Preface 5
Contents 7
List of Contributors 15
Part I Introduction 20
Chapter 1 General Considerations on Container Terminal Planning 21
1.1 3-Level-Model 21
Planning of Terminal Operation 22
Planning of Terminal Suprastructure 23
Planning of Terminal Infrastructure 23
1.2 Basic Aspects: Technologies & Instruments 26
1.3 Main Planning Areas 31
1.3.1 Quayside 31
1.3.2 Yard 33
1.3.3 Landside & Hinterland 34
1.4 Challenges of Terminal Planning 38
References 40
Part II 41
Chapter 2 Operations Systems of Container Terminals: A Compendious Overview 42
2.1 Functional Areas of Terminal Operations 42
2.2 Operations Systems 46
2.2.1 Determinants of Operations System Choice 46
2.2.2 Reachstacker System with Tractor-Trailer Units 48
2.2.3 Straddle Carrier System 49
2.2.4 Rubber-Tyred Gantry Crane System with Tractor-Trailer Units 51
2.2.5 Rail-Mounted Gantry Crane System 53
2.2.5.1 Rail-Mounted Gantry Crane System with Tractor-Trailer Units (blocks parallel to quay) 53
2.2.5.2 Rail-Mounted Gantry Crane System with Automated Guided Vehicles or Shuttle Carriers (blocks perpendicular to quay) 54
2.3 Summary of Main Data 55
References 56
Chapter 3 Automated Shuttle Carrier 57
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Automated Shuttle Carrier 58
3.2.1 Operations Concept 58
3.2.2 Automatic Stacking Cranes 59
3.2.3 Automated Shuttle Carriers 60
3.2.4 Operational Benefits 61
3.3 Rubber-Tyred Gantry Crane and Yard Tractor Operation 61
3.3.1 Operations Concept 61
3.3.2 Rubber-Tyred Gantry Cranes 62
3.3.3 Yard Tractors 63
3.3.4 Operational Characteristics 63
3.4 Operational Simulation 64
3.4.1 Input Data 64
3.4.2 Rules and Assumptions 65
3.4.3 Simulation Results 67
3.5 Terminal Level Comparison (Yard Equipment) 69
3.6 Environmental Impact Comparison 70
3.7 Conclusions 73
References 75
Chapter 4 Sustainable Container Terminals: A Design Approach 76
4.1 Introduction 76
4.2 Sustainability and the Container Handling Industry 78
1. Reduction of energy use 79
2. Eco-efficient operation/design 79
3. Durable facilities and handling systems 79
4.3 Design Approach for a Sustainable Container Terminal 80
4.4 Stacking and Transportation, Dominant for Sustainable Designs 82
4.4.1 Waterside and Landside Handling Systems 82
4.4.2 Stacking Systems 83
Balancing stack capacity and stack handling capacity 83
Flexibility for container types and sizes 84
Last minute changes 84
Potential for buffering 84
Interfacing with connected transport systems 84
Reliability 84
Energy use 86
Container travel distances 86
Stack area utilization 87
4.4.3 Terminal Transportation 90
4.5 Selection of Sustainable Stack Handling Systems 91
4.6 Conclusion 95
References 97
Chapter 5 Modeling Techniques in Planning of Terminals: The Quantitative Approach 98
5.1 Introduction 98
5.2 A Modeling Approach \u2013Why? 99
5.3 When to Apply Models? 101
5.3.1 The Modeling Cycle 102
5.3.2 Dimensioning the Container Terminal 102
5.3.3 Handling System Design 104
5.3.4 Design of the Logistic Concept 109
5.3.5 Optimize Day-to-Day Operation 111
5.4 How to Apply a Modeling Approach (Successfully)? 112
Holistic, but layered view on the terminal processes 112
Object-oriented view on the real world 113
Explicitly taking uncertainty and process variability into account 113
Identify impact of manual interventions 113
The design process should be an ongoing process in order to keep the terminal up-to-date with continuous changes 115
The architecture of the modeling environment should mirror the system archi-tecture, including the TOS 115
5.5 Concluding Remarks 115
References 117
Chapter 6 Simulation Technology in Planning, Implementation and Operation of Container Terminals 118
6.1 Simulation in Logistics 118
6.2 The Planning Phase of a Container Terminal 119
6.2.1 Terminal Capacity 120
6.2.2 Simulation and Analysis of Container Terminal\u2019s Operations System 122
6.3 Terminal Start Up and Optimization 123
Evaluation and optimization of strategies used in the TOS 123
Test bed for the real TOS 124
Visualization of new terminals 124
Test bed for acceptance tests of equipment 124
Training purposes of terminal operators 124
6.4 Evaluating Ecological Impacts 126
Generating sound emission in SCUSY 127
Noise transmission in SCUSY 128
Defining measuring points 128
6.5 Conclusion 129
References 130
Chapter 7 Step by Step Towards the Goal 132
7.1 A European Educational Concept for the Logistics Industry 132
7.1.1 International Educational Standards and Modularization 133
7.1.2 The European Qualifications Framework 133
7.1.3 Modularization of Vocational Education and Training 134
7.2 Qualification Based on Modularization: The Competence Management System 136
7.2.1 The History of the Competence Management System 136
7.2.2 The Functionality of the Competence Management System 137
7.2.3 Using the Competence Management System to Define the Job Qualification for 138
7.2.4 Using the Competence Management System to Create the Training for Certified Ship Planner 140
7.2.5 Qualification Options of the Competence Management System \u2013 Example: German Container Terminal Operators 141
7.3 Beneficial Impact of the Competence Management System 143
7.4 Conclusion 145
References 147
Part III 148
Chapter 8 Simulation of Container Ship Arrivals and Quay Occupation 149
8.1 Introduction 149
8.2 Container Terminal Capacity and Quay Wall Length 150
8.3 Simulation Model 152
8.3.1 Overall Structure 152
8.3.2 Generation of Ship Arrivals 154
8.3.3 Berth Allocation 156
8.3.4 Performance Measures 157
8.4 Experiments 158
8.4.1 Basic Settings 158
8.4.2 Impact of Workload 159
8.4.3 Impact of Strategy Parameters 160
8.4.4 Limitations of the Model 162
8.5 Extensions 163
8.5.1 Schedules of Container Ships 163
8.5.2 Shape and Structure of the Quay 164
8.5.3 Quay Crane Allocation to Ships 164
8.5.4 Berth Allocation 165
8.6 Conclusions and Impact on Terminal Planning 166
References 168
Chapter 9 A Technique to Determine the Right Crane Capacity for a Continuous Quay 169
9.1 Introduction 169
9.2 The Relevancy of Crane Capacity Decisions for Terminal Planning 171
9.3 Literature 172
9.4 Drivers of Crane Capacity Decisions 173
9.4.1 Liner Service Schedules 174
9.4.2 Seaside Layout 175
9.4.3 Crane Assignment Strategies 176
9.4.4 Quay Crane Productivity 177
9.4.5 Cost Types 179
9.5 Joint Planning of Crane Deployment and Service Operations 180
9.5.1 Assumptions 180
9.5.2 Notation 180
Input data: 180
Decision variables: 181
9.5.3 Optimization Model 182
9.5.4 Solution Methods 184
9.6 Computational Study 184
9.6.1 The Number of Cranes to Deploy at the Quay 186
9.6.2 The Impact of Crane Assignment Strategies 188
9.6.3 The Interdependency of Quay Crane Capacity and Quay Space Capacity 189
9.7 Conclusions 190
References 191
Chapter 10 Planning Approach for Dimensioning of Automated Traffic Areas at Seaport Container Terminals 193
10.1 Introduction 193
10.2 Operational Functions of QuaysideWorks 194
10.2.1 Twist-Lock Handling and Other Materials 194
10.2.2 Handling of Out Of Gauge Cargo 195
10.2.3 Quayside/Vessel Access and Additional Services 195
10.2.4 Preparing of Break Bulk Cargo 195
10.2.5 Transportation of Standard Containers to/from the Container Yard 196
10.3 Dimensioning of Quayside Traffic Area 196
10.3.1 Fields of Automation 197
10.3.2 Quay Crane Portal 197
10.3.3 Quay Crane Backreach 200
10.3.4 Waiting/Holding Area 200
10.3.5 Main Driveways 202
10.3.6 Planning Results 203
10.4 Conclusion 205
References 207
Chapter 11 Cost and Performance Evaluation Impacts of Container Vessels on Seaport Container Terminals 208
11.1 Introduction 208
11.2 Placement of Container Ships on the Transport Chain 209
11.3 Cost and Revenue Model of a Container Ship in Liner Shipping 211
11.3.1 Cost Model 211
11.3.1.1 Round Trip Cost Model 212
11.3.1.2 General Cost Model 217
11.3.2 Earnings Model 219
11.3.2.1 Earnings Model for a Round Trip 219
11.3.2.2 General Earnings Model 221
11.3.3 Evaluating Return and Performance 222
11.3.3.1 Evaluating Return on Investment (ROI) 222
11.3.3.2 Evaluating Performance 224
11.4 Repercussions of the Development of Ship Size on the Transport Chain 226
References 228
Part IV 229
Chapter 12 Planning Container Terminal Layouts Considering Equipment Types and Storage Block Design 230
12.1 Introduction 230
12.2 Equipment Types and Terminal Layout 232
12.2.1 Seaside 232
12.2.2 Storage Yard 234
12.2.3 Landside 237
12.2.4 Terminal Layout Planning Problem and Impact Factors 237
12.3 Container Terminal Yard Layouts 239
12.4 Storage Block Design 240
12.4.1 Cycle Distance of Gantry Movements 242
12.4.2 The Block Design Problem 243
12.5 Numerical Results and Interpretation 246
12.5.1 Distribution of Reefer Racks 246
12.5.2 Calculating Block Designs 250
12.6 Summary and Conclusion 254
References 255
Chapter 13 Container Rehandling at Maritime Container Terminals 257
13.1 Introduction 257
13.2 Container Stacking 262
13.3 Remarshalling and Premarshalling 266
13.4 Relocation and Retrieval 271
Transformation BRP to RMP: 272
Lemma 1 272
Proof 1 272
13.5 RelatedWork in Different Fields 274
13.6 Conclusion and Future Challenges 275
References 277
Chapter 14 RMG Crane Scheduling and Stacking 280
14.1 Introduction 280
14.2 Storage Logistics with RMG Cranes 282
14.2.1 RMG Crane Systems and Operations 282
14.2.2 Stowage Plan 284
14.2.3 Online Situation 285
14.3 The Container Stacking Problem for RMG Container Yards 286
14.3.1 Problem Description 287
14.3.2 Literature Overview 288
14.3.3 Classification and Evaluation 290
14.3.3.1 Storage Area Division Policy 291
14.3.3.2 Pile Selection Method 292
14.4 The Crane Scheduling Problem for RMG Container Yards 295
14.4.1 Problem Description 296
14.4.2 Literature Overview 298
14.4.3 Classification and Evaluation 301
14.4.3.1 Preselection Strategies 302
14.4.3.2 Dispatching Method 302
14.5 Strategical Relevance of Stacking and Scheduling Strategies 304
14.6 Summary and Conclusions 305
References 307
Part V 311
Chapter 15 Opportunities to Exploit Capacity Reserves of the Hinterland Connection to Road Transport 312
15.1 Challenges to Connect Seaport Container Terminals to Road Transport 312
15.2 General Process of Road Transport Starting or Ending at the Seaport Container Terminal 315
15.3 Capacity Analysis of the Hinterland Connection to Road Transport 316
15.3.1 Terminal Capacity of Truck Handling 316
15.3.1.1 Gate Capacity 316
15.3.1.2 Handling Area Capacity 317
(a) Container yard mainly operated by straddle carriers 318
(b) Container yard mainly operated by RMG cranes 318
(c) Container yard operated by truck trailers 319
15.3.2 Road Network Capacity 320
15.4 Measures to Improve the Processing of Trucks at a Seaport Container Terminal 322
15.4.1 Organizational Changes and Partial Automation of the Process of Truck Handling at Seaport Container Terminals 322
15.4.1.1 Slot Booking Systems 324
15.4.1.2 Pre-gates 325
15.4.2 A Truck Guidance System for Seaport Container Terminals 326
15.4.3 Shifting Freight to Other Transport Modes 327
15.5 Conclusion 328
References 329
Chapter 16 Improving Efficiency of Drayage Operations at Seaport Container Terminals Through the Use of an Appointment System 330
16.1 Introduction 331
16.2 Prior Research 332
16.3 Methodology and Framework 334
16.4 Experimental Design 340
Experiment 1 340
Experiment 2 340
Experiment 3 341
Experiment 4 342
16.5 Model Validation 342
16.6 Experimental Results 343
16.7 Conclusions 347
16.8 Benefit of Investigation for Terminal Planning 348
References 350
Chapter 17 Data Flow Across the Maritime Value Chain 352
17.1 Background Situation and Formulation of the Problem 352
17.2 Theoretical Concept 354
17.2.1 General Basis 354
17.2.2 Basis with Focus on Maritime Networks 355
17.3 Case Study: Piloting of Advanced Actor Communication 357
17.3.1 Introduction 357
17.3.2 Discussion 358
17.3.3 Results 359
17.4 Conclusion 363
References 364
Chapter 18 The Contribution of the Dry Port Concept to the Extension of Port Life Cycles 365
18.1 Introduction 365
18.2 The Dry Port Concept 369
18.3 The Product Life Cycle Concept 370
18.3.1 Theoretical Exposition 370
Development and Introduction 371
Growth 372
Maturity 372
Decline 373
18.3.2 The Product Life Cycle Applied to Ports 375
18.4 Dry Port \u2013 a Solution? 378
18.5 Conclusion 380
Terminal Mar麓itima de Zaragoza 380
Virginia Inland Port 381
Virginia Inland Port, 381
References 383
Chapter 19 Importance of Hinterland Transport Networks for Operational Efficiency in Seaport Container Terminals 386
19.1 Developments in International Container Transport 386
19.2 Process Design and Basic Conditions 389
19.3 Dislocated Terminal Structures 392
19.4 Options to Use Rail Freight Transport 394
19.5 Conclusion and Outlook 398
References 400
Chapter 20 Specialized Planning Issues 403
20.1 Introduction 403
20.2 Maritime Logistics and Intermodality 407
20.3 Logistic Chains \u2013 Intermodality 409
20.3.1 The Key-Nodes: Seaports 411
20.4 The Links: Rail Corridors and Inland Waterways 413
20.4.1 The Transport Corridors Concept 414
20.4.2 Railway Corridors 415
20.4.3 Inland Waterway 417
20.4.4 Policies for the Co-operation of Maritime Transport, Railways and Inland Waterways 422
20.4.5 Still Existing Problems 423
20.5 Insights and Recommendations for Terminal Planners and Operators 428
20.6 Conclusions 430
References 431
Index 434