Preface p. vii
Part 1 Introduction p. 1
Chapter 1 What Is Philosophy? p. 2
1.1 A Definition of Philosophy p. 2
1.2 What Is Rationality? p. 7
1.3 Does Philosophy Bake Bread? p. 12
On the Value of Philosophy Bertrand Russell p. 14
1.4 Who Are the Philosophers? p. 17
Socrates Cafe Christopher Phillips p. 18
1.5 Reading Philosophy p. 25
Part 2 Ethics p. 27
Chapter 2 How Should One Live? p. 28
2.1 Introduction p. 28
2.2 The Buddha and the Middle Way p. 30
The Four Noble Truths p. 31
The Fourth Noble Truth Walpola Rahula p. 33
2.3 Confucius and the Life of Virtue p. 36
Confucius and Moral Character D. C. Lau p. 38
2.4 Socrates on Living the Examined Life p. 44
The Apology Plato p. 46
2.5 Aristotle on Happiness and the Life of Moderation p. 59
Nichomachean Ethics Aristotle p. 60
2.6 The Song of God p. 68
Bhagavad-Gita p. 70
2.7 The Virtue of Selfishness p. 75
The Ethics of Emergencies Ayn Rand p. 77
Chapter 3 How Can I Know What Is Right? p. 81
3.1 Introduction p. 81
3.2 Kant and the Categorical Imperative p. 82
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals Immanuel Kant p. 83
3.3 Utilitarianism p. 88
What Utilitarianism Is John Stuart Mill p. 90
3.4 Revaluation of Values p. 96
Beyond Good and Evil Friedrich Nietzsche p. 99
On the Genealogy of Morality Friedrich Nietzsche p. 103
3.5 The Ethic of Care p. 107
Caring Nel Noddings p. 109
3.6 Moral Relativism p. 119
Relativism David Wong p. 120
Chapter 4 What Makes a Society Just? p. 127
4.1 Introduction p. 127
4.2 God and Justice p. 129
Islam and Democracy Khaled Abou El Fadl p. 130
4.3 Capitalism and Exploitation p. 138
Manifesto of the Communist Party Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels p. 140
4.4 The Original Position p. 148
A Theory of Justice John Rawls p. 150
4.5 Our Obligation to the State p. 160
Crito Plato p. 162
4.6 Civil Disobedience p. 168
Letter from Birmingham Jail Martin Luther King, Jr. p. 170
4.7 Sovereignty and Justice: An Indigenist's Viewpoint p. 179
Perversions of Justice Ward Churchill p. 180
Chapter 5 Is Justice for All Possible? p. 190
5.1 Introduction p. 190
5.2 Universal Human Rights p. 191
Human Rights in the "Age of Discovery" Rene Trujillo p. 192
United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights p. 194
5.3 Sexism, Racism, and Homophobia p. 197
Ain't I a Woman p. 199
Race Matters Cornel West p. 203
Homophobia as a Weapon of Sexism Suzanne Pharr p. 207
5.4 Globalization and Justice p. 212
One World: The Ethics of Globalization Peter Singer p. 213
5.5 Terrorism and Morality p. 219
Why Terrorism Is Morally Problematic p. 220
5.6 Justice and the Land p. 229
The Land Ethic Aldo Leopold p. 231
5.7 Animal Rights p. 241
The Case for Animal Rights Tom Regan p. 242
Part 3 Epistemology p. 249
Chapter 6 Is Knowledge Possible? p. 250
6.1 Introduction p. 250
6.2 Sufi Mysticism p. 253
Deliverance from Error Al-Ghazali p. 254
6.3 Is Certainty Possible? p. 261
Meditations I and II Rene Descartes p. 263
6.4 Empiricism and Limited Skepticism p. 269
An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding David Hume p. 271
6.5 Should We Believe Beyond the Evidence? p. 277
The Ethics of Belief William K. Clifford p. 279
The Will to Believe William James p. 280
6.6 Classical Indian Epistemology p. 285
Knowledge and Reality John M. Koller p. 286
6.7 Feminist Epistemology: A Non-Western Perspective p. 291
The Project of Feminist Epistemology Uma Narayan p. 292
Chapter 7 Does Science Tell Us the Whole Truth and Nothing but the Truth? p. 301
7.1 Introduction p. 301
7.2 How Do We Come to Belief? p. 302
The Fixation of Belief Charles Sanders Peirce p. 304
7.3 The Growth of Scientific Knowledge p. 310
Conjectures and Refutations Karl Popper p. 311
7.4 Scientific Revolutions p. 317
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Thomas S. Kuhn p. 319
7.5 Science and Traditional Thought p. 330
Old Gods, New Worlds Kwame Anthony Appiah p. 332
7.6 The Will to Truth p. 339
The Discourse on Language Michel Foucault p. 341
Truth and Power Michel Foucault p. 344
Part 4 Metaphysics p. 347
Chapter 8 What Is Really Real? p. 348
8.1 Introduction p. 348
8.2 The Dao p. 350
Dao De Jing Laozi p. 353
8.3 Platonic Dualism p. 359
The Republic Plato p. 362
8.4 Nondualism p. 369
The Crest-Jewel of Discrimination Shankara p. 370
8.5 Subjective Idealism p. 377
The Principles of Human Knowledge George Berkeley p. 380
8.6 Pre-Columbian Cosmologies p. 384
Pre-Columbian Philosophical Perspectives Jorge Valadez p. 385
8.7 So What Is Real? p. 390
The Circular Ruins Jorge Luis Borges p. 391
Chapter 9 Are We Free or Determined? p. 395
9.1 Introduction p. 395
9.2 Would You Want One of These? p. 396
The Case of Dr. Svengali Jonathan Harrison p. 398
9.3 We Are Determined p. 401
Not Guilty Robert Blatchford p. 402
9.4 We Are Free p. 406
Existentialism Jean-Paul Sartre p. 407
9.5 Karma and Freedom p. 414
Karma and Freedom Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan p. 416
9.6 We Are Both Free and Determined p. 419
Chanelle, Sabrina, and the Oboe Bruce N. Waller p. 421
Chapter 10 What Am I? p. 433
10.1 Introduction p. 433
10.2 You Are Your Mind p. 435
Mediation VI Rene Descartes p. 436
10.3 You Are an Embodied Self p. 439
Body, Mind, and Gender Eve Browning Cole p. 440
10.4 You Are a Computing Machine p. 448
Computing the Mind Bruce H. Hinrichs p. 449
10.5 You Are Not a Machine p. 455
Can Computers Think? John Searle p. 456
10.6 You Are Meat p. 463
They're Made Out of Meat Terry Bisson p. 464
Chapter 11 Who Am I? p. 466
11.1 Introduction p. 466
11.2 There Is No Self p. 467
False Doctrines about the Soul p. 469
The Simile of the Chariot p. 470
11.3 Down with the Ego p. 472
Divided Minds and the Nature of Persons Derek Parfit p. 473
11.4 Where Am I? p. 478
Brainstorms Daniel Dennett p. 480
11.5 Social Identity p. 488
How to Tame a Wild Tongue Gloria Anzaldua p. 489
11.6 Gender Identity p. 496
Crossing Deirdre (Donald) N. McCloskey p. 497
Chapter 12 Is There a God? p. 501
12.1 Introduction p. 501
12.2 Arguments for God's Existence p. 502
The Five Ways St. Thomas Aquinas p. 504
The Kalam Argument from Islam William Craig p. 506
Problems with the Cosmological Argument Gunapala Dharmasiri p. 507
12.3 Creationism vs. Evolution p. 508
The Blind Watchmaker Richard Dawkins p. 511
12.4 Why Do Babies Suffer? p. 520
God and the Problem of Evil B. C. Johnson p. 521
12.5 The Gender of God p. 525
Beyond God the Father Mary Daly p. 527
12.6 Are All Religions True? p. 532
The Role of Religion in Modern Society p. 534
Appendix I Glossary p. 541
Appendix II Pronunciation Guides p. 549