简介
"There are more than six thousand human languages, each one unique. For the last five hundred years, people have argued about how important language differences are. This book traces that history and shows how language differences have generally been treated either as of no importance or as all-important, depending on broader approaches taken to human life and knowledge. It was only in the twentieth century, in the work of Franz Boas and his students, that an attempt was made to engage seriously with the reality of language specificities. Since the 1950s, this work has been largely presented as yet another claim that language differences are all-important by cognitive scientists and philosophers who believe that such differences are of no importance. This book seeks to correct this misrepresentation and point to the new directions taken by the Boasians, directions now being recovered in the most recent work in psychology and linguistics"--
目录
Cover 1
Half-title 3
Title 5
Copyright 6
Dedication 7
Contents 9
Preface 11
Introduction 13
Many languages 13
Universals and diversity 15
The parable of the Martian 17
Universalism and essentialism 18
Beyond the great divide? 21
Politics, presentism, and historicism 23
The structure of the argument 25
1 A passage to modernity 28
The rose of the world 28
From the closed world to the magical universe 31
A new world of languages 35
Three vernaculars 37
2 One reason, one world, many monads 42
The construction of French 43
The Cartesian consolidation 43
Reason in literature and translation 48
The invention of English 50
A universal Character 52
The Newton\u2013Locke consolidation: space, time, and the individual 54
Two critiques of Whig linguistics 57
Diversity 58
The discovery of German 59
Leibniz\u2019s dispersion: a world of worlds 60
Conclusion 64
3 The world at war with reason: Britain and France in the eighteenth century 66
The word order wars 66
Word wars 76
Conclusion 82
4 Multiplicity and the Romantic explosion 84
Wolff and language 84
The K枚nigsberg crucible 85
Herder: aspects of the new view 87
Kant\u2019s critical revolution 94
Hamann and Herder react to Kant 95
The Romantic generation 97
The Brothers Grimm 98
The Brothers Humboldt 99
5 Essences and universals through the nineteenth century 108
Philosophy: Hegel\u2019s synthesis and the \u201crelativity of language\u201d 108
Language: comparative philology 112
Language: the Humboldtian stream 113
Anthropology: German pluralism 115
Anthropology: evolutionism 116
Darwin and philology 121
The American evolutionists and language 121
The rise of race 123
6 Boas and the linguistic multiverse 125
The generation of the 1850s 125
Franz Boas 126
Boas, science, and linguistics 128
Boas rethinks languages 131
History and philology 135
Boas\u2019s 1911 Introduction 136
Integration and calibration 141
7 Linguistic relativity: Sapir, Lee, and Whorf 145
Edward Sapir 145
Was Sapir a linguistic determinist? 148
Dorothy Demetracopoulou Lee 152
Benjamin Lee Whorf 153
Sapir, Whorf, and Einstein 160
Linguistics and physics 161
What were the Boasians doing? 162
Precursors? 163
The Boasians and the War 164
8 The other side of the mirror: a twentieth-century essentialism 166
Philosophical and philological precursors 166
The Neohumboldtian movement 168
Linguistics in the Third Reich 171
After the War 174
Conclusion 176
9 The rise of cognition and the repression of languages 177
The cognitive revolution 177
New universalisms in linguistics 180
Psychologists and linguistic anthropologists kill Whorf again 181
The Boasians and color 184
Reseeing colors 186
The philosophers kill Whorf again 189
The Neohumboldtians visit the Hopi and kill Whorf again 191
The reinforcement of divisions 199
10 The return of the repressed 201
Parallels: structuralism and symbolic anthropology 201
Whorf and Bachelard 204
Preserving the heritage 209
Relativitas rediviva 212
Linguistics and poetics 212
The greening of cognitive science 215
Forward into the past? 220
Conclusion 224
The forty-year gender gap 225
Going too far 226
Notes 229
INTRODUCTION 229
1 A PASSAGE TO MODERNITY 229
2 ONE REASON, ONE WORLD, MANY MONADS 230
3 THE WORLD AT WAR WITH REASON 230
4 MULTIPLICITY AND THE ROMANTIC EXPLOSION 231
5 ESSENCES AND UNIVERSALS THROUGH THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 231
6 BOAS AND THE LINGUISTIC MULTIVERSE 232
7 LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY: SAPIR, LEE, AND WHORE 232
8 THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MIRROR: A TWENTIETH- CENTURY ESSENTIALISM 233
9 THE RISE OF COGNITION AND THE REPRESSION OF LANGUAGES 233
10 THE RETURN OF THE REPRESSED 233
CONCLUSION 233
References 234
Index 253
Half-title 3
Title 5
Copyright 6
Dedication 7
Contents 9
Preface 11
Introduction 13
Many languages 13
Universals and diversity 15
The parable of the Martian 17
Universalism and essentialism 18
Beyond the great divide? 21
Politics, presentism, and historicism 23
The structure of the argument 25
1 A passage to modernity 28
The rose of the world 28
From the closed world to the magical universe 31
A new world of languages 35
Three vernaculars 37
2 One reason, one world, many monads 42
The construction of French 43
The Cartesian consolidation 43
Reason in literature and translation 48
The invention of English 50
A universal Character 52
The Newton\u2013Locke consolidation: space, time, and the individual 54
Two critiques of Whig linguistics 57
Diversity 58
The discovery of German 59
Leibniz\u2019s dispersion: a world of worlds 60
Conclusion 64
3 The world at war with reason: Britain and France in the eighteenth century 66
The word order wars 66
Word wars 76
Conclusion 82
4 Multiplicity and the Romantic explosion 84
Wolff and language 84
The K枚nigsberg crucible 85
Herder: aspects of the new view 87
Kant\u2019s critical revolution 94
Hamann and Herder react to Kant 95
The Romantic generation 97
The Brothers Grimm 98
The Brothers Humboldt 99
5 Essences and universals through the nineteenth century 108
Philosophy: Hegel\u2019s synthesis and the \u201crelativity of language\u201d 108
Language: comparative philology 112
Language: the Humboldtian stream 113
Anthropology: German pluralism 115
Anthropology: evolutionism 116
Darwin and philology 121
The American evolutionists and language 121
The rise of race 123
6 Boas and the linguistic multiverse 125
The generation of the 1850s 125
Franz Boas 126
Boas, science, and linguistics 128
Boas rethinks languages 131
History and philology 135
Boas\u2019s 1911 Introduction 136
Integration and calibration 141
7 Linguistic relativity: Sapir, Lee, and Whorf 145
Edward Sapir 145
Was Sapir a linguistic determinist? 148
Dorothy Demetracopoulou Lee 152
Benjamin Lee Whorf 153
Sapir, Whorf, and Einstein 160
Linguistics and physics 161
What were the Boasians doing? 162
Precursors? 163
The Boasians and the War 164
8 The other side of the mirror: a twentieth-century essentialism 166
Philosophical and philological precursors 166
The Neohumboldtian movement 168
Linguistics in the Third Reich 171
After the War 174
Conclusion 176
9 The rise of cognition and the repression of languages 177
The cognitive revolution 177
New universalisms in linguistics 180
Psychologists and linguistic anthropologists kill Whorf again 181
The Boasians and color 184
Reseeing colors 186
The philosophers kill Whorf again 189
The Neohumboldtians visit the Hopi and kill Whorf again 191
The reinforcement of divisions 199
10 The return of the repressed 201
Parallels: structuralism and symbolic anthropology 201
Whorf and Bachelard 204
Preserving the heritage 209
Relativitas rediviva 212
Linguistics and poetics 212
The greening of cognitive science 215
Forward into the past? 220
Conclusion 224
The forty-year gender gap 225
Going too far 226
Notes 229
INTRODUCTION 229
1 A PASSAGE TO MODERNITY 229
2 ONE REASON, ONE WORLD, MANY MONADS 230
3 THE WORLD AT WAR WITH REASON 230
4 MULTIPLICITY AND THE ROMANTIC EXPLOSION 231
5 ESSENCES AND UNIVERSALS THROUGH THE NINETEENTH CENTURY 231
6 BOAS AND THE LINGUISTIC MULTIVERSE 232
7 LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY: SAPIR, LEE, AND WHORE 232
8 THE OTHER SIDE OF THE MIRROR: A TWENTIETH- CENTURY ESSENTIALISM 233
9 THE RISE OF COGNITION AND THE REPRESSION OF LANGUAGES 233
10 THE RETURN OF THE REPRESSED 233
CONCLUSION 233
References 234
Index 253
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