Nuclear physics

Nuclear Physics 1
Copyright 2
PREFACE 7
Contents 9
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 15
NUCLEAR PHYSICS TODAY 15
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS 17
The Planned Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility 18
The Next Major Initiative: the Relativistic Nuclear Collider 19
Additional Facility Opportunities 20
Nuclear Instrumentation 20
Nuclear Theory 21
Accelerator Research and Development 21
Training New Scientists 22
Enriched Stable Isotopes 22
Nuclear-Data Compilation 22
1 Introduction to Nuclear Physics 23
THE ATOMIC NUCLEUS 24
THE NUCLEAR MANY-BODY PROBLEM 26
THE FUNDAMENTAL FORCES 27
THE ELEMENTARY PARTICLES 30
Leptons 31
Quarks 32
Elementary Vector Bosons 35
CONSERVATION LAWS AND SYMMETRIES 38
ACCELERATORS AND DETECTORS 42
Projectiles and Targets 42
Energies 44
Nuclear Interactions 46
Particle Detectors 46
I MAJOR ADVANCES IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS 49
2 Nuclear Structure and Dynamics 51
ELEMENTARY MODES OF EXCITATION 53
Giant Electric Resonances 54
Giant Spin Vibrations 58
Deltas in Nuclei 59
Electron-Scattering Results 60
The Interacting Boson Model 64
MACROSCOPIC NUCLEAR DYNAMICS 66
Resonances in Heavy-Ion Systems 68
Deep-Inelastic Collisions 71
THE NUCLEAR MANY-BODY PROBLEM 73
The Three-Nucleon Nucleus and Infinite Nuclear Matter 74
Properties of Finite Nuclei 75
The Effective NN Interaction at Intermediate Energies 77
Expanding the Traditional Many-Body Theory 78
3 Fundamental Forces in the Nucleus 81
NONNUCLEONIC CONSTITUENTS OF NUCLEI 82
Probing Quark Structure with Leptons 84
The Physics of Hypernuclei 87
Quantum Chromodynamics at Low Energies 89
THE NUCLEUS AS A LABORATORY FOR FUNDAMENTAL SYMMETRIES 91
Right-Handed Bosons in Beta Decay 93
The Mass of the Neutrino 94
Neutrino Oscillations 95
Double Beta Decay 97
Parity Violation in Nuclei 99
4 Nuclei Under Extreme Conditions 101
NUCLEI AT HIGH TEMPERATURE AND DENSITY 102
High Nuclear Temperatures 103
High Nuclear Densities 105
Nuclear-Matter Equation of State 106
THE HEAVIEST ELEMENTS 108
New Transfermium Elements 108
The Search for Superheavy Elements 110
HIGHLY UNSTABLE NUCLEI 111
Exotic Radioactivities 111
Long Isotopic Sequences 115
Nuclei with Extremely High Spin 116
II IMPACTS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS 119
5 Nuclear Astrophysics 121
NUCLEI UNDER EXTREME ASTROPHYSICAL CONDITIONS 122
Nucleosynthesis of Light Elements 122
Supernova Explosions and Neutron-Star Formation 125
Weak-Interaction Processes in Supernovas 127
NUCLEAR REACTIONS IN STARS 128
The Solar-Neutrino Problem 129
Stellar Evolution 132
6 Scientific and Societal Benefits 134
CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS 135
ATOMIC PHYSICS 138
GEOLOGY AND COSMOLOGY 139
NUCLEAR AND RADIATION MEDICINE 141
MATERIALS MODIFICATION AND ANALYSIS 144
ENERGY TECHNOLOGY 145
THE FINE ARTS 148
III CURRENT FRONTIERS OF NUCLEAR PHYSICS 149
7 Approaching the Quark-Gluon Plasma 151
STATES OF NUCLEAR MATTER 152
ACHIEVING QUARK DECONFINEMENT 155
DETECTING THE QUARK-GLUON PLASMA 157
ADDITIONAL RELATIVISTIC HEAVY-ION PHYSICS 160
8 Changing Descriptions of Nuclear Matter 164
QUARKS IN NUCLEI 165
MESONS AND BARYON RESONANCES IN NUCLEI 168
NUCLEAR PROPERTIES UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS 170
9 The Electroweak Synthesis and Beyond 174
THE STANDARD MODEL 174
PHYSICS WITH NEUTRINO BEAMS 176
TESTING THE GRAND UNIFIED THEORIES 177
Time-Reversal-Invariance Violation 178
The Electric Dipole Moment of the Neutron 178
RARE MUON AND KAON DECAYS 179
10 Recommended Priorities for Nuclear Physics 183
ACCELERATORS IN NUCLEAR PHYSICS 184
Existing Facilities 185
The Planned Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility 186
THE NEXT MAJOR INITIATIVE: THE RELATIVISTIC NUCLEAR COLLIDER 187
Recommendations from the NSAC 1983 Long Range Plan 189
Complementary Aspects of CEBAF and the RNC 190
FURTHER RECOMMENDATIONS 192
Additional Facility Opportunities 192
Nuclear Instrumentation 194
Nuclear Theory 195
Accelerator Research and Development 195
Training New Scientists 197
Enriched Stable Isotopes 198
Nuclear Data Compilation 199
APPENDIXES 201
A National and Dedicated University Accelerator Facilities 203
B Advisors and Reviewers 210
Participants in the DOE/NSF Nuclear Science Advisory Committee's Long Range Plan Workshop, Wells... 210
Agency Representatives 212
Chairmen of Working Groups 212
Participants In Working Groups Who Did Not Attend Workshop 212
Readers of The Nuclear Physics Panel Report (February-March 1984) 213
BIBLIOGRAPHY 215
ARTICLES FROM SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN 215
BOOKS 216
GLOSSARY 217
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 217
TECHNICAL TERMS 219
INDEX 229