简介
Arne Naess is considered one of the most important philosophers of the twentieth century. He has been a tremendously prolific author, yet his works as a whole have remained largely unavailable 鈥?until now. Springer made available for the first time, a definitive 10-volume collection of Arne Naess鈥檚 life鈥檚 works: The Selected Works of Arne Naess. The Selected Works of Arne Naess (SWAN) presents a major overview of Arne Naess鈥檚 thinking and provides an extensive collection of this prolific philosopher鈥檚 principal writings. Some of Naess鈥檚 most important publications have never before been available in English. Many others are out of print. Often, his papers were published in obscure and inaccessible journals. And because Naess has been so prolific, many of his most important papers still remain unpublished. The publication of SWAN makes Naess鈥檚 work more fully accessible to scholars, students, and critics alike.
目录
Interpretation and Preciseness 1
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME I: Interpretation and Preciseness 4
Contents 6
List of Figures and Tables 14
Series Editor\u2019s Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 15
Author's Introduction to the Series 61
Author's Preface to This Edition 67
Acknowledgments for the 1953 Edition 70
Author's Foreword to the First Edition 71
Introduction 79
I Basic Terms 82
II Basic Terms Continued 160
III Misinterpretation and Pseudoagreement 214
IV Definitoid Statements 238
V Elementary Analysis 286
VI Occurrence Analysis 377
VII Introduction of a Group of Concepts or Tests of Synonymity 465
VIII Synonymity Questionnaires in Use 527
Notes 570
References 579
Index 587
Scepticism 598
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME II: Scepticism 601
Contents 603
Series Editor\u2019s Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 606
Author's Introduction to the Series 651
Author's Preface to This Edition 657
Author's Foreword to the First Edition 659
I Pyrrho's Scepticism According to Sextus Empiricus 660
II The Psychological Possibility of Scepticism 692
III Scepticism and Positive Mental Health 715
IV Conceptual Complementarity of Evidence and Truth Requirements 728
V Dialectics of Modern Epistemological Scepticism 761
Notes 805
References 814
Index 819
Which World Is the Real One? 830
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME III: Which Worls Is the Real One? 833
Contents 835
Series Editor\u2019s Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 837
Author's Introduction to the Series 882
Author's Preface to This Edition 888
Introduction 892
I Descriptions of Maximally Comprehensive Perspectives 901
II Comparison of Different Total Views 961
III Metaphysics as Exposure of Presuppositions 973
IV Can There Be, Ultimately, Only One Valid Total System? 982
V Cultures Construed as All-Embracing Systems 993
VI Some Conclusions 1031
Notes 1038
References 1042
Index 1047
The Pluralist and Possibilist Aspect of the Scientific Enterprise 1059
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME IV: The Pluralist and Possibilist Aspect of the Scientific Enterprise 1062
Contents 1064
List of Figures and Table 1066
Series Editor\u2019s Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 1067
Author's Introduction to the Series 1112
Author's Preface to This Edition 1118
Author's Foreword to the First Edition 1120
I The Impact of the New Historiography of Science 1122
II Experimental Setup, Rank Dimensions, and Pluralism 1134
III Theory and Theoretical Idea 1171
IV The Unimpressiveness of Impossibilities 1190
V The New Historiography Applied to Itself: General Possibilism 1228
Appendix Historical Note on Possibilistic Pluralism 1254
Notes 1258
References 1264
Index 1272
Gandhi and Group Conflict 1283
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME V: Gandhi and Group Conflict 1286
Contents 1288
List of Figures 1291
Series Editor\u2019s Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 1292
Author's Introduction to the Series 1337
Author's Preface to This Edition 1343
Author's Foreword to the First Edition 1345
I Gandhi's Experiments 1348
II The Metaphysics of Satyagraha 1362
III Norms and Hypotheses of Gandhian Ethics and Strategy of Group Struggle 1399
IV Nonviolence and the \ 1442
V Comparison with Certain Other Philosophies of Conflict 1475
Appendix I Life of Gandhi: Chronology of Satyagraha 1497
Appendix II Norms and Hypotheses: A Survey 1500
Appendix III Key Expressions in Norms and Hypotheses 1505
Notes 1506
References 1511
Index 1516
Freedom, Emotion, and Self-Subsistence 1528
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME VI: Freedom, Emotion, and Self-Subsistence 1531
Contents 1533
Series Editor\u2019s Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 1535
Author's Introduction to the Series 1580
Author's Preface to This Edition 1586
Author's Preface to the First Edition 1589
Abbreviations 1590
Introduction 1591
I The Fundamental Dual Distinction: \ 1598
II Existence and Freedom 1611
III Causation, Cognition, and Action 1618
IV Grading Basic Distinctions 1639
V The Road to Freedom Through Active Emotion 1668
VI Joy 1679
VII Good and Bad and Usefulness 1696
VIII Virtue and Reason 1701
IX Self-Satisfaction 1707
Appendix I Approximate Signifaction of Single-Letter Symbols 1713
Appendix II Approximate Meaning of Multiple-Letter Symbols 1714
Appendix III Basic Equivalences 1717
Notes 1719
References 1722
Index 1724
Communication and Argument 1737
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME VII: Communication and Argument 1740
Contents 1742
List of Figures 1744
Series Editor\u2019s Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 1745
Author's Introduction to the Series 1790
Author's Preface to This Edition 1796
Author's Foreword to the First Edition 1799
I Interpretation 1801
II Precization and Definition 1825
III Analytic and Synthetic Sentences 1855
IV Agreement and Disagreement 1863
V Surveys of Arguments for and Against a Standpoint 1875
VI Effective Discussion 1896
References 1909
Index 1910
Common Sense, Knowledge, and Truth 1918
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME VIII: Common Sense, Knowledge, and Truth 1921
Contents 1923
List of Figures and Tables 1925
Series Editor's Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 1926
Author's Introduction to the Series 1972
Preface by Alan Drengson 1978
Author's Preface Reflections on My Papers and the Selections in SWAN VIII\u2013X 1985
I EMPIRICAL SEMANTICS AND \u2018TRUTH\u2019 1992
1 Common Sense and Truth 1993
2 Logical Equivalence, Intentional Isomorphism, and Synonymity as Studied by Questionnaires 2012
3 A Study of Or 2022
4 Typology of Questionnaires Adapted to the Study of Expressions with Closely Related Meanings 2033
5 The Empirical Semantics of Key Terms, Phrases, and Sentences: Empirical Semantics Applied to Nonprofessional Language 2047
6 A Necessary Component of Logic: Empirical Argumentation Analysis 2067
7 \ 2077
II ZETETICISM 2091
8 Husserl on the Apodictic Evidence of Ideal Laws 2092
9 Can Knowledge Be Reached? 2102
10 Pyrrhonism Revisited 2111
11 Trust and Confidence in the Absence of Strict Knowledge and Truth: An Answer to Nicholas Rescher's Critical Reappraisal of Scepticism 2124
III EMPIRICISM, POSSIBILISM, AND PLURALISM 2145
12 How Can the Empirical Movement Be Promoted Today? A Discussion of the Empiricism of Otto Neurath and Rudolf Carnap 2146
13 The Glass Is on the Table 2199
14 Logical Empiricism and the Uniqueness of the Schlick Seminar: A Personal Experience with Consequences 2243
15 The Spirit of the Vienna Circle Devoted to Questions of Lebens- and Weltauffassung 2261
IV METAPHYSICS, MORALS, AND GESTALT ONTOLOGY 2273
16 Do We Know That Basic Norms Cannot Be True or False? 2274
17 We Still Do Not Know That Norms Cannot Be True or False: A Reply to Dag Osterberg 2294
18 The Principle of Intensity 2300
19 Creativity and Gestalt Thinking 2307
20 Gestalt Thinking and Buddhism 2312
21 Kierkegaard and the Values of Education 2322
Notes 2328
References 2339
Index 2346
Reason, Democracy, and Science 2358
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME IX: Reason, Democracy, and Science 2361
Contents 2363
Series Editor's Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 2365
Author's Introduction to the Series 2411
Preface by Alan Drengson 2417
Author's Preface Reflections on My Papers and the Selections in SWAN VIII\u2013X 2425
I DEMOCRACY, IDEOLOGY, AND RATIONALITY 2432
1 The Function of Ideological Convictions 2433
2 Analytical Survey of Agreements and Disagreements 2458
3 Ideology and Rationality 2520
II PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2530
4 Science as Behavior: Prospects and Limitations of a Behavioral Metascience 2531
5 A Plea for Pluralism in Philosophy and Physics 2550
6 The Case Against Science 2572
7 On the Structure and Function of Paradigms in Science 2591
8 Why Not Science for Anarchists Too? 2601
III THE PHILOSOPHY OF PEACE AND GANDHIAN ETHICS AND COMMUNICATION 2613
9 Nonmilitary Defense 2614
10 Can Violence Lead to Nonviolence? Gandhi's Point of View 2627
11 Consequences of an Absolute No to Nuclear War 2640
IV SPINOZA 2656
12 Is Freedom Consistent with Spinoza's Determinism? 2657
13 Through Spinoza to Maha-ya-na Buddhism or Through Mahayana Buddhism to Spinoza? 2677
14 An Application of Empirical Argumentation Analysis to Spinoza's Ethics 2699
15 Spinoza's Finite God 2706
16 Einstein, Spinoza, and God 2712
V PHILOSOPHICAL DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENT, AND EDUCATION 2719
17 How My Philosophy Seemed to Develop 2720
18 Deep Ecology and Education: A Conversation with Arne Naess 2736
Notes 2751
References 2771
Index 2779
Deep Ecology of Wisdom 2790
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME X: Deep Ecology of Wisdom 2793
Contents 2795
List of Figures and Tables 2798
Series Editor's Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 2799
Author's Introduction to the Series 2845
Preface by Bill Devall and Alan Drengson 2851
Author's Preface Reflections on My Papers and the Selections in SWAN VIII-X 2858
I THE LONG-RANGE DEEP ECOLOGY MOVEMENT 2865
1 Nature Ebbing Out 2866
2 The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement: A Summary 2869
3 The Basics of Deep Ecology 2875
4 Deepness of Questions and the Deep Ecology Movement 2883
5 The Deep Ecology Movement: Some Philosophical Aspects 2894
6 The Deep Ecology \u201cEight Points\u201d Revisited 2917
7 Equality, Sameness, and Rights 2927
8 The Breadth and the Limits of the Deep Ecology Movement 2931
9 The Apron Diagram 2935
10 What Do We as Supporters of the Deep Ecology Movement Stand for and Believe In? 2942
11 A Note on the Prehistory and History of the Deep Ecology Movement 2948
12 Antifascist Character of the Eight Points of the Deep Ecology Movement 2952
II VALUES, LIFESTYLE, AND SUSTAINABILITY 2961
13 Deep Ecology and Lifestyle 2962
14 The Place of Joy in a World of Fact 2966
15 Beautiful Action: Its Function in the Ecological Crisis 2977
16 Should We Try to Relieve Clear Cases of Suffering in Nature? 2984
17 Sustainability! The Integral Approach 2993
18 Expert Views on the Inherent Value of Nature 3003
19 The Arrogance of Antihumanism 3039
III DEEP ECOLOGY AND POLITICS 3042
20 Politics and the Ecological Crisis: An Introductory Note 3043
21 The Politics of the Deep Ecology Movement 3053
22 The Three Great Movements 3071
IV DEEP ECOLOGY PRACTICES: INTEGRATING CULTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 3078
23 The Encouraging Richness and Diversity of Ultimate Premises in Environmental Philosophy 3079
24 The Third World, Wilderness, and Deep Ecology 3100
25 Cultural Diversity and the Deep Ecology Movement 3112
26 Population Reduction: An Ecosophical View 3123
27 Migration and Ecological Unsustainability 3130
28 Self-Realization in Mixed Communities of Human Beings, Bears, Sheep, and Wolves 3137
29 Philosophy of Wolf Policies I: General Principles and Preliminary Exploration of Selected Norms Coauthored with Ivar Mysterud 3147
30 Deep Ecology and Conservation Biology 3170
31 The Tragedy of Norwegian Whaling 3174
32 Letter Sent October 1971 to the King of Nepal 3180
V THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PLACE: AT HOME IN THE MOUNTAINS 3182
33 An Example of a Place: Tvergastein 3183
34 Some Ethical Considerations with a View to Mountaineering in Norway 3204
35 Modesty and the Conquest of Mountains 3208
36 The South Wall of Tirich Mir East 3212
VI SPINOZA AND GANDHI AS INSPIRATION FOR DEEP ECOLOGY 3222
37 Spinoza and Attitudes Toward Nature 3223
38 Spinoza and the Deep Ecology Movement 3237
39 A Systematization of Gandhian Ethics of Conflict Resolution 3262
VII UNDERSTANDING NAESS\u2019S UNIQUE APPROACH TO DEEP ECOLOGY 3287
40 The World of Concrete Contents 3288
41 Gestalt Ontology and Gestalt Thinking 3300
42 Reflections About Total Views 3306
43 Notes on the Methodology of Normative Systems 3322
44 Paul Feyerabend\u2014A Green Hero? 3337
VIII THEORETICAL DIMENSIONS OF DEEP ECOLOGY AND ECOSOPHY T 3350
45 Self-Realization: An Ecological Approach to Being in the World 3351
46 The Connection of \u201cSelf-Realization!\u201d with Diversity, Complexity, and Symbiosis 3367
47 Integration of the \u201cEight Points\u201d into Ecosophy T 3371
48 A Note on Definition, Criteria, and Characterizations 3372
49 Docta Ignorantia and the Application of General Guidelines 3376
50 Ranking, Yes, but the Inherent Value Is the Same: An Answer to William C. French 3381
51 The Heart of the Forest 3385
52 Metaphysics of the Treeline 3388
53 Avalanches as Social Constructions 3392
IX DEEP ECOLOGY AND THE FUTURE 3394
54 Sustainable Development and Deep Ecology 3395
55 Industrial Society, Postmodernity, and Ecological Sustainability 3408
56 An Outline of the Problems Ahead 3423
57 Deep Ecology for the Twenty-second Century 3441
Notes 3447
References 3468
Comprehensive Bibliography of Arne Naess\u2019s Works in English 3480
Index 3499
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME I: Interpretation and Preciseness 4
Contents 6
List of Figures and Tables 14
Series Editor\u2019s Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 15
Author's Introduction to the Series 61
Author's Preface to This Edition 67
Acknowledgments for the 1953 Edition 70
Author's Foreword to the First Edition 71
Introduction 79
I Basic Terms 82
II Basic Terms Continued 160
III Misinterpretation and Pseudoagreement 214
IV Definitoid Statements 238
V Elementary Analysis 286
VI Occurrence Analysis 377
VII Introduction of a Group of Concepts or Tests of Synonymity 465
VIII Synonymity Questionnaires in Use 527
Notes 570
References 579
Index 587
Scepticism 598
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME II: Scepticism 601
Contents 603
Series Editor\u2019s Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 606
Author's Introduction to the Series 651
Author's Preface to This Edition 657
Author's Foreword to the First Edition 659
I Pyrrho's Scepticism According to Sextus Empiricus 660
II The Psychological Possibility of Scepticism 692
III Scepticism and Positive Mental Health 715
IV Conceptual Complementarity of Evidence and Truth Requirements 728
V Dialectics of Modern Epistemological Scepticism 761
Notes 805
References 814
Index 819
Which World Is the Real One? 830
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME III: Which Worls Is the Real One? 833
Contents 835
Series Editor\u2019s Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 837
Author's Introduction to the Series 882
Author's Preface to This Edition 888
Introduction 892
I Descriptions of Maximally Comprehensive Perspectives 901
II Comparison of Different Total Views 961
III Metaphysics as Exposure of Presuppositions 973
IV Can There Be, Ultimately, Only One Valid Total System? 982
V Cultures Construed as All-Embracing Systems 993
VI Some Conclusions 1031
Notes 1038
References 1042
Index 1047
The Pluralist and Possibilist Aspect of the Scientific Enterprise 1059
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME IV: The Pluralist and Possibilist Aspect of the Scientific Enterprise 1062
Contents 1064
List of Figures and Table 1066
Series Editor\u2019s Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 1067
Author's Introduction to the Series 1112
Author's Preface to This Edition 1118
Author's Foreword to the First Edition 1120
I The Impact of the New Historiography of Science 1122
II Experimental Setup, Rank Dimensions, and Pluralism 1134
III Theory and Theoretical Idea 1171
IV The Unimpressiveness of Impossibilities 1190
V The New Historiography Applied to Itself: General Possibilism 1228
Appendix Historical Note on Possibilistic Pluralism 1254
Notes 1258
References 1264
Index 1272
Gandhi and Group Conflict 1283
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME V: Gandhi and Group Conflict 1286
Contents 1288
List of Figures 1291
Series Editor\u2019s Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 1292
Author's Introduction to the Series 1337
Author's Preface to This Edition 1343
Author's Foreword to the First Edition 1345
I Gandhi's Experiments 1348
II The Metaphysics of Satyagraha 1362
III Norms and Hypotheses of Gandhian Ethics and Strategy of Group Struggle 1399
IV Nonviolence and the \ 1442
V Comparison with Certain Other Philosophies of Conflict 1475
Appendix I Life of Gandhi: Chronology of Satyagraha 1497
Appendix II Norms and Hypotheses: A Survey 1500
Appendix III Key Expressions in Norms and Hypotheses 1505
Notes 1506
References 1511
Index 1516
Freedom, Emotion, and Self-Subsistence 1528
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME VI: Freedom, Emotion, and Self-Subsistence 1531
Contents 1533
Series Editor\u2019s Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 1535
Author's Introduction to the Series 1580
Author's Preface to This Edition 1586
Author's Preface to the First Edition 1589
Abbreviations 1590
Introduction 1591
I The Fundamental Dual Distinction: \ 1598
II Existence and Freedom 1611
III Causation, Cognition, and Action 1618
IV Grading Basic Distinctions 1639
V The Road to Freedom Through Active Emotion 1668
VI Joy 1679
VII Good and Bad and Usefulness 1696
VIII Virtue and Reason 1701
IX Self-Satisfaction 1707
Appendix I Approximate Signifaction of Single-Letter Symbols 1713
Appendix II Approximate Meaning of Multiple-Letter Symbols 1714
Appendix III Basic Equivalences 1717
Notes 1719
References 1722
Index 1724
Communication and Argument 1737
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME VII: Communication and Argument 1740
Contents 1742
List of Figures 1744
Series Editor\u2019s Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 1745
Author's Introduction to the Series 1790
Author's Preface to This Edition 1796
Author's Foreword to the First Edition 1799
I Interpretation 1801
II Precization and Definition 1825
III Analytic and Synthetic Sentences 1855
IV Agreement and Disagreement 1863
V Surveys of Arguments for and Against a Standpoint 1875
VI Effective Discussion 1896
References 1909
Index 1910
Common Sense, Knowledge, and Truth 1918
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME VIII: Common Sense, Knowledge, and Truth 1921
Contents 1923
List of Figures and Tables 1925
Series Editor's Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 1926
Author's Introduction to the Series 1972
Preface by Alan Drengson 1978
Author's Preface Reflections on My Papers and the Selections in SWAN VIII\u2013X 1985
I EMPIRICAL SEMANTICS AND \u2018TRUTH\u2019 1992
1 Common Sense and Truth 1993
2 Logical Equivalence, Intentional Isomorphism, and Synonymity as Studied by Questionnaires 2012
3 A Study of Or 2022
4 Typology of Questionnaires Adapted to the Study of Expressions with Closely Related Meanings 2033
5 The Empirical Semantics of Key Terms, Phrases, and Sentences: Empirical Semantics Applied to Nonprofessional Language 2047
6 A Necessary Component of Logic: Empirical Argumentation Analysis 2067
7 \ 2077
II ZETETICISM 2091
8 Husserl on the Apodictic Evidence of Ideal Laws 2092
9 Can Knowledge Be Reached? 2102
10 Pyrrhonism Revisited 2111
11 Trust and Confidence in the Absence of Strict Knowledge and Truth: An Answer to Nicholas Rescher's Critical Reappraisal of Scepticism 2124
III EMPIRICISM, POSSIBILISM, AND PLURALISM 2145
12 How Can the Empirical Movement Be Promoted Today? A Discussion of the Empiricism of Otto Neurath and Rudolf Carnap 2146
13 The Glass Is on the Table 2199
14 Logical Empiricism and the Uniqueness of the Schlick Seminar: A Personal Experience with Consequences 2243
15 The Spirit of the Vienna Circle Devoted to Questions of Lebens- and Weltauffassung 2261
IV METAPHYSICS, MORALS, AND GESTALT ONTOLOGY 2273
16 Do We Know That Basic Norms Cannot Be True or False? 2274
17 We Still Do Not Know That Norms Cannot Be True or False: A Reply to Dag Osterberg 2294
18 The Principle of Intensity 2300
19 Creativity and Gestalt Thinking 2307
20 Gestalt Thinking and Buddhism 2312
21 Kierkegaard and the Values of Education 2322
Notes 2328
References 2339
Index 2346
Reason, Democracy, and Science 2358
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME IX: Reason, Democracy, and Science 2361
Contents 2363
Series Editor's Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 2365
Author's Introduction to the Series 2411
Preface by Alan Drengson 2417
Author's Preface Reflections on My Papers and the Selections in SWAN VIII\u2013X 2425
I DEMOCRACY, IDEOLOGY, AND RATIONALITY 2432
1 The Function of Ideological Convictions 2433
2 Analytical Survey of Agreements and Disagreements 2458
3 Ideology and Rationality 2520
II PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE 2530
4 Science as Behavior: Prospects and Limitations of a Behavioral Metascience 2531
5 A Plea for Pluralism in Philosophy and Physics 2550
6 The Case Against Science 2572
7 On the Structure and Function of Paradigms in Science 2591
8 Why Not Science for Anarchists Too? 2601
III THE PHILOSOPHY OF PEACE AND GANDHIAN ETHICS AND COMMUNICATION 2613
9 Nonmilitary Defense 2614
10 Can Violence Lead to Nonviolence? Gandhi's Point of View 2627
11 Consequences of an Absolute No to Nuclear War 2640
IV SPINOZA 2656
12 Is Freedom Consistent with Spinoza's Determinism? 2657
13 Through Spinoza to Maha-ya-na Buddhism or Through Mahayana Buddhism to Spinoza? 2677
14 An Application of Empirical Argumentation Analysis to Spinoza's Ethics 2699
15 Spinoza's Finite God 2706
16 Einstein, Spinoza, and God 2712
V PHILOSOPHICAL DEVELOPMENT, ENVIRONMENT, AND EDUCATION 2719
17 How My Philosophy Seemed to Develop 2720
18 Deep Ecology and Education: A Conversation with Arne Naess 2736
Notes 2751
References 2771
Index 2779
Deep Ecology of Wisdom 2790
The Selected Works of Arne Naess, VOLUME X: Deep Ecology of Wisdom 2793
Contents 2795
List of Figures and Tables 2798
Series Editor's Introduction Arne Naess\u2014A Wandering Wonderer: Bringing the Search for Wisdom Back to Life 2799
Author's Introduction to the Series 2845
Preface by Bill Devall and Alan Drengson 2851
Author's Preface Reflections on My Papers and the Selections in SWAN VIII-X 2858
I THE LONG-RANGE DEEP ECOLOGY MOVEMENT 2865
1 Nature Ebbing Out 2866
2 The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement: A Summary 2869
3 The Basics of Deep Ecology 2875
4 Deepness of Questions and the Deep Ecology Movement 2883
5 The Deep Ecology Movement: Some Philosophical Aspects 2894
6 The Deep Ecology \u201cEight Points\u201d Revisited 2917
7 Equality, Sameness, and Rights 2927
8 The Breadth and the Limits of the Deep Ecology Movement 2931
9 The Apron Diagram 2935
10 What Do We as Supporters of the Deep Ecology Movement Stand for and Believe In? 2942
11 A Note on the Prehistory and History of the Deep Ecology Movement 2948
12 Antifascist Character of the Eight Points of the Deep Ecology Movement 2952
II VALUES, LIFESTYLE, AND SUSTAINABILITY 2961
13 Deep Ecology and Lifestyle 2962
14 The Place of Joy in a World of Fact 2966
15 Beautiful Action: Its Function in the Ecological Crisis 2977
16 Should We Try to Relieve Clear Cases of Suffering in Nature? 2984
17 Sustainability! The Integral Approach 2993
18 Expert Views on the Inherent Value of Nature 3003
19 The Arrogance of Antihumanism 3039
III DEEP ECOLOGY AND POLITICS 3042
20 Politics and the Ecological Crisis: An Introductory Note 3043
21 The Politics of the Deep Ecology Movement 3053
22 The Three Great Movements 3071
IV DEEP ECOLOGY PRACTICES: INTEGRATING CULTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 3078
23 The Encouraging Richness and Diversity of Ultimate Premises in Environmental Philosophy 3079
24 The Third World, Wilderness, and Deep Ecology 3100
25 Cultural Diversity and the Deep Ecology Movement 3112
26 Population Reduction: An Ecosophical View 3123
27 Migration and Ecological Unsustainability 3130
28 Self-Realization in Mixed Communities of Human Beings, Bears, Sheep, and Wolves 3137
29 Philosophy of Wolf Policies I: General Principles and Preliminary Exploration of Selected Norms Coauthored with Ivar Mysterud 3147
30 Deep Ecology and Conservation Biology 3170
31 The Tragedy of Norwegian Whaling 3174
32 Letter Sent October 1971 to the King of Nepal 3180
V THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PLACE: AT HOME IN THE MOUNTAINS 3182
33 An Example of a Place: Tvergastein 3183
34 Some Ethical Considerations with a View to Mountaineering in Norway 3204
35 Modesty and the Conquest of Mountains 3208
36 The South Wall of Tirich Mir East 3212
VI SPINOZA AND GANDHI AS INSPIRATION FOR DEEP ECOLOGY 3222
37 Spinoza and Attitudes Toward Nature 3223
38 Spinoza and the Deep Ecology Movement 3237
39 A Systematization of Gandhian Ethics of Conflict Resolution 3262
VII UNDERSTANDING NAESS\u2019S UNIQUE APPROACH TO DEEP ECOLOGY 3287
40 The World of Concrete Contents 3288
41 Gestalt Ontology and Gestalt Thinking 3300
42 Reflections About Total Views 3306
43 Notes on the Methodology of Normative Systems 3322
44 Paul Feyerabend\u2014A Green Hero? 3337
VIII THEORETICAL DIMENSIONS OF DEEP ECOLOGY AND ECOSOPHY T 3350
45 Self-Realization: An Ecological Approach to Being in the World 3351
46 The Connection of \u201cSelf-Realization!\u201d with Diversity, Complexity, and Symbiosis 3367
47 Integration of the \u201cEight Points\u201d into Ecosophy T 3371
48 A Note on Definition, Criteria, and Characterizations 3372
49 Docta Ignorantia and the Application of General Guidelines 3376
50 Ranking, Yes, but the Inherent Value Is the Same: An Answer to William C. French 3381
51 The Heart of the Forest 3385
52 Metaphysics of the Treeline 3388
53 Avalanches as Social Constructions 3392
IX DEEP ECOLOGY AND THE FUTURE 3394
54 Sustainable Development and Deep Ecology 3395
55 Industrial Society, Postmodernity, and Ecological Sustainability 3408
56 An Outline of the Problems Ahead 3423
57 Deep Ecology for the Twenty-second Century 3441
Notes 3447
References 3468
Comprehensive Bibliography of Arne Naess\u2019s Works in English 3480
Index 3499
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