简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
A scholar of religion and an anthropologist (U. of Calgary) argue that many modern cults represent a dynamic interaction between folk religions and the teachings of traditional world religions. As such, they see the cults as new blendings of old if localized ideas and values rather than the dangerous brainwashing plots portrayed by anti-cult crusaders. They draw on examples from Africa, the US, Asia, and Europe. Paper edition (unseen), $18.95. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.
Publisher Summary 2
"In the face of the popular crusade to link new religious movements to dangerous cults, brainwashing, and the need for deprogramming, Irving Hexham and Karla Poewe argue that many cults are in fact the"
Publisher Summary 3
In the face of the popular crusade to link new religious movements to dangerous cults, brainwashing, and the need for deprogramming, Irving Hexham and Karla Poewe argue that many cults are in fact the product of dynamic interaction between folk religions and the teachings of traditional world religions. With the widespread loss of belief in biblical mythology in the nineteenth century, new mythologies based on science and elements derived from various non-Western religious traditions emerged, leading to the growth and popularity of new religions and cults. Drawing on examples from Africa, the United States, Asia, and Europe, the authors suggest that few new religions are really original. Most draw on rich, if localized, cultural traditions, which are then shaped anew by the influence of technological change and international linkages.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Foreword xi(4)
Rodney Stark
Preface xv
1 The Great Anti-cult Crusade 1(26)
"Heigh-ho! Heigh-ho! A-Crusading We Will Go!" 2(1)
The Importance of van Baalen 2(1)
Walter Martin's Ad Hominem Arguments 3(1)
The New Age Crusade 4(1)
Anti-cult Literature: A Critique of the Critiques 5(1)
Charismatics as the New Enemy 6(2)
Brainwashing 8(3)
The Question of Deprogramming 11(1)
Jonestown and the Case Against New Religions 12(1)
The Waco Tragedy 13(1)
The Solar Temple and Terror in Tokyo 14(1)
Cause for Concern? 15(1)
Judgment in Berlin 15(2)
The Anti-cult Network 17(1)
How Many People Are Cult Members? 18(1)
Conclusion 19(1)
Key Terms 20(7)
2 From Cults to New Religions and Global Culture 27(14)
Defining Cults 27(2)
Theology and Prejudice 29(1)
Theological Definitions of "Cult," 30(1)
Academic Definitions: Weber and Troeltsch 31(3)
From Sect to Denomination 34(1)
Sociological Definitions of "Cult" 34(1)
Stark and Bainbridge's Criticism of Ideal Types 35(1)
Redefining "Church," "Sect," and "Cult," 36(1)
Contemporary and New Religious Movements 36(1)
Key Terms 37(4)
3 New Religions as Global Cultures 41(18)
Global Cultures and Religious Traditions 41(1)
The Empirical Roots of a Theory 42(1)
The Global Dynamics of Religious Cultures 43(1)
Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture 44(2)
New Religions and Global Culture 46(1)
The European Origins of New Religions 47(2)
America's Contribution 49(1)
New Religions in Asia 50(2)
Africa's New Religions 52(2)
Global Religions and Spiritual Experiences 54(1)
Iconic Leadership 55(1)
Key Terms 56(3)
4 New Religions and Primal Experiences 59(20)
Primal Experiences and the Global 59(2)
Frequency of Primal Experiences 61(1)
Primal Experiences and Shamanism 62(1)
The Issue of Mental Health 63(1)
Okinawan Shamans 64(1)
Primal Experiences and Religious Leaders 65(1)
The Significance of Failure and the Uniformity of Experience 66(1)
Shamans and Spirit Possession 67(1)
Peripheral Amoral and Central Moral Religions 68(1)
Box Myths and Shuman Religions 69(1)
Box-Myth-Making and the Founder of Omoto 70(1)
Helena Blavatsky and Mythmaking 71(2)
How Myths Are Made: A Brief Example 73(2)
Conclusion 75(1)
Key Terms 76(3)
5 Myths and Mythological Fragments 79(20)
Primal Experiences and Myth 79(2)
Defining "Myth" Meaningfully 81(1)
Myth and Reality 82(2)
Pseudoscientific Myths 84(1)
Myths of Prophecy and Fate 85(3)
Healing Myths 88(1)
Myths of Decline and Transformation 89(3)
Toward a New Central Mythology 92(1)
The Nineteenth-Century Roots of Evolutionary Mythology 93(1)
The Evolutionary Mythology of New Religions 94(2)
Key Terms 96(3)
6 Yogic and Abramic Religions 99(22)
Yogic Religions 100(1)
Karma 101(1)
Rebirth 101(1)
Samsara, Maya, Dharma, and Moksha 102(1)
Astrology 103(1)
The Meaning of Yoga 104(2)
The Guru 106(1)
The Abramic Tradition 107(1)
The Doctrine of Creation 107(1)
The Fall 108(1)
Redemption 109(1)
The Importance of Faith 110(1)
Creation, Fall, Redemption, and New Religions 111(1)
Types of Eschatology 112(1)
The Effects of Eschatology 113(1)
Eschatology and Charismatic Gifts 113(1)
The Search for Community 114(1)
Prophetic Leadership 115(1)
Conclusion 116(1)
Key Terms 116(5)
7 The Membership Process 121(20)
Experience, Myth, and Ideology 121(1)
Joining a New Religion: The Shuman Process 122(8)
Our Theory of Conversion to New Religions 130(2)
The Globality of Personal Reorganization 132(2)
Variations in New Religious Movements 134(1)
The Conversion State of the Individual 135(1)
Preconversion Conditions and the Search for Integration 136(2)
Personal Reorganization Redefined 138(1)
Key Terms 139(2)
8 New Religions: New Visions 141(18)
The Effect of Conversion 142(1)
Understanding New Religions 142(1)
The Language of Faith 143(1)
Rationality and Basic Assumptions 144(1)
The Discarded Image 145(1)
Science and Reason 146(1)
Overview of the Changes to Modernity 147(2)
From Modernity to Postmodernism 149(2)
Veneration of the Past 151(1)
Christianity and the Implications of Technological Change 152(1)
Mormonism: A New Religion Based on a New Mythology 153(1)
The Myth of Modernity: A Summation 154(1)
Some Differences Between Christianity and New Religions 154(2)
Conclusion 156(2)
Key Terms 158(1)
9 How Dangerous Are New Religions? 159(10)
Full Circle 159(1)
The Problem of Nazi Religion 160(1)
New Religions or Magical Religions? 161(4)
Magic, Cultural Condition, and Religious Cure 165(2)
Conclusion 167(2)
Bibliography 169(18)
About the Book and Authors 187(1)
Index 188
Foreword xi(4)
Rodney Stark
Preface xv
1 The Great Anti-cult Crusade 1(26)
"Heigh-ho! Heigh-ho! A-Crusading We Will Go!" 2(1)
The Importance of van Baalen 2(1)
Walter Martin's Ad Hominem Arguments 3(1)
The New Age Crusade 4(1)
Anti-cult Literature: A Critique of the Critiques 5(1)
Charismatics as the New Enemy 6(2)
Brainwashing 8(3)
The Question of Deprogramming 11(1)
Jonestown and the Case Against New Religions 12(1)
The Waco Tragedy 13(1)
The Solar Temple and Terror in Tokyo 14(1)
Cause for Concern? 15(1)
Judgment in Berlin 15(2)
The Anti-cult Network 17(1)
How Many People Are Cult Members? 18(1)
Conclusion 19(1)
Key Terms 20(7)
2 From Cults to New Religions and Global Culture 27(14)
Defining Cults 27(2)
Theology and Prejudice 29(1)
Theological Definitions of "Cult," 30(1)
Academic Definitions: Weber and Troeltsch 31(3)
From Sect to Denomination 34(1)
Sociological Definitions of "Cult" 34(1)
Stark and Bainbridge's Criticism of Ideal Types 35(1)
Redefining "Church," "Sect," and "Cult," 36(1)
Contemporary and New Religious Movements 36(1)
Key Terms 37(4)
3 New Religions as Global Cultures 41(18)
Global Cultures and Religious Traditions 41(1)
The Empirical Roots of a Theory 42(1)
The Global Dynamics of Religious Cultures 43(1)
Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture 44(2)
New Religions and Global Culture 46(1)
The European Origins of New Religions 47(2)
America's Contribution 49(1)
New Religions in Asia 50(2)
Africa's New Religions 52(2)
Global Religions and Spiritual Experiences 54(1)
Iconic Leadership 55(1)
Key Terms 56(3)
4 New Religions and Primal Experiences 59(20)
Primal Experiences and the Global 59(2)
Frequency of Primal Experiences 61(1)
Primal Experiences and Shamanism 62(1)
The Issue of Mental Health 63(1)
Okinawan Shamans 64(1)
Primal Experiences and Religious Leaders 65(1)
The Significance of Failure and the Uniformity of Experience 66(1)
Shamans and Spirit Possession 67(1)
Peripheral Amoral and Central Moral Religions 68(1)
Box Myths and Shuman Religions 69(1)
Box-Myth-Making and the Founder of Omoto 70(1)
Helena Blavatsky and Mythmaking 71(2)
How Myths Are Made: A Brief Example 73(2)
Conclusion 75(1)
Key Terms 76(3)
5 Myths and Mythological Fragments 79(20)
Primal Experiences and Myth 79(2)
Defining "Myth" Meaningfully 81(1)
Myth and Reality 82(2)
Pseudoscientific Myths 84(1)
Myths of Prophecy and Fate 85(3)
Healing Myths 88(1)
Myths of Decline and Transformation 89(3)
Toward a New Central Mythology 92(1)
The Nineteenth-Century Roots of Evolutionary Mythology 93(1)
The Evolutionary Mythology of New Religions 94(2)
Key Terms 96(3)
6 Yogic and Abramic Religions 99(22)
Yogic Religions 100(1)
Karma 101(1)
Rebirth 101(1)
Samsara, Maya, Dharma, and Moksha 102(1)
Astrology 103(1)
The Meaning of Yoga 104(2)
The Guru 106(1)
The Abramic Tradition 107(1)
The Doctrine of Creation 107(1)
The Fall 108(1)
Redemption 109(1)
The Importance of Faith 110(1)
Creation, Fall, Redemption, and New Religions 111(1)
Types of Eschatology 112(1)
The Effects of Eschatology 113(1)
Eschatology and Charismatic Gifts 113(1)
The Search for Community 114(1)
Prophetic Leadership 115(1)
Conclusion 116(1)
Key Terms 116(5)
7 The Membership Process 121(20)
Experience, Myth, and Ideology 121(1)
Joining a New Religion: The Shuman Process 122(8)
Our Theory of Conversion to New Religions 130(2)
The Globality of Personal Reorganization 132(2)
Variations in New Religious Movements 134(1)
The Conversion State of the Individual 135(1)
Preconversion Conditions and the Search for Integration 136(2)
Personal Reorganization Redefined 138(1)
Key Terms 139(2)
8 New Religions: New Visions 141(18)
The Effect of Conversion 142(1)
Understanding New Religions 142(1)
The Language of Faith 143(1)
Rationality and Basic Assumptions 144(1)
The Discarded Image 145(1)
Science and Reason 146(1)
Overview of the Changes to Modernity 147(2)
From Modernity to Postmodernism 149(2)
Veneration of the Past 151(1)
Christianity and the Implications of Technological Change 152(1)
Mormonism: A New Religion Based on a New Mythology 153(1)
The Myth of Modernity: A Summation 154(1)
Some Differences Between Christianity and New Religions 154(2)
Conclusion 156(2)
Key Terms 158(1)
9 How Dangerous Are New Religions? 159(10)
Full Circle 159(1)
The Problem of Nazi Religion 160(1)
New Religions or Magical Religions? 161(4)
Magic, Cultural Condition, and Religious Cure 165(2)
Conclusion 167(2)
Bibliography 169(18)
About the Book and Authors 187(1)
Index 188
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