I DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODELING 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 WHY DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODELING? 2
1.3 DISTRIBUTED MODEL REPRESENTATION 5
1.4 MATHEMATICAL ANALOGY 8
1.5 GIS DATA STRUCTURES AND SOURCES 9
1.6 SURFACE GENERATION 10
1.7 SPATIAL RESOLUTION AND INFORMATION CONTENT 10
1.8 RUNOFF PROCESSES I 1
1.9 HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS 14
1.10 DRAINAGE NETWORKS AND RESOLUTION 15
.1 1 SPATIALLY VARIABLE PRECIPITATION 15
1.12 DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODEL FORMULATION 16
1.13 DISTRIBUTED MODEL CALIBRATION 16
1.14 CASE STUDIES 17
1.15 HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION 18
1.16 SUMMARY 18
1.17 REFERENCES 19
2 DATA SOURCES AND STRUCTURE 21
1.1 INTRODUCTION 21
1.2 DIMENSIONALITY 23
1.3 MAP SCALE AND SPATIAL DETAIL 23
1.4 DATUM AND SCALE 24
1.5 GEOREFERENCED COORDINATE SYSTEMS 26
1.6 MAP PROJECTIONS 26
1.7 DATA REPRESENTATION 31
L.8 WAATERSHED DELINEATION 37
1 .9 SOIL CLASSIFICATION 42
1.10 LAND USE/COVER CLASSIFICATION 43
1.11 SUMMARY 45
1.12 REFERENCES 46
3 SURFACE GENERATION 47
,I INTRODUCTION 48
1.2 SURFACE GENERATORS 49
1.3 SURFACE GENERATION APPLICATION 66
1.4 SUMMARY 70
1.5 REFERENCES 71
4 SPATIAL VARIABILITY 73
1.1 INTRODUCTION 74
1.2 INFORMATION CONTENT 78
1.3 FRACTAL INTERPRETATION 80
1.4 RESOLUTION EFFECTS ON DEMS 82
1.5 SUMMARY 88
1.6 REFERENCES 89
5 INFILTRATION MODELING 91
.1 INTRODUCTION 92
.2 INFILTRATION PROCESS 93
1.3 APPROACHES TO INFILTRATION MODELING 93
1.4 GREEN-AMPT TEIFORY 101
1.5 ESTIMATION OF GREEN-AMPT PARAMETERS 103
1.6 ATTRIBUTE ERROR 108
1.7 SUMMARY 111
1.8 REFERENCES 111
6 HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS 115
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 16
1.2 HYDRAULICS OF SURFACE RUNOFF 117
1.3 APPLICATION TO THE ILLINOIS RIVER BASIN 123
1.4 SUMMARY 127
1.5 REFERENCES 127
7 DIGITAL TERRAIN 129
1.1 INTRODUCTION 129
.12 DRAINAGE NETWORK 130
1.3 DEFINITION OF CHANNEL NETWORKS 135
1.4 RESOLUTION DEPENDENT EFFECTS 138
1.5 CONSTRAINING DRAINAGE DIRECTION 141
1.6 SUMMARY 145
1.7 REFERENCES 146
8 PRECIPITATION MEASUREMENT 149
1.1 INTRODUCTION 149
1.2 RAIN GAUGE ESTIMATION OF RAINFALL 151
1.3 RADAR ESTIMATION OF PRECIPITATION 155
1.4 WSR-88D RADAR CHARACTERISTICS 167
1.5 INPUT FOR HYDROLOGIC MODELING 172
S.6 SUMMARY 174
1.7 REFERENCES 175
9 FINITE ELEMENT MODELING 177
l.1 INTRODUCTION 177
1.2 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION 182
1.3 SUMMARY 194
1.4 REFERENCES 195
10 DISTRIBUTED MODEL CALIBRATION 197
I.L INTRODUCTION .197
1.2 CALIBRATION APPROACH 199
1.3 DISTRIBUTED MODEL CALIBRATION 201
1.4 AUTOMATIC CALIBRATION 208
1.5 SUMMARY 214
1.6 REFERENCES 214
S1 DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGIC MODELING 217
1. INTRODUCTION 218
1.2 CASE STUDIES 218
1.3 SUMMARY 236
I.4 REFERENCES 237
12 HYDROLOGIC ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION 239
1.1 INTRODUCTION 239
1.2 VFLOTM EDITIONS 241
1.3 VFLOTM FEATURES AND MODULES 242
1.4 MODEL FEATURE SUMMARY 245
1.5 VFLOTM REAL-TIME 256
1.6 DATA REQUIREMENTS 258
1.7 RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER MODELS 259
1.8 SUMMARY 260
1.9 REFERENCES 260