Intercultural communication in contexts / 4th ed.
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作 者：Judith N. Martin, Thomas K. Nakayama.
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ISBN：9780073135274
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简介
Martin and Nakayama's (both Arizona State U.) introductory textbook combines three different perspectives--the social psychological, the interpretive, and the critical--in examining the key issues and concerns of intercultural communication. The fourth edition features expanded discussion of globalization and its importance to intercultural communication, new material on blogs and online intercultural relationships, expanded discussion of religious identity, and new material on the roles played by churches and government institutions in intercultural contact. Annotation 漏2007 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
目录
Preface p. xix
To the Student p. xxvii
Foundations of Intercultural Communication p. 1
Why Study Intercultural Communication? p. 3
The Technological Imperative p. 5
Technology and Human Communication p. 5
Access to Communication Technology p. 11
The Demographic Imperative p. 12
Changing U.S. Demographics p. 12
Changing Immigration Patterns p. 15
The Economic Imperative p. 24
The Peace Imperative p. 27
The Self-Awareness Imperative p. 31
The Ethical Imperative p. 31
Relativity Versus Universality p. 34
Being Ethical Students of Culture p. 35
Summary p. 38
Discussion Questions p. 39
Activities p. 39
Key Words p. 40
References p. 40
The History of the Study of Intercultural Communication p. 43
The Early Development of the Discipline p. 44
Nonverbal Communication p. 45
Application of Theory p. 45
An Emphasis on International Settings p. 45
An Interdisciplinary Focus p. 46
Perception and Worldview of the Researcher p. 47
Three Approaches to Studying Intercultural Communication p. 49
The Social Science Approach p. 52
The Interpretive Approach p. 56
The Critical Approach p. 62
A Dialectical Approach to Understanding Culture and Communication p. 69
Combining the Three Traditional Paradigms: The Dialectical Approach p. 69
Six Dialectics of Intercultural Communication p. 71
Keeping a Dialectical Perspective p. 74
Summary p. 74
Discussion Questions p. 75
Activities p. 75
Key Words p. 76
References p. 76
Culture, Communication, Context, and Power p. 80
What Is Culture? p. 81
Social Science Definitions: Culture as Learned, Group-Related Perceptions p. 84
Interpretive Definitions: Culture as Contextual Symbolic Patterns of Meaning p. 85
Critical Definitions: Culture as Heterogeneous, Dynamic, and a Contested Zone p. 87
What Is Communication? p. 91
The Relationship Between Culture and Communication p. 92
How Culture Influences Communication p. 92
How Communication Reinforces Culture p. 105
Communication as Resistance to the Dominant Culture System p. 107
The Relationship Between Communication and Context p. 107
The Relationship Between Communication and Power p. 108
Summary p. 113
Discussion Questions p. 114
Activities p. 114
Key Words p. 114
References p. 115
History and Intercultural Communication p. 117
From History to Histories p. 119
Political, Intellectual, and Social Histories p. 120
Family Histories p. 121
National Histories p. 121
Cultural-Group Histories p. 124
History, Power, and Intercultural Communication p. 124
The Power of Texts p. 124
The Power of Other Histories p. 127
Power in Intercultural Interactions p. 129
History and Identity p. 129
Histories as Stories p. 129
Nonmainstream Histories p. 131
Hidden Histories p. 132
Intercultural Communication and History p. 140
Antecedents of Contact p. 140
The Contact Hypothesis p. 142
Negotiating Histories Dialectically in Interaction p. 145
Summary p. 146
Discussion Questions p. 147
Activities p. 148
Key Words p. 148
References p. 148
Intercultural Communication Processes p. 151
Identity and Intercultural Communication p. 153
Thinking Dialectically About Identity p. 154
The Social Science Perspective p. 155
The Interpretive Perspective p. 158
The Critical Perspective p. 159
Identity and Language p. 162
Identity Development Issues p. 163
Minority Identity Development p. 164
Majority Identity Development p. 166
Social and Cultural Identities p. 171
Gender Identity p. 171
Age Identity p. 172
Racial and Ethnic Identities p. 174
Characteristics of Whiteness p. 177
Religious Identity p. 182
Class Identity p. 184
National Identity p. 186
Regional Identity p. 188
Personal Identity p. 188
Identity, Stereotypes, and Prejudice p. 189
Multicultural People p. 197
Identity and Communication p. 203
Summary p. 205
Discussion Questions p. 205
Activities p. 206
Key Words p. 206
References p. 206
Language and Intercultural Communication p. 210
The Study of Language: Thinking Dialectically p. 211
Language Versus Discourse p. 211
The Components of Language p. 212
Semiotics p. 213
Language and Perception p. 215
Recent Research Findings p. 217
Cultural Variations in Language p. 218
Variations in Communication Style p. 220
Variations in Contextual Rules p. 224
Discourse: Language and Power p. 226
Co-Cultural Communication p. 226
Discourse and Social Structure p. 230
The "Power" Effects of Labels p. 230
Moving Between Languages p. 232
Multilingualism p. 232
Translation and Interpretation p. 234
Language and Identity p. 239
Language and Cultural Group Identity p. 239
Code Switching p. 241
Language Politics and Policies p. 242
Language and Globalization p. 244
Summary p. 248
Discussion Questions p. 248
Activities p. 249
Key Words p. 249
References p. 250
Nonverbal Codes and Cultural Space p. 252
Thinking Dialectically About Nonverbal Communication: Defining Nonverbal Communication p. 254
Comparing Verbal and Nonverbal Communication p. 254
What Nonverbal Behavior Communicates p. 256
The Universality of Nonverbal Behavior p. 256
Recent Research Findings p. 257
Nonverbal Codes p. 259
Cultural Variation or Stereotype? p. 264
Semiotics and Nonverbal Communication p. 265
Defining Cultural Space p. 266
Cultural Identity and Cultural Space p. 267
Changing Cultural Space p. 273
Postmodern Cultural Spaces p. 274
Summary p. 278
Discussion Questions p. 279
Activities p. 279
Key Words p. 279
References p. 280
Intercultural Communication Applications p. 283
Understanding Intercultural Transitions p. 285
Thinking Dialectically About Intercultural Transitions p. 287
Types of Migrant Groups p. 288
Voluntary Migrants p. 289
Involuntary Migrants p. 291
Migrant-Host Relationships p. 295
Assimilation p. 296
Separation p. 297
Integration p. 299
Marginalization p. 299
Cultural Hybridity p. 300
Cultural Adaptation p. 302
Social Science Approach p. 302
Interpretive Approach p. 309
Critical Approach: Contextual Influences p. 318
Summary p. 325
Discussion Questions p. 326
Activities p. 326
Key Words p. 326
References p. 327
Popular Culture and Intercultural Communication p. 330
Learning About Cultures Without Personal Experience p. 331
The Power of Popular Culture p. 331
What Is Popular Culture? p. 332
Consuming and Resisting Popular Culture p. 336
Consuming Popular Culture p. 336
Resisting Popular Culture p. 338
Representing Cultural Groups p. 342
Migrants' Perceptions of Mainstream Culture p. 344
Popular Culture and Stereotyping p. 345
U.S. Popular Culture and Power p. 348
Global Circulation of Images and Commodities p. 349
Cultural Imperialism p. 351
Summary p. 355
Discussion Questions p. 356
Activities p. 356
Key Words p. 357
References p. 357
Culture, Communication, and Intercultural Relationships p. 359
Thinking Dialectically About Intercultural Relationships p. 361
Personal-Contextual Dialectic p. 361
Differences-Similarities Dialectic p. 362
Cultural-Individual Dialectic p. 363
Privilege-Disadvantage Dialectic p. 363
Static-Dynamic Dialectic p. 363
History/Past-Present/Future Dialectic p. 364
Benefits and Challenges of Intercultural Relationships p. 364
Benefits p. 364
Challenges p. 367
Intercultural Relationships p. 370
Social Science Approach: Cross-Cultural Differences p. 370
Interpretive Approach: Communicating in Intercultural Relationships p. 377
Critical Approach: Contextual Influences p. 390
Summary p. 394
Discussion Questions p. 395
Activities p. 395
Key Words p. 395
References p. 396
Culture, Communication, and Conflict p. 399
Characteristics of Intercultural Conflict p. 401
Two Orientations to Conflict p. 404
Conflict as Opportunity p. 404
Conflict as Destructive p. 406
Cultural Differences in Conflict Views: A Dialectical Perspective p. 408
The Social Science Approach to Conflict p. 409
Types of Conflict p. 409
Strategies and Tactics for Dealing With Conflict p. 410
Gender, Ethnicity, and Conflict p. 413
Value Differences and Conflict Styles p. 414
Interpretive and Critical Approaches to Social Conflict p. 416
Social Contexts p. 416
Economic Contexts p. 418
Historical and Political Contexts p. 419
Managing Intercultural Conflict p. 420
Productive Versus Destructive Conflict p. 420
Competition Versus Cooperation p. 421
Dealing With Conflict p. 421
Mediation p. 428
Summary p. 430
Discussion Questions p. 431
Activities p. 431
Key Words p. 431
References p. 432
The Outlook for Intercultural Communication p. 434
The Components of Competence p. 435
Individual Components p. 435
Contextual Components p. 445
Applying Knowledge About Intercultural Communication p. 447
Entering Into Dialogue p. 447
Becoming Interpersonal Allies p. 449
Building Coalitions p. 452
Social Justice and Transformation p. 453
Forgiveness p. 456
What the Future Holds p. 459
Summary p. 463
Discussion Questions p. 464
Activities p. 464
Key Words p. 465
References p. 465
Credits p. C-1
Name Index p. I-1
Subject Index p. I-7
To the Student p. xxvii
Foundations of Intercultural Communication p. 1
Why Study Intercultural Communication? p. 3
The Technological Imperative p. 5
Technology and Human Communication p. 5
Access to Communication Technology p. 11
The Demographic Imperative p. 12
Changing U.S. Demographics p. 12
Changing Immigration Patterns p. 15
The Economic Imperative p. 24
The Peace Imperative p. 27
The Self-Awareness Imperative p. 31
The Ethical Imperative p. 31
Relativity Versus Universality p. 34
Being Ethical Students of Culture p. 35
Summary p. 38
Discussion Questions p. 39
Activities p. 39
Key Words p. 40
References p. 40
The History of the Study of Intercultural Communication p. 43
The Early Development of the Discipline p. 44
Nonverbal Communication p. 45
Application of Theory p. 45
An Emphasis on International Settings p. 45
An Interdisciplinary Focus p. 46
Perception and Worldview of the Researcher p. 47
Three Approaches to Studying Intercultural Communication p. 49
The Social Science Approach p. 52
The Interpretive Approach p. 56
The Critical Approach p. 62
A Dialectical Approach to Understanding Culture and Communication p. 69
Combining the Three Traditional Paradigms: The Dialectical Approach p. 69
Six Dialectics of Intercultural Communication p. 71
Keeping a Dialectical Perspective p. 74
Summary p. 74
Discussion Questions p. 75
Activities p. 75
Key Words p. 76
References p. 76
Culture, Communication, Context, and Power p. 80
What Is Culture? p. 81
Social Science Definitions: Culture as Learned, Group-Related Perceptions p. 84
Interpretive Definitions: Culture as Contextual Symbolic Patterns of Meaning p. 85
Critical Definitions: Culture as Heterogeneous, Dynamic, and a Contested Zone p. 87
What Is Communication? p. 91
The Relationship Between Culture and Communication p. 92
How Culture Influences Communication p. 92
How Communication Reinforces Culture p. 105
Communication as Resistance to the Dominant Culture System p. 107
The Relationship Between Communication and Context p. 107
The Relationship Between Communication and Power p. 108
Summary p. 113
Discussion Questions p. 114
Activities p. 114
Key Words p. 114
References p. 115
History and Intercultural Communication p. 117
From History to Histories p. 119
Political, Intellectual, and Social Histories p. 120
Family Histories p. 121
National Histories p. 121
Cultural-Group Histories p. 124
History, Power, and Intercultural Communication p. 124
The Power of Texts p. 124
The Power of Other Histories p. 127
Power in Intercultural Interactions p. 129
History and Identity p. 129
Histories as Stories p. 129
Nonmainstream Histories p. 131
Hidden Histories p. 132
Intercultural Communication and History p. 140
Antecedents of Contact p. 140
The Contact Hypothesis p. 142
Negotiating Histories Dialectically in Interaction p. 145
Summary p. 146
Discussion Questions p. 147
Activities p. 148
Key Words p. 148
References p. 148
Intercultural Communication Processes p. 151
Identity and Intercultural Communication p. 153
Thinking Dialectically About Identity p. 154
The Social Science Perspective p. 155
The Interpretive Perspective p. 158
The Critical Perspective p. 159
Identity and Language p. 162
Identity Development Issues p. 163
Minority Identity Development p. 164
Majority Identity Development p. 166
Social and Cultural Identities p. 171
Gender Identity p. 171
Age Identity p. 172
Racial and Ethnic Identities p. 174
Characteristics of Whiteness p. 177
Religious Identity p. 182
Class Identity p. 184
National Identity p. 186
Regional Identity p. 188
Personal Identity p. 188
Identity, Stereotypes, and Prejudice p. 189
Multicultural People p. 197
Identity and Communication p. 203
Summary p. 205
Discussion Questions p. 205
Activities p. 206
Key Words p. 206
References p. 206
Language and Intercultural Communication p. 210
The Study of Language: Thinking Dialectically p. 211
Language Versus Discourse p. 211
The Components of Language p. 212
Semiotics p. 213
Language and Perception p. 215
Recent Research Findings p. 217
Cultural Variations in Language p. 218
Variations in Communication Style p. 220
Variations in Contextual Rules p. 224
Discourse: Language and Power p. 226
Co-Cultural Communication p. 226
Discourse and Social Structure p. 230
The "Power" Effects of Labels p. 230
Moving Between Languages p. 232
Multilingualism p. 232
Translation and Interpretation p. 234
Language and Identity p. 239
Language and Cultural Group Identity p. 239
Code Switching p. 241
Language Politics and Policies p. 242
Language and Globalization p. 244
Summary p. 248
Discussion Questions p. 248
Activities p. 249
Key Words p. 249
References p. 250
Nonverbal Codes and Cultural Space p. 252
Thinking Dialectically About Nonverbal Communication: Defining Nonverbal Communication p. 254
Comparing Verbal and Nonverbal Communication p. 254
What Nonverbal Behavior Communicates p. 256
The Universality of Nonverbal Behavior p. 256
Recent Research Findings p. 257
Nonverbal Codes p. 259
Cultural Variation or Stereotype? p. 264
Semiotics and Nonverbal Communication p. 265
Defining Cultural Space p. 266
Cultural Identity and Cultural Space p. 267
Changing Cultural Space p. 273
Postmodern Cultural Spaces p. 274
Summary p. 278
Discussion Questions p. 279
Activities p. 279
Key Words p. 279
References p. 280
Intercultural Communication Applications p. 283
Understanding Intercultural Transitions p. 285
Thinking Dialectically About Intercultural Transitions p. 287
Types of Migrant Groups p. 288
Voluntary Migrants p. 289
Involuntary Migrants p. 291
Migrant-Host Relationships p. 295
Assimilation p. 296
Separation p. 297
Integration p. 299
Marginalization p. 299
Cultural Hybridity p. 300
Cultural Adaptation p. 302
Social Science Approach p. 302
Interpretive Approach p. 309
Critical Approach: Contextual Influences p. 318
Summary p. 325
Discussion Questions p. 326
Activities p. 326
Key Words p. 326
References p. 327
Popular Culture and Intercultural Communication p. 330
Learning About Cultures Without Personal Experience p. 331
The Power of Popular Culture p. 331
What Is Popular Culture? p. 332
Consuming and Resisting Popular Culture p. 336
Consuming Popular Culture p. 336
Resisting Popular Culture p. 338
Representing Cultural Groups p. 342
Migrants' Perceptions of Mainstream Culture p. 344
Popular Culture and Stereotyping p. 345
U.S. Popular Culture and Power p. 348
Global Circulation of Images and Commodities p. 349
Cultural Imperialism p. 351
Summary p. 355
Discussion Questions p. 356
Activities p. 356
Key Words p. 357
References p. 357
Culture, Communication, and Intercultural Relationships p. 359
Thinking Dialectically About Intercultural Relationships p. 361
Personal-Contextual Dialectic p. 361
Differences-Similarities Dialectic p. 362
Cultural-Individual Dialectic p. 363
Privilege-Disadvantage Dialectic p. 363
Static-Dynamic Dialectic p. 363
History/Past-Present/Future Dialectic p. 364
Benefits and Challenges of Intercultural Relationships p. 364
Benefits p. 364
Challenges p. 367
Intercultural Relationships p. 370
Social Science Approach: Cross-Cultural Differences p. 370
Interpretive Approach: Communicating in Intercultural Relationships p. 377
Critical Approach: Contextual Influences p. 390
Summary p. 394
Discussion Questions p. 395
Activities p. 395
Key Words p. 395
References p. 396
Culture, Communication, and Conflict p. 399
Characteristics of Intercultural Conflict p. 401
Two Orientations to Conflict p. 404
Conflict as Opportunity p. 404
Conflict as Destructive p. 406
Cultural Differences in Conflict Views: A Dialectical Perspective p. 408
The Social Science Approach to Conflict p. 409
Types of Conflict p. 409
Strategies and Tactics for Dealing With Conflict p. 410
Gender, Ethnicity, and Conflict p. 413
Value Differences and Conflict Styles p. 414
Interpretive and Critical Approaches to Social Conflict p. 416
Social Contexts p. 416
Economic Contexts p. 418
Historical and Political Contexts p. 419
Managing Intercultural Conflict p. 420
Productive Versus Destructive Conflict p. 420
Competition Versus Cooperation p. 421
Dealing With Conflict p. 421
Mediation p. 428
Summary p. 430
Discussion Questions p. 431
Activities p. 431
Key Words p. 431
References p. 432
The Outlook for Intercultural Communication p. 434
The Components of Competence p. 435
Individual Components p. 435
Contextual Components p. 445
Applying Knowledge About Intercultural Communication p. 447
Entering Into Dialogue p. 447
Becoming Interpersonal Allies p. 449
Building Coalitions p. 452
Social Justice and Transformation p. 453
Forgiveness p. 456
What the Future Holds p. 459
Summary p. 463
Discussion Questions p. 464
Activities p. 464
Key Words p. 465
References p. 465
Credits p. C-1
Name Index p. I-1
Subject Index p. I-7
Intercultural communication in contexts / 4th ed.
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