An introduction to plant structure and development : plant anatomy for the twenty-first century /

Preface p. xiii
Acknowledgements p. xv
Problems of adaptation to a terrestrial environment p. 1
Perspective p. 1
Structural adaptations p. 3
Preview of subsequent chapters p. 5
References p. 6
Further reading p. 7
An overview of plant structure and development p. 8
Perspective: origin of multicellularity p. 8
Some aspects of the shoot system of the vascular plant p. 10
Apical meristems p. 13
Primary tissue regions of the stem and root p. 16
Vascular bundle types p. 23
Secondary growth p. 25
Cells of the xylem p. 28
Cells of the phloem p. 33
References p. 35
Further reading p. 36
The protoplast of the eukaryotic cell p. 38
Perspective p. 38
Morphology of the protoplast p. 39
Movement of organelles in the protoplast p. 50
Ergastic substances p. 53
References p. 54
Further reading p. 56
Structure and development of the cell wall p. 57
Perspective p. 57
Structure and composition of the cell wall p. 58
Growth of the cell wall p. 64
Cell wall development p. 67
Plasmodesmata p. 71
References p. 75
Further reading p. 79
Meristems of the shoot and their role in plant growth and development p. 81
Perspective p. 81
Apical meristems p. 81
Formation of leaf primordia p. 88
Transitional tissue regions p. 90
Intercalary meristems p. 93
The primary peripheral thickening meristem of monocotyledons p. 94
Cell growth and development p. 96
The effect of hormones on cell growth and development p. 96
Genetics and cell growth p. 97
The cytoskeleton and cell growth p. 98
Cell shaping by microtubules p. 99
References p. 100
Further reading p. 103
Morphology and development of the primary vascular system of the stem p. 105
Perspective p. 105
Cellular composition and patterns of development of primary xylem p. 106
Cellular composition and patterns of development of primary phloem p. 109
Differentiation of primary vascular tissues p. 110
The role of auxin in the development of the primary vascular system p. 116
References p. 118
Further reading p. 119
Sympodial systems and patterns of nodal anatomy p. 120
Perspective: leaf traces p. 120
Nodal structure of pteridophytes p. 120
Sympodial systems of seed plants p. 122
Leaf trace lacunae p. 131
The cauline vs. foliar nature of vascular bundles in the eustele p. 132
Phyllotaxy p. 133
References p. 136
Further reading p. 137
The epidermis p. 138
Perspective p. 138
Epidermis of the shoot p. 138
Epidermis of the root p. 146
Stomata p. 147
The mechanism of movement in guard cells p. 149
Development of stomata p. 149
References p. 152
Further reading p. 152
The origin of secondary tissue systems and the effect of their formation on the primary body in seed plants p. 154
Perspective: role of the vascular cambium p. 154
The effect of secondary growth on the primary body p. 157
The effect of secondary growth on leaf and branch traces p. 159
References p. 162
Further reading p. 162
The vascular cambium: structure and function p. 163
Perspective p. 163
Structure of the vascular cambium p. 163
General overview of cambial activity p. 166
Plant hormones and cambial activity p. 170
Submicroscopic structure of cambial initials p. 171
The onset of dormancy and the reactivation of dormant cambium p. 172
Cytokinesis in fusiform initials p. 174
The problem of differential growth of cambial cells and immature cambial derivatives p. 175
References p. 176
Further reading p. 179
Secondary xylem p. 180
Perspective p. 180
Overview of the structure of secondary xylem p. 180
Secondary xylem of gymnosperms p. 183
Resin ducts p. 189
Secondary xylem of dicotyledons p. 190
Differentiation of tracheary elements p. 195
Patterns of distribution of xylary elements and rays p. 202
Tyloses p. 207
Mechanism of water transport p. 209
References p. 210
Further reading p. 213
The phloem p. 215
Perspective: evolution of the phloem p. 215
Gross structure and development of the phloem p. 216
The nature and development of the cell wall of sieve elements p. 221
Role of the cytoskeleton in wall development p. 224
The nature and development of the protoplast of sieve elements p. 225
Nature and function of P-protein p. 227
Distinctive features of the phloem of gymnosperms p. 229
The nature and function of companion cells and Strasburger cells p. 230
The mechanism of transport in the phloem p. 234
References p. 235
Further reading p. 238
Periderm, rhytidome, and the nature of bark p. 240
Perspective p. 240
Periderm: structure and development p. 240
Formation of rhytidome p. 243
Lenticels p. 245
The outer protective layer of monocotyledons p. 246
References p. 247
Further reading p. 247
Unusual features of structure and development in stems and roots p. 248
Perspective p. 248
Primary peripheral thickening meristem p. 248
Secondary growth in monocotyledons p. 249
Anomalous stem and root structure p. 250
References p. 256
Further reading p. 256
Secretion in plants p. 257
Perspective p. 257
Substances secreted by plants p. 257
Mechanisms of secretion p. 258
Internal secretory structures p. 259
External secretory structures p. 263
References p. 269
Further reading p. 271
The root p. 272
Perspective: evolution of the root p. 272
Gross morphology p. 274
Contractile roots and other highly specialized root systems p. 275
Apical meristems p. 276
The quiescent center and its role in development p. 280
Primary tissues and tissue regions p. 281
Lateral transport of water and minerals in the young root p. 289
Development of primary tissues p. 291
Auxin and tissue patterning p. 295
Lateral root development p. 295
Adventitious roots p. 297
Secondary growth p. 299
The root cap: its function and role in gravitropism p. 301
Mycorrhizae p. 302
Nitrogen fixation in root nodules p. 305
Root-stem transition p. 306
References p. 308
Further reading p. 313
The leaf p. 316
Perspective: evolution of the leaf p. 316
Basic leaf structure p. 317
Leaf development p. 326
Role of the cytoskeleton in leaf development p. 331
Variations in leaf form, structure, and arrangement p. 333
Structure in relation to function p. 336
Photosynthesis and assimilate loading p. 336
Leaf structure of C[subscript 3] and C[subscript 4] plants p. 338
Supporting structures in leaves p. 339
Transfusion tissue in conifers p. 340
Leaf abscission p. 341
References p. 343
Further reading p. 347
Reproduction and the origin of the sporophyte p. 350
Perspective: the plant life cycle p. 350
Reproduction in gymnosperms p. 351
Reproduction in angiosperms p. 355
Development of the seed in angiosperms p. 362
Fruit development and the role of fruits in seed dispersal p. 367
Seed germination and development of the seedling p. 369
Floral morphogenesis p. 370
Pollen-pistil interactions p. 374
Self-incompatibility p. 377
The role of the cytoskeleton in pollen tube growth p. 378
References p. 379
Further reading p. 383
Glossary p. 387
Index p. 421