of Ridge-Till Corn Production Systems Using Winter-Annual Cover Crops 208
Results 209
EXPERT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 210
EXTENSION EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS 212
CURRENT PROJECT STATUS AND FUTURE PLANS 212
REFERENCES 213
12 Solarization and Living Mulch to Optimize Low-Input Production System for Small Fruits 216
OBJECTIVE ONE: BLUEBERRY LIVING MULCHES 217
General Farm Background 217
Experimental Protocols 218
Results 220
Discussion 223
OBJECTIVE TWO: SOLARIZATION FOR STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION 226
General Farm Background 226
Experimental Protocols 227
Results 229
Soil Temperatures 229
Yield 229
Weed Control 230
Nematode Control 231
Soil Chemistry 231
Discussion 232
CONCLUSION 235
REFERENCES 235
13 Reactor's Comments 236
RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE SOUTH 236
PART FOUR Research and Education in the North Central Region 239
14 New Strategies for Reducing Insecticide Use in the Corn Belt 241
EFFECT OF SOIL INSECTICIDES ON CORN ROOTWORM POPULATION DYNAMICS 243
FACTORS INFLUENCING INSECTICIDE USE IN CORN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 244
NEED FOR NEW CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR CORN ROOTWORMS IN THE CORN BELT 246
NEW MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR CORN ROOTWORMS 247
REFERENCES 256
15 On-Farm Research Comparing Conventional and Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture Systems in the Northern Great Plains 260
THE TWO CASE STUDY FARMS 261
PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE 263
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE 265
Baseline Results, Assuming No Premium Prices for Organic Crops 266
Implications of Premium Prices for Organic Crops 268
Policy Analyses 270
DISCUSSION 273
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 274
REFERENCES 275
16 Low-Input, High-Forage Beef Production 276
PRINCIPLES OF BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE CORN BELT 276
DESIGN OF THE STUDY 279
EARLY FINDINGS 280
High-Grain Versus High-Forage Experiments 280
Wintering Systems Experiments 281
Model Development 282
BREAK-EVEN BEEF PRICES OF ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS 282
Wintering Systems 282
High-Grain Versus High-Forage Systems 283
Increased Grazing of Forages 285
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES 287
REFERENCES 288
17 Reactor's Comments 289
LOW-INPUT SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE PROJECTS, ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE, AND RELATED ISSUES 289
THREE NORTH CENTRAL LISA PROJECTS 289
New Strategies for Reducing Insecticide Use in the Corn Belt 289
On-Farm Research Comparing Conventional and Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture Systems 290
Low-Input, High-Forage Beef Production 292
Future Challenges 292
GENERAL COMMENTS 293
COMPETITIVE GRANTS 295
ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE 296
INTERGRATED CROP MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 297
ARE THE VARIOUS GROUPS REALLY AT ODDS? 298
REFERENCE 298
PART FIVE Research and Education in the Northeastern Region 299
18 Long-Term, Low-Input Cropping Systems Research 301
THE RODALE FARMING SYSTEMS TRIAL 302
THE CORNELL CROPPING SYSTEMS EXPERIMENT 309
THE RODALE LOW-INPUT, REDUCED-TILLAGE EXPERIMENT 314
LONG-TERM CROPPING SYSTEMS COMPARISONS 320
MEANINGFUL INTEGRATION OF FARMER AND RESEARCHER INFORMATION 321
SUMMARY 322
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 324
REFERENCES 324
19 Perspectives for Sustainable Agriculture from Plant Nutrient Management Experiences in Pennsylvania 328
PLANT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IMPLICATIONS 330
MONITORING WHOLE FARMS 333
PLANT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PROCESS 338
NORMAL SCIENCE, LEARNING, AND PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES 340
CONCLUSION 343
REFERENCES 343
20 Use of Fungal Pathogens for Biological Control of Insect Pests 346
FUNGAL PATHOGEN LIFE CYCLES AND BIOLOGY 349
DISEASE EPIZOOTIOLOGY 352
The Pathogen Population 352
The Host Population 353
The Abiotic Environment 354
COWORKERS AND COOPERATORS INVOLVED IN SPECIFIC RESEARCH PROJECTS 357
SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF INSECT BIOLOGICAL CONTROL RESEARCH USING FUNGAL PATHOGENS 358
Awareness of Naturally Occurring Pathogens and Their Relevance to Biocontrol 359
Entomophaga grylli Mycosis of Grasshoppers 359
Augmentation of Fungal Pathogens for Biological Control 361
Beauveria bassiana Mycosis of Colorado Potato Beetles 362
Enhancement of Naturally Occurring Fungal Pathogens 364
Zoophthora Mycosis of the Alfalfa Weevil 365
Introduction of Exotic Fungal Pathogens 366
Introduction of Zoophthora radicans into the United States 366
CONCLUSION, RESEARCH NEEDS, AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 371
REFERENCES 373
21 Reactors' Comments 383
TIME FRAME FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND POLLUTION PREVENTION RESEARCH 383
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AS A PREVENTION STRATEGY 384
TIME FRAMES FOR SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION 385
REFERENCES 386
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE NORTHEAST 387
LONG-TERM, LOW-INPUT CROPPING SYSTEMS RESEARCH 388
PERSPECTIVES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FROM NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCES IN PENNSYLVANIA 389
USE OF FUNGAL PATHOGENS FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS 389
REFERENCE 390
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE FIELD 390
LONG-TERM, LOW-INPUT CROPPING SYSTEMS RESEARCH 391
PERSPECTIVES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FROM NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCES IN PENNSYLVANIA 391
USE OF FUNGAL PATHOGENS FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS 391
ADDITIONAL ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY STUDIES 392
On-Farm Analysis 392
Infrastructural Analysis 392
Consumer Analysis 392
Societal Analysis 392
Environmental Analysis 393
INFORMATION DELIVERY 393
REFERENCES 393
PART SIX Summary 395
22 Assessing the Progress of Sustainable Agriculture Research 397
REFERENCE 402
Appendix A Poster Sessions 403
LOW-INPUT SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FARM DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM 403
CHARACTERISTICS OF LISA-FDSS2 404
RMS Budgeting 404
Whole-Farm Planning 406
Custom Budgets 408
OBJECTIVES OF LISA-FDSS 409
NOTES 410
VOISIN CONTROLLED GRAZING MANAGEMENT: A BETTER WAY TO FARM 410
GUIDELINES FOR VOISIN CONTROLLED GRAZING MANAGEMENT IN VERMONT 411
Recovery Periods 411
Periods of Occupation 413
Paddock Size 414
Paddock Number 414
Fencing 414
Water 415
CONCLUSION 415
REFERENCES 415
Appendix B Expert Systems: An Aid to the Adoption of Sustainable Agriculture Systems 416
DESCRIPTION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS 417
DECISION MAKING FOR APPLE ORCHARDS 418
THE PENN STATE APPLE ORCHARD CONSULTANT 419
Structure of the Penn State Apple Orchard Consultant 421
Profiles 421
The Integrated Pest Management Module 422
PSAOC as a Tool for Sustainable Apple Production 423
Field Testing the System 423
Grower Surveys: System Use and Practice Change 424
General System Usage Patterns 424
General Practice Change Characteristics 427
Weekly Time Monitoring and Basic Economic Questionnaires 427
Further Mechanisms to Obtain Grower Evaluation, Feedback, and Training 430
Cooperators' Planning and Review Meetings 430
Midseason Grower Training Sessions 431
Electronic Mail Network Among Growers and Researchers 431
Site Visits to Cooperating Orchards 431
Grower Panel at Professional Meetings 431
Involvement with Cooperative Extension Agents 432
County Extension Agents Survey on Expert Systems for Fruit Growers 432
Extension Agent Expert System Training Session 432
Local Experts Network 433
CONCLUSIONS 433
RECOMMENDATIONS 434
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 435
REFERENCES 436
Authors 438
Copyright 2
Preface 5
Contents 7
Introduction 11
BASIC CONCEPTS AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS 13
Basic Concepts 13
Operational Definitions 14
PUBLIC POLICY AND RESEARCH IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 16
Research Challenges 18
REFERENCES 20
PART ONE Overview 21
1 The U.S. Department of Agriculture Commitment to Sustainable Agriculture 23
THE USDA APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 24
The Road Ahead 25
The Need for Hard Data 25
CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACHES THAT ARE UNDER WAY 25
The Roles of Universities and Farmers 26
THE NEED FOR A PROACTIVE EFFORT 27
LEGISLATIVE AND FUNDING INITIATIVES 28
Farm Bill 28
Request for LISA Funding 28
Commitment to Research 29
CONCLUSION 30
REFERENCES 31
2 Background and Status of the Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture Program 32
BACKGROUND 32
LEGISLATION 33
LISA PROGRAM ENACTMENT 36
LISA RESEARCH AND EDUCATION 37
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ABOUT THE LISA PROGRAM 38
THE FUTURE 40
REFERENCES 40
3 Challenges and Rewards of Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education 42
CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS 44
The Elements of Crop Production Systems 44
TOWARD SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS OF WHEAT PRODUCTION IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST 46
The Soil Fumigation Effect 47
The Crop Rotation Effect 53
The Crop Residue Effect 59
The Herbicide Effect 64
IMPROVEMENT OF ROOT HEALTH WITH BENEFICIAL MICROORGANISMS IN THE RHIZOSPHERE 65
ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE 72
Making Maximum Use of Biological Interactions and Cycles on the Farm 74
Crop Rotations and Tillage 74
Suppressive Soils 74
Biological Control of Insects with Indigenous Natural Enemies 75
Biological Nitrogen Fixation Using a Legume 75
Maximizing the General Resistance in Crops to Disease 76
Making an Occasional Release, Introduction, or Treatment 77
Classical Biological Control of Insects 77
The Deployment of Genes for Disease and Pest Resistance 77
Making Regular Inputs 78
Rhizobium Inoculations 80
THE EXPANDING AGENDA FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND EDUCATION 80
REFERENCES 83
4 Overview of Current Sustainable Agriculture Research 87
THE CHALLENGES 88
LISA: SUCCESSES AND LIMITATIONS 90
ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC, AND SOCIAL CHANGES ON THE GREAT PLAINS 92
Fallow on the Great Plains 92
The Changing Roles of Livestock 95
SCIENTIFIC LIMITATIONS 96
CONCLUSION 99
REFERENCES 100
5 Economic Considerations in Sustainable Agriculture for Midwestern Farmers 102
THREE LOW-INPUT FARMING SYSTEMS 104
Chemical and Organic Production System Demonstration Project in Northeastern Iowa 105
Rodale Conversion Project in Kutztown, Pennsylvania 107
Farming Systems Project in Central Iowa 108
Conclusion 109
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 109
Profitability 109
Societal Costs and Benefits 110
Farm Family Resources 111
Government Policies 112
Risk Management 112
Macrolevel Impacts 113
STEPS TOWARD SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 113
REFERENCES 115
PART TWO Research and Education in the Western Region 117
6 Comparative Study of Organic and Conventional Tomato Production Systems: An Approach to On-Farm Systems Studies 119
TERMINOLOGY 119
BACKGROUND RATIONALE 120
GOALS OF THE PROJECT 122
WHY AN ON-FARM STUDY? 123
METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS 125
Site Selection 126
Working with Farmers 128
ANALYTICAL APPROACHES 128
Sampling Techniques and Variables Measured 130
Statistical Analysis 130
PRELIMINARY RESULTS AND EVALUATION 131
Site Selection 131
Management Practices 135
Preliminary Results 135
CONCLUSION 136
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 137
REFERENCES 138
7 STEEP: A Model for Conservation and Environmental Research and Education 143
THE STEEP PROGRAM 144
STEEP Program Objectives 145
ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROGRAM 146
STEEP Program Extension 146
Farmer Support 146
STEEP PROGRAM RESEARCH ACCOMPLISHMENTS 147
Tillage and Plant Management 147
Plant Design 147
Erosion and Runoff Prediction 148
Pest Management 148
Socioeconomics of Erosion Control 148
Soil Erosion-Productivity Relationships 149
IMPACTS OF STEEP PROGRAM RESEARCH 149
FUTURE DIRECTIONS 150
Emerging Issues 150
STEEP II Program 151
CONCLUSION 153
REFERENCES 153
8 Soil Moisture Monitoring: A Practical Route to Irrigation Efficiency and Farm Resource Conservation 155
HOW SOIL MOISTURE MONITORING REDUCES GUESSWORK AND IMPROVES FARM RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 156
Scheduling Irrigations To Meet Crop Needs 156
Managing Equipment More Efficiently 156
Controlling Distribution and Drainage 157
Reducing Soil Compaction and Infiltration Problems 157
Converting to Conservation Tillage 157
Integrated Resource Management 157
TOOLS FOR MONITORING SOIL MOISTURE 158
Soil Moisture Monitoring and Other Approaches to Irrigation Management 159
INFORM'S RESEARCH: FORERUNNERS AND FINDINGS 159
Field Demonstrations, 1984\u20131986 160
Findings 162
GYPSUM BLOCK PROGRAMS IN CALIFORNIA AND COLORADO 162
The California Program, 1989\u20131990 163
Colorado's Ogallala Program 164
THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL ADVISERS AND AGENCIES 165
PRODUCERS OF GYPSUM BLOCKS 166
THE PUBLIC ROLE 166
REFERENCES 167
9 Reactors' Comments 168
RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE WESTERN REGION 168
REACTIONS 169
A FARMER'S PERSPECTIVE 171
REFERENCE 172
PART THREE Research and Education in the Southern Region 173
10 Southeastern Apple Integrated Pest Management 175
OVERVIEW OF SOUTHEASTERN ARTHROPOD PESTS AND DISEASES 176
PATHOLOGY RESEARCH 179
Postharvest Removal of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck 180
Chlorine Treatment Effects on Pesticide Residues 181
Shelf Life of Chlorine-Treated Apples 182
Phytotoxicity and Fruit Finish Trial 182
Conclusions of Fruit IPM Research 182
ENTOMOLOGY RESEARCH 183
Mating Disruption 183
Male Orientation to Traps 184
Damage Assessment 185
Ground Cover Management Inventory 185
Pesticide Applications Toxic to Beneficial Predators 186
Assessment of Grower Expertise for IPM 186
GEORGIA GROWER IPM TRIALS 187
REFERENCES 191
11 Low-Input Crop and Livestock Systems in the Southeastern United States 193
LOW-INPUT CROP AND LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS 194
RESEARCH PROJECT ORGANIZATION 196
CROP-LIVESTOCK SYSTEMS COMPARISON STUDY 196
Plot Location and Sampling 197
Pasture Establishment 198
Establishing the Crop Rotation Sequence 198
LISA System 198
Conventional System 198
Sampled Variables 199
LOW-INPUT CORN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 199
Contribution of Winter-Annual Legume and Small Grain Cover Crop Combinations to Silage Corn Production 200
Results 200
Evaluation of Alternative Cover Crop Management Practices for Winter-Annual Cover Crops in No-Till Corn 203
Results 205
Evaluation of Ridge-Till Corn Production Systems Using Winter-Annual Cover Crops 208
Results 209
EXPERT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT 210
EXTENSION EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS 212
CURRENT PROJECT STATUS AND FUTURE PLANS 212
REFERENCES 213
12 Solarization and Living Mulch to Optimize Low-Input Production System for Small Fruits 216
OBJECTIVE ONE: BLUEBERRY LIVING MULCHES 217
General Farm Background 217
Experimental Protocols 218
Results 220
Discussion 223
OBJECTIVE TWO: SOLARIZATION FOR STRAWBERRY PRODUCTION 226
General Farm Background 226
Experimental Protocols 227
Results 229
Soil Temperatures 229
Yield 229
Weed Control 230
Nematode Control 231
Soil Chemistry 231
Discussion 232
CONCLUSION 235
REFERENCES 235
13 Reactor's Comments 236
RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE SOUTH 236
PART FOUR Research and Education in the North Central Region 239
14 New Strategies for Reducing Insecticide Use in the Corn Belt 241
EFFECT OF SOIL INSECTICIDES ON CORN ROOTWORM POPULATION DYNAMICS 243
FACTORS INFLUENCING INSECTICIDE USE IN CORN PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 244
NEED FOR NEW CONTROL TECHNOLOGY FOR CORN ROOTWORMS IN THE CORN BELT 246
NEW MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR CORN ROOTWORMS 247
REFERENCES 256
15 On-Farm Research Comparing Conventional and Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture Systems in the Northern Great Plains 260
THE TWO CASE STUDY FARMS 261
PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE 263
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE 265
Baseline Results, Assuming No Premium Prices for Organic Crops 266
Implications of Premium Prices for Organic Crops 268
Policy Analyses 270
DISCUSSION 273
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 274
REFERENCES 275
16 Low-Input, High-Forage Beef Production 276
PRINCIPLES OF BEEF PRODUCTION IN THE CORN BELT 276
DESIGN OF THE STUDY 279
EARLY FINDINGS 280
High-Grain Versus High-Forage Experiments 280
Wintering Systems Experiments 281
Model Development 282
BREAK-EVEN BEEF PRICES OF ALTERNATIVE SYSTEMS 282
Wintering Systems 282
High-Grain Versus High-Forage Systems 283
Increased Grazing of Forages 285
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES 287
REFERENCES 288
17 Reactor's Comments 289
LOW-INPUT SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE PROJECTS, ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE, AND RELATED ISSUES 289
THREE NORTH CENTRAL LISA PROJECTS 289
New Strategies for Reducing Insecticide Use in the Corn Belt 289
On-Farm Research Comparing Conventional and Low-Input Sustainable Agriculture Systems 290
Low-Input, High-Forage Beef Production 292
Future Challenges 292
GENERAL COMMENTS 293
COMPETITIVE GRANTS 295
ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE 296
INTERGRATED CROP MANAGEMENT PROGRAM 297
ARE THE VARIOUS GROUPS REALLY AT ODDS? 298
REFERENCE 298
PART FIVE Research and Education in the Northeastern Region 299
18 Long-Term, Low-Input Cropping Systems Research 301
THE RODALE FARMING SYSTEMS TRIAL 302
THE CORNELL CROPPING SYSTEMS EXPERIMENT 309
THE RODALE LOW-INPUT, REDUCED-TILLAGE EXPERIMENT 314
LONG-TERM CROPPING SYSTEMS COMPARISONS 320
MEANINGFUL INTEGRATION OF FARMER AND RESEARCHER INFORMATION 321
SUMMARY 322
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 324
REFERENCES 324
19 Perspectives for Sustainable Agriculture from Plant Nutrient Management Experiences in Pennsylvania 328
PLANT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGY IMPLICATIONS 330
MONITORING WHOLE FARMS 333
PLANT NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT PROCESS 338
NORMAL SCIENCE, LEARNING, AND PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES 340
CONCLUSION 343
REFERENCES 343
20 Use of Fungal Pathogens for Biological Control of Insect Pests 346
FUNGAL PATHOGEN LIFE CYCLES AND BIOLOGY 349
DISEASE EPIZOOTIOLOGY 352
The Pathogen Population 352
The Host Population 353
The Abiotic Environment 354
COWORKERS AND COOPERATORS INVOLVED IN SPECIFIC RESEARCH PROJECTS 357
SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF INSECT BIOLOGICAL CONTROL RESEARCH USING FUNGAL PATHOGENS 358
Awareness of Naturally Occurring Pathogens and Their Relevance to Biocontrol 359
Entomophaga grylli Mycosis of Grasshoppers 359
Augmentation of Fungal Pathogens for Biological Control 361
Beauveria bassiana Mycosis of Colorado Potato Beetles 362
Enhancement of Naturally Occurring Fungal Pathogens 364
Zoophthora Mycosis of the Alfalfa Weevil 365
Introduction of Exotic Fungal Pathogens 366
Introduction of Zoophthora radicans into the United States 366
CONCLUSION, RESEARCH NEEDS, AND FUTURE APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 371
REFERENCES 373
21 Reactors' Comments 383
TIME FRAME FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND POLLUTION PREVENTION RESEARCH 383
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AS A PREVENTION STRATEGY 384
TIME FRAMES FOR SUSTAINABLE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION 385
REFERENCES 386
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE NORTHEAST 387
LONG-TERM, LOW-INPUT CROPPING SYSTEMS RESEARCH 388
PERSPECTIVES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FROM NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCES IN PENNSYLVANIA 389
USE OF FUNGAL PATHOGENS FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS 389
REFERENCE 390
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE FIELD 390
LONG-TERM, LOW-INPUT CROPPING SYSTEMS RESEARCH 391
PERSPECTIVES FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FROM NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCES IN PENNSYLVANIA 391
USE OF FUNGAL PATHOGENS FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECT PESTS 391
ADDITIONAL ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY STUDIES 392
On-Farm Analysis 392
Infrastructural Analysis 392
Consumer Analysis 392
Societal Analysis 392
Environmental Analysis 393
INFORMATION DELIVERY 393
REFERENCES 393
PART SIX Summary 395
22 Assessing the Progress of Sustainable Agriculture Research 397
REFERENCE 402
Appendix A Poster Sessions 403
LOW-INPUT SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FARM DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM 403
CHARACTERISTICS OF LISA-FDSS2 404
RMS Budgeting 404
Whole-Farm Planning 406
Custom Budgets 408
OBJECTIVES OF LISA-FDSS 409
NOTES 410
VOISIN CONTROLLED GRAZING MANAGEMENT: A BETTER WAY TO FARM 410
GUIDELINES FOR VOISIN CONTROLLED GRAZING MANAGEMENT IN VERMONT 411
Recovery Periods 411
Periods of Occupation 413
Paddock Size 414
Paddock Number 414
Fencing 414
Water 415
CONCLUSION 415
REFERENCES 415
Appendix B Expert Systems: An Aid to the Adoption of Sustainable Agriculture Systems 416
DESCRIPTION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS 417
DECISION MAKING FOR APPLE ORCHARDS 418
THE PENN STATE APPLE ORCHARD CONSULTANT 419
Structure of the Penn State Apple Orchard Consultant 421
Profiles 421
The Integrated Pest Management Module 422
PSAOC as a Tool for Sustainable Apple Production 423
Field Testing the System 423
Grower Surveys: System Use and Practice Change 424
General System Usage Patterns 424
General Practice Change Characteristics 427
Weekly Time Monitoring and Basic Economic Questionnaires 427
Further Mechanisms to Obtain Grower Evaluation, Feedback, and Training 430
Cooperators' Planning and Review Meetings 430
Midseason Grower Training Sessions 431
Electronic Mail Network Among Growers and Researchers 431
Site Visits to Cooperating Orchards 431
Grower Panel at Professional Meetings 431
Involvement with Cooperative Extension Agents 432
County Extension Agents Survey on Expert Systems for Fruit Growers 432
Extension Agent Expert System Training Session 432
Local Experts Network 433
CONCLUSIONS 433
RECOMMENDATIONS 434
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 435
REFERENCES 436
Authors 438
Sustainable agriculture research and education in the field A proceesings
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