Preface
Part I What Is Ethics? Plato
Crito Socratic Morality
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part II Ethical Relativism Versus Ethical Objectivism
Herodotus: Custom is King Thomas Aquinas
Objectivism: Natural Law Ruth Benedict
A Defense of Ethical Relativism Louis Pojman
A Critique of Ethical Relativism Gilbert Harman
Moral Relativism Defended Alan Gewirth
The Objective Status of Human Rights
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part III Morality, Self-Interest and Future Selves Plato
Why Be Moral? Richard Taylor
On the Socratic Dilemma David Gauthier
Morality and Advantage Gregory Kavka
A Reconciliation Project Derek Parfit
Later Selves and Moral Principles Bernard Williams
Persons, Character, and Morality
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part IV Value Jeremy Bentham
Classical Hedonism Robert Nozick
The Experience Machine Richard Taylor
Value and the Origin of Right and Wrong Friedrich Nietzsche
The Transvaluation of Values Derek Parfit
What Makes Someone's Life Go Best? Thomas Nagel
Value: The View from Nowhere
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part V Utilitarianism and Consequentialism John Stuart Mill
Utilitarianism J.J.C. Smart
Extreme and Restricted Utilitarianism Kai Nielsen
Against Moral Conservatism Bernard Williams
Against Utilitarianism John Hospers
Rule-Utilitarianism Robert Nozick
Side Constraints Peter Singer
Famine, Affluence and Morality
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part VI Kantian and Deontological Systems Immanuel Kant
Foundation for the Metaphysic of Morals W. D. Ross
What Makes Right Acts Right? Onora O'Neill
Kantian Formula of the End in Itself and World Hunger Thomas Nagel
Moral Luck Philippa Foot
Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives Judith Jarvis Thomson
Killing, Letting Die, and the Trolley Problem
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part VII Contractarian Ethical Systems Thomas Hobbes
The Leviathan David Gauthier
Why Contractarianism? John Rawls
Contractualism: Justice as Fairness T.M. Scanlon
Contractualism and Utilitarianism
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part VIII Virtue-Based Ethical Systems Aristotle
The Ethics of Virtue Bernard Mayo
Virtue and the Moral Life William Frankena
A Critique of Virtue-Based Ethics Walter Schaller
Are Virtues No More than Dispositions to Obey Moral Rules? Alasdair MacIntyre
The Nature of the Virtues Susan Wolf
Moral Saints Louis P. Pojman
In Defense of Moral Saints
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part IX The Fact/Value Problem: Metaethics In The Twentieth Century David Hume
On Reason and the Emotions: The Fact/Value Distinction G. E. Moore
Non-Naturalism A. J. Ayer
Emotivism R. M. Hare
Prescriptivism: The Structure of Ethics and Morals Geoffrey Warnock
The Object of Morality
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part X Moral Realism And The Challenge Of Skepticism J.L. Mackie
The Subjectivity of Values Jonathan Harrison
A Critique of Mackie's Error Theory Gilbert Harman
Moral Nihilism Nicholas Sturgeon
Moral Explanations Bernard Williams
Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy Bruce Russell
Two Forms of Ethical Skepticism Michael Smith
A Defense of Moral Realism
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part XI Religion and Ethics Plato
Morality and Religion Immanuel Kant
God and Immortality as Necessary Postulates of Morality George Mavrodes
Religious and the Queerness of Morality Kai Nielson
Ethics Without God
Suggestions for Further Reading
Part XII Contemporary Challenges To Classical Ethical Theory
Part A Sociobiology and the Question of Moral Responsibility Charles Darwin
Ethics and the Descent of Man E.O.Wilson
Sociobiology and Ethics Michael Ruse
Evolution and Ethics: The Sociobiological Approach Elliot Sober
Prospects for an Evolutionary Ethics J.L. Mackie
The Law of the Jungle, Evolution and Morality
Suggestions for Further Readingon Sociobiology
Part B The Challenge of Determinism to Moral Responsibility and Desert