Crime and the Criminal Justice System
The Criminal Justice System p. 1
The Goals of Criminal Justice p. 2
Criminal Justice in a Federal System p. 4
Criminal Justice as a Social System p. 7
Characteristics of the Criminal Justice System p. 8
Operations of Criminal Justice Agencies p. 9
The Flow of Decision Making in the Criminal Justice System p. 12
Crime and Justice in a Multicultural Society p. 22
Summary p. 27
Questions for Review p. 27
Key Terms p. 27
For Further Reading p. 27
Going Online p. 28
Checkpoint Answers p. 28
Crime and Justice in America p. 29
Defining Crime p. 30
Types of Crime p. 30
How Much Crime Is There? p. 36
Crime Victimization p. 40
Causes of Crime p. 45
Summary p. 53
Questions for Review p. 54
Key Terms p. 54
For Further Reading p. 54
Going Online p. 55
Checkpoint Answers p. 55
Criminal Justice and the Rule of Law p. 56
Foundations of Criminal Law p. 57
Substantive Criminal Law p. 58
Procedural Criminal Law p. 66
Constitutional Rights and Criminal Justice Professionals p. 76
Summary p. 77
Questions for Review p. 77
Key Terms and Cases p. 78
For Further Reading p. 78
Going Online p. 78
Checkpoint Answers p. 78
Police
Police p. 80
The Development of Police in the United States p. 81
Law Enforcement Agencies p. 87
Police Functions p. 91
Police Policy p. 93
Police Actions p. 95
Police and the Community p. 99
Summary p. 101
Questions for Review p. 102
Key Terms p. 102
For Further Reading p. 102
Going Online p. 102
Checkpoint Answers p. 102
Police Officers and Law Enforcement Operations p. 104
Who Are the Police? p. 105
The Police Subculture p. 108
Organization of the Police p. 112
Police Response and Action p. 114
Delivery of Police Services p. 117
Summary p. 124
Questions for Review p. 124
Key Terms p. 124
For Further Reading p. 125
Going Online p. 125
Checkpoint Answers p. 125
Police and Constitutional Law p. 126
Legal Limitations on Police Investigations p. 127
Plain View Doctrine p. 130
Warrantless Searches p. 132
Questioning Suspects p. 138
The Exclusionary Rule p. 141
Summary p. 144
Questions for Review p. 144
Key Terms and Cases p. 144
For Further Reading p. 144
Going Online p. 145
Checkpoint Answers p. 145
Policing: Issues and Trends p. 146
Issues in Patrolling p. 147
Policing and New Technology p. 153
Police Abuse of Power p. 155
Civic Accountability p. 159
Security Management and Private Policing p. 161
Summary p. 166
Questions for Review p. 166
Key Terms and Cases p. 166
For Further Reading p. 166
Going Online p. 167
Checkpoint Answers p. 167
Courts
Courts and Adjudication p. 170
The Structure of American Courts p. 171
To Be a Judge p. 173
The Prosecutorial System p. 178
The Defense Attorney: Image and Reality p. 184
The Courtroom: How It Functions p. 191
Summary p. 193
Questions for Review p. 193
Key Terms p. 193
For Further Reading p. 194
Going Online p. 194
Checkpoint Answers p. 194
Pretrial Procedures, Plea Bargaining, and the Criminal Trial p. 195
From Arrest to Trial or Plea p. 196
Bail: Pretrial Release p. 198
Pretrial Detention p. 202
Plea Bargaining p. 204
Trial: The Exceptional Case p. 209
Appeals p. 216
Summary p. 218
Questions for Review p. 219
Key Terms and Cases p. 219
For Further Reading p. 219
Going Online p. 219
Checkpoint Answers p. 220
Punishment and Sentencing p. 221
The Goals of Punishment p. 222
Forms of the Criminal Sanction p. 226
The Sentencing Process p. 236
Summary p. 244
Questions for Review p. 244
Key Terms and Cases p. 245
For Further Reading p. 245
Going Online p. 245
Checkpoint Answers p. 245
Corrections
Corrections p. 248
Development of Corrections p. 249
Organization of Corrections in the United States p. 256
The Law of Corrections p. 262
Correctional Policy Trends p. 266
Summary p. 273
Questions for Review p. 273
Key Terms and Cases p. 273
For Further Reading p. 274
Going Online p. 274
Checkpoint Answers p. 274
Community Corrections: Probation and Intermediate Sanctions p. 276
Community Corrections: Assumptions p. 277
Probation: Correction without Incarceration p. 277
Intermediate Sanctions in the Community p. 281
The Future of Community Corrections p. 290
Summary p. 290
Questions for Review p. 290
Key Terms p. 291
For Further Reading p. 291
Going Online p. 291
Checkpoint Answers p. 291
Incarceration and Prison Society p. 292
The Modern Prison: Legacy of the Past p. 293
Goals of Incarceration p. 293
Prison Organization p. 294
Governing a Society of Captives p. 296
Correctional Officers: The Linchpin of Management p. 298
Who Is in Prison? p. 300
The Convict World p. 304
Women in Prison p. 307
Prison Programs p. 311
Violence in Prison p. 314
Summary p. 318
Questions for Review p. 318
Key Terms p. 318
For Further Reading p. 318
Going Online p. 319
Checkpoint Answers p. 319
Reentry into the Community p. 320
Prisoner Reentry p. 321
Release and Supervision p. 322
Release Mechanisms p. 323
Parole Supervision in the Community p. 326
The Future of Prisoner Reentry p. 333
Summary p. 333
Questions for Review p. 334
Key Terms p. 334
For Further Reading p. 334
Going Online p. 334
Checkpoint Answers p. 334
The Juvenile Justice System
Juvenile Justice p. 338
Youth Crime in the United States p. 339
The Development of Juvenile Justice p. 340
The Juvenile Justice System p. 346
The Juvenile Justice Process p. 347
Problems and Perspectives p. 356
Summary p. 358
Questions for Review p. 358
Key Terms and Cases p. 358
For Further Reading p. 358
Going Online p. 359
Checkpoint Answers p. 359
Constitution of the United States: Criminal Justice Amendments p. 361
References p. 362
Glossary p. 374
Name Index p. 381
Subject Index p. 385
Photo Credits p. 397