Veterinary anatomy of domestic mammals : textbook and colour atlas / 4th, rev. ed.

Table Of Contents:
Introduction and general anatomy 1(1)

H.-G. Liebich

G. Forstenpointner

H. E. Konig

History of veterinary anatomy 1(5)

Directional terms and planes of the animal body 6(1)

Division of the animal body in organs and organ systems 6(2)

Locomotor apparatus (apparatus locomotorius) 8(1)

Skeletal system (systema skeletale) 8(17)

Osteology (osteologia) 8(1)

Skeletal design 8(1)

Forms of bony tissues 9(1)

Architecuture of bone 10(1)

Endosteum, periosteum 11(1)

Bone regeneration 12(1)

Supply of blood vessels and nerves to the bone 12(1)

Bone as an organ 13(1)

Osteogenesis 13(1)

Ossification 14(2)

Types of bone tissues 16(1)

Bone functions 17(1)

Arthrology (arthrologia) 17(3)

Synarthroses 20(1)

True joints (articulationes synoviales) 20(5)

Muscular system (systema musculare) 25(8)

Myology (myologia) 25(1)

Development, degeneration, regeneration and adaptation of muscle fibres 25(2)

Architecture of skeletal musculature and the tendons 27(2)

Forms of muscles 29(1)

Locomotion 29(3)

Accessory structures of muscles 32(1)

Functions of the synovial membrane 33(1)

General anatomy of angiology (angiologia) 33(1)

Organisation of the cardiovascular system 34(2)

Heart(cor) 34(1)

Pulmonary and systemic circulation 34(1)

Portal circulation 35(1)

Peripheral circulation 35(1)

Collateral arteries, terminal arteries and rete mirabile 35(1)

Anastomoses, barrier arteries and sphincter veins 36(1)

Vessels (vasa) 36(3)

Structure of the blood vessels (vasa sanguinea) 36(1)

Arteries (arteriae) 37(1)

Arterioles 37(1)

Blood capillaries (vasa capillaria) 38(1)

Venules 38(1)

Veins (venae) 39(1)

Lymphatic system (vasa lymphatica) 39(1)

Lymphatic organs 39(1)

Functions of the lymphatic system 40(1)

Architecture of the lymphatic vessels (vasa lymphatica) 40(1)

General anatomy of the nervous system (systema nervosum) 40(1)

Functions of the nervous system 41(1)

Architecture and structure of the nervous system 41(1)

Nerve tissue (textus nervosus) 42(1)

Neurons 43(1)

Glial cells (gliocytes, neuroglia) 43(1)

Central nervous system (systema nervosum centrale, CNS) 43(2)

Grey matter (substantia grisea) 44(1)

White matter (substantia alba) 45(1)

Peripheral nervous system (systema nervosum periphercum, PNS) 45(4)

Nerves (nervi, neurons) 45(1)

Motor and sensory roots 45(1)

Ganglions (ganglia) 45(1)

Somatic (voluntary) nervous system 46(1)

Vegetative (autonomic) nervous system 46(1)

Nerve transmission of information 47(1)

Synapses 47(1)

Barriers in the nervous system 48(1)

Axial skeleton (skeleton axiale) 49(64)

H.-G. Liebich

H. E. Konig

Skull 49(1)

Vertebral column or spine 49(1)

Thorax 50(1)

Skeleton of the head 50(1)

Skull, neural part (cranium, neurocranium) 50(13)

Occipital bone (os occipitale) 51(3)

Sphenoid bone (os Sphenoidale) 54(1)

Presphenoid (os Praesphenoidale) 54(1)

Basisphenoid (os basisphenoidale) 54(1)

Temporal bone (os temporale) 55(2)

Frontal bone (os frontale) 57(4)

Parietal bone (os parietale) 61(1)

Interparietal bone (os interparietale) 61(1)

Ethmoid bone (os ethmoidale) 61(2)

Skull, facial part (facies, viscerocranium) 63(10)

Nasal bone (os nasale) 63(1)

Lacrimal bone (os lacrimale) 64(1)

Zygomatic bone (os zygomaticum) 64(1)

Maxilla 65(4)

Incisive bone (os incisivum) 69(1)

Palatine bone (os palatinum) 69(1)

Vomer 69(1)

Pterygoid bone (os pterygoideum) 69(1)

Mandible (mandibula) 69(2)

Hyoid bone, hyoid apparatus (os hyoideum, apparatus hyoideus) 71(2)

Paranasal sinuses (sinus paranasales) 73(1)

The skull as a whole 73(1)

The skull of carnivores 73(4)

Hyoid bone (os hyoideum) 77(1)

Cavities of the skull of carnivores 77(2)

Cranial cavity (cavum cranii) 77(1)

Nasal cavity (cavum nasi) 78(1)

Paranasal sinuses (sinus paranasales) 78(1)

The skull of the horse 79(6)

Hyoid bone (os hyoideum) 85(1)

Cavities of the equine skull 85(1)

Cranial cavity (cavum cranii) 85(1)

Nasal cavity (cavum nasi) 85(1)

Paranasal sinuses (sinus paranasales) 85(1)

Vertebral column or spine (columna vertebralis) 86(1)

Cervical vertebrae (vertebrae cervicales) 87(5)

Thoracic vertabrae (vertebrae thoracicae) 92(1)

Lumbar vertebrae (vertebrae lumbales) 93(4)

Sacral vertebrae (vertebrae sacrales) 97(4)

Caudal or coccygeal vertebrae (vertebrae caudales) 101(1)

Thoracic skeleton (skeleton thoracis) 101(1)

Ribs (costae) 101(3)

Sternum 104(1)

Joints of the skull and trunk (suturae capitis, articulationes columnae vertebralis et thoracis) 105(1)

Joints of the skull (synchondroses cranii) 105(1)

Joints of the vertebral column, the thorax and the skull (articulationes columnae vertebralis, thoracis et cranii) 106(2)

Intervertebral articulations (articulationes columnae vertebralis) 108(3)

Ligaments of the vertebral column 109(2)

Articulations of the ribs with the vertebral column (articulatines costovertebrales) 111(1)

Joints of the thoracic wall (articulationes thoracis) 112(1)

The vertebral column as a whole 112(1)

Fasciae and muscles of the head, neck and trunk 113(32)

H.-G. Liebich

J. Maierl

H. E. Konig

Fasciae 113(1)

Superficial fasciae of the head, neck and trunk 113(1)

Deep fasciae of the head, neck and trunk 113(1)

Cutaneous muscles (musculi cutanei) 114(1)

Cutaneous muscles of the head (musculi cutanei capitis) 114(1)

Cutaneous muscles of the neck (musculi cutanei colli) 114(1)

Cutaneous muscles of the trunk (musculi cutanei trunci) 115(1)

Muscles of the head (musculi capitis) 115(1)

Facial muscles (musculi faciales) 115(1)

Muscles of the lips and cheeks (musculi labiorum et buccarum) 115(3)

Muscles of the nose (musculi nasi) 118(1)

Extraobital muscles of the eyelids (musculi extraorbitales) 118(1)

Muscles of the external ear (musculi auriculares) 119(1)

Mandibular muscles 119(4)

Muscles of mastication 120(2)

Superficial muscles of the mandibular space 122(1)

Specific muscles of the head 123(1)

Muscles of the trunk (musculi trunci) 124(1)

Muscles of the neck (musuli colli) 125(4)

Muscles of the back (musculi dorsi) 129(6)

Long muscles of the neck and back 130(4)

Short muscles of the neck and back 134(1)

Muscles of the thoracic wall (musculi thoracis) 135(3)

Respiratory muscles 135(3)

Muscles of the abdominal wall (musculi abdominis) 138(4)

Rectus sheath (vagina m. recti abdominis) 141(1)

Inguinal canal (canalis inguinalis) 141(1)

Muscles of the tail (musculi caudae) 142(3)

Forelimb or thoracic limb (membra thoracica) 145(70)

H.-G. Liebich

J. Maierl

H. E. Koing

Skeleton of the thoracic limb (ossa membri thoracici) 145(1)

Pectoral girdle (cingulum membri thoracici) 145(4)

Shoulder blade (scapula) 145(4)

Skeleton of the arm (brachium) 149(4)

Skeleton of the forerm (skeleton antebrachii) 153(2)

Radius 154(1)

Ulna 154(1)

Skeleton of the manus (skeleton manus) 155(2)

Carpal bones (ossa carpi) 155(1)

Metacarpal bones (ossa metacarpalia) 155(2)

Digital skeleton (ossa digitorum manus) 157(1)

Skeleton of the manus (forepaw) in carnivores 157(2)

Carpal bones (ossa carpi) 157(1)

Metacarpal bones (ossa metacarpalia) 158(1)

Digital skeleton (ossa metacapalia) 158(1)

Skeleton of the manus in the horse 159(5)

Carpal bones (ossa carpi) 159(1)

Metacarpal bones (ossa metacarpalia) 159(1)

Digital skeleton (ossa digitorum manus) 160(4)

Joint of the thoracic limb (articulationes memori thoracici) 164(1)

Articulation of the thoracic limb to the trunk 164

Shoulder or humeral joint (articulatio humeri) 160(5)

Elbow joint (articulatio cubiti) 165(2)

Radioulnar articulations (articulatio radioulnaris proximalis et articulatio radioulnaris distalis) 167(1)

Articulations of the manus (articulationes manus) 167(3)

Carpal joints (articulationes carpeae) 167(3)

Intermetacarpal joints (articulationes intermetacarpeae) 170(1)

Phalangeal joints 170(12)

Phalangeal joints of the carnivores 170(1)

Metacarpophalangeal joints 170(1)

Proximal interphalangeal joints 171(1)

Distal interphalangeal joints 171(1)

Interdigital ligaments 171(1)

Phalangeal joints of the ruminants 171(1)

Metacarpophalangeal joints or fetlock joints 171(2)

Proximal interphalangeal joints or pastern joints 173(1)

Distal interphalangeal joints or coffin joints 174(1)

Support of the dewclaws 175(1)

Phalangeal joints of the horse 175(1)

Metacarpophalangeal joint or fetlock joint 175(2)

Proximal interphalangeal joint or pastern joint 177(1)

Distal interphalangeal joint or coffin joint 178(1)

Ligaments of the cartilages of the distal phalanx 179(3)

Muscles of the thoracic limb (musculi membri thoracici) 182(1)

Deep fasciae of the thoracic limb 182(1)

Girdle or extrinsic musculature of the thoracic limb 182(7)

Superficial layer of the extrinsic musculature of the thoracic limb 182(5)

Deep layer of the extrinsic musculature of the thoracic limb 187(2)

Intrinsic musculature of the thoracic limb 189(26)

Muscles of the shoulder joint 190(1)

Lateral shoulder muscles 190(2)

Medial shoulder muscles 192(1)

Muscles of the elbow joint 192(3)

Muscles of the radioulnar joints 195(3)

Muscles of the carpal joint 198(2)

Muscles of the digits 200(13)

Short digital muscles 213(1)

Special muscles of the digits of carnivores 214(1)

Hindlimb or pelvic limb (membra pelvina) 215(62)

H.-G. Liebich

H. E. Konig

J. Maierl

Skeleton of the pelvic limb (ossa membri pelvini) 215(1)

Pelvic girdle (cingulum membri pelvini) 215(7)

Ilium (os ilium) 215(3)

Pubis (os pubis) 218(1)

Ischium (os pubis) 218(1)

Acetabulum 219(1)

Pelvis 220(2)

Pelvic cavity 222(3)

Skeleton of the thigh (skeleton femoris) 225(2)

Kneecap (patella) 227(1)

Skeleton of the leg (skeleton cruris) 227(5)

Tibia 228(1)

Fibula 229(3)

Skeleton of the hindfoot (skeleton pedis) 232(4)

Tarsal bones (ossa tarsi) 232(1)

Talus (os tarsi tibiale) 232(2)

Calcaneus (os calcis, os tarsi fibulare) 234(2)

Metatarsal and digital skeleton (ossa metatarsalia et ossa digiti pedis) 236(1)

Joints of the pelvic limb (articulationes membri pelvini) 236(1)

Sacroiliac joint (articulatio sacroiliaca) 236(1)

Coxofemoral or hip joint (articulatio coxae) 237(1)

Stifle joint (articulatio genus) 238(6)

Femorotibial joint (articulatio femorotibialis) 238(4)

Femoropatellar joint (articulatio femoropatellaris) 242(1)

Tibiofibular joints 243(1)

Pedal joints (articulationes pedis) 244(3)

Tarsal joint or hock (articulatio tarsi) 244(3)

Metatarsal and phalangeal joints 247(1)

Muscles of the pelvic limb (musculi membri pelvini) 247(1)

Fasciae of the pelvis and the pelvic limb 247(1)

Girdle or extrinsic musculature of the pelvic limb 247(3)

Intrinsic musculature of the pelvic limb 250(27)

Rump muscles 251(5)

Caudal muscles of the thigh 256(2)

Medial muscles of the thigh 258(2)

Inner pelvic muscles 260(4)

Muscles of the stifle 264(1)

Muscles of the crus 265(1)

Craniolateral muscles of the curs 266(3)

Caudal muscles of the crus 269(7)

Short digital muscles 276(1)

Statics and dynamics 277(6)

J. Maierl

G. Weissengruber

H.-G. Liebich

Architecture of the trunk 277(1)

Thoracic limb 277(3)

Pelvic limb 280(1)

Gaits 281(2)

Body cavities and viscera 283(18)

H. E. Konig

H.-G. Liebich

Visceral mucosa 283(1)

Epithelium 283(1)

Connective tissue layer of the epithelium 284(1)

Muscle layer of the epithelium 284(1)

Visceral connective tissue 284(1)

Visceral motility 285(1)

Body cavities and their serous lining 285(2)

Thoracic cavity (cavum pectoris) 287(6)

Mediastinum (mediastinum) 288(4)

Lymph nodes of the mediastinum 292(1)

Abdominal and pelvic cavity (cavum abdominalis et pelvis) 293(8)

Peritoneal cavity (cavum peritonei) 294(5)

Pelvic cavity (cavum pelvis) 299(2)

Digestive system (apparatus digestorius) 301(68)

H. E. Konig

P. Sotonyi

H.-G. Liebich

Mouth and pharynx 301(1)

Oral cavity (cavum oris) 301(1)

Palate (palatum) 302(1)

Tongue (lingua, glossa) 303(4)

Sublingual floor of the oral cavity 307(1)

Salivary glands (glanduale salivariae) 308(2)

Parotid salivary gland (glandula parotis) 309(1)

Mandibular salivary gland (glandula mandibularis) 309(1)

Sublingual salivary glands (glandulae sublinguales) 310(1)

Masticatory apparatus 310(11)

Teeth (dentes) 310(1)

Structure of the teeth 310(4)

Dentition of the horse 314(3)

Dentition of the dog 317(3)

Dentition of the cat 320(1)

Dentition of the ox 320(1)

Dentition of the pig 320(1)

Temporomandibular joint (articulatio temporomandibularis) 321(1)

Muscles of mastication 321(1)

Pharynx (cavum pharyngis) 321(3)

Deglutition (swallowing) 323(1)

Lymphatic structures of the pharynx (tonsils) 323(1)

Muscles of the hyoid apparatus 324(2)

Upper muscles of the hyoid apparatus 324(1)

Lower muscles of the hyoid apparatus 325(1)

Cranial part of the alimentary canal (oesophagus and stomach) 326(1)

Oesophagus 326(1)

Structure of the oesophagus 326(1)

Stomach (gaster, ventriculus) 327(16)

Simple stomach 327(1)

Structure of the gastric wall 327(2)

Species-specific variations of the simple stomach 329(3)

Blood supply and innervation 332(1)

Position of the stomach and omenta 333(2)

Complex stomach 335(1)

Rumen 336(2)

Reticulum 338(1)

Omasum 339(1)

Abomasum 340(1)

Gastric groove (sulcus ventriculi) 340(1)

Omenta 341(1)

Blood supply 342(1)

Innervation 342(1)

Lymph nodes 343(1)

Intestine 343(1)

Structure of the intestinal wall 343(2)

Innervation of the intestine 345(1)

Blood supply of the intestine 345(1)

Small intestine (intestinum tenue) 346(5)

Duodenum 347(3)

Jejunum 350(1)

Ileum 351(1)

Large intestine (intestinum crassum) 351(5)

Caecum 352(1)

Caecum of the horse 352(1)

Caecum of the pig and ruminants 353(1)

Colon 353(1)

Colon of the horse 354(1)

Colon of the pig 354(1)

Colon of the ruminants 355(1)

Rectum 356(1)

Anal canal and adjacent structures 356(1)

Glands associated with the alimentary canal 356(1)

Liver (hepar) 356(8)

Weight 357(1)

Form, position and species-specific variations 357(3)

Structure 360(1)

Blood supply 361(2)

Innervation 363(1)

Lymphatics 363(1)

Ligaments 363(1)

Bile ducts 364(1)

Gall bladder (vesica fellea) 364(1)

Pancreas 364(5)

Pancreatic duct system of the different species 368(1)

Respiratory system (apparatus respiratorius) 369(22)

H. E. Konig

H.-G. Liebich

Functions of the respiratory system 369(1)

Upper respiratory tract 369(1)

Nose (rhin, nasus) 369(5)

Apex of the nose 369(2)

Nasal cartilages (cartilagines nasi) 371(1)

Nasal vestibule (vestibulum nasi) 371(3)

Nasal cavities (cava nasi) 374(1)

Nasal conchae (conchae nasales) 374(1)

Nasal meatuses (meatus nasi) 374(1)

Paranasal sinuses (sinus Paranasales) 375(1)

Lower respiratory tract 376(1)

Larynx 376(8)

Cartilages of the larynx (cartilagines laryngis) 377(2)

Epiglottis (epiglottis) 379(1)

Thyroid cartilage (cartilago thyroidea) 379(1)

Arytenoid cartilages (cartilagines arytaenoideae) 379(1)

Cricoid cartilage (cartilago cricoidea) 379(1)

Laryngeal cavity (cavum laryngis) 379(1)

Articulations and ligaments of the larynx 380(1)

Muscles of the larynx 380(2)

Functions of the larynx 382(1)

Blood supply and innervation of the larynx 382(2)

Trachea (trachea) 384(1)

Lung (pulmo) 384(7)

Structure of the lungs 385(1)

Bronchial tree (arbor bronchialis) 385(3)

Lobes of the lung (lobi pulmonis) 388(2)

Blood vessels 390(1)

Lymph nodes 390(1)

Innervation 390(1)

Urinary system (organa urinaria) 391(16)

H. E. Konig

J. Maierl

H.-G. Liebich

Kidney (nephros, ren) 391(2)

Location of the kidneys 393(1)

Shape of the kidneys 393(1)

Structure of the kidney 393(2)

Functional units of the kidney 395(2)

Blood supply 397(2)

Lymphatics 399(1)

Innervation 399(1)

Renal pelvis (pelvis renalis) 399(2)

Ureter (ureter) 401(2)

Urinary bladder (vesica urinaria) 403(2)

Urethra (urethra) 405(2)

Male genital organs (organa genitalia masculina) 407(16)

H. E. Konig

H.-G. Liebich

Testis (orchis) 407(2)

Structure of the testis 409(2)

Epididymis 411(1)

Deferent duct (ductus deferens) 411(1)

Investments of the testis 412(1)

Vaginal process (processus vaginalis) and spermatic cord (funiculus spermaticus) 413(1)

Position of the scrotum 414(1)

Blood supply, lymphatic drainage and innervation of the testis and its investments 414(1)

Urethra 415(1)

Accessory genital glands (glandulae genitales accessoriae) 415(2)

Vesicular gland (glandula vesicularis) 417(1)

Prostate gland (prostata) 417(1)

Bulbourethral gland (glandula bulbourethralis) 417(1)

Penis 418(2)

Prepuce (praeputium) 420(1)

Muscles of the penis 421(1)

Blood supply, lymphatic drainage and innervation of the urethra and the penis 422(1)

Erection and ejaculation 422(1)

Female genital organs (organa genitalia feminina) 423(18)

H. E. Konig

H.-G. Liebich

Ovary (ovarium) 423(2)

Position, form and size of the ovaries 425(1)

Structure of the ovaries 425(4)

Ovarian follicles 425(2)

Corpus luteum 427(2)

Uterine tube (tuba uterina) 429(1)

Mesovarium, mesosalpinx and ovarian bursa 429(1)

Uterus (metra, hystera) 430(2)

Structure of the uterine wall 432(1)

Vagina 433(1)

Vestibule of the vagina (vestibulum vaginae) 434(1)

Vulva 435(2)

Ligaments (adnexa) 437(2)

Muscles 439(1)

Blood supply, lymphatic drainage and innervation 439(2)

Organs of the cardiovascular system (systema cardiovasculare) 441(34)

H. E. Konig

J. Ruberte

H.-G. Liebich

Heart (cor) 441(1)

Pericardium 442(1)

Position and size of the heart 443(1)

Shape and surface topography of the heart 443(1)

Compartments of the heart 444(3)

Atria of the heart (atria cordis) 444(1)

Right atrium (atrium dextrum) 444(1)

Left atrium (atrium sinistrum) 445(1)

Ventricles of the heart (ventriculi cordis) 445(1)

Right ventricle (ventriculus dexter) 445(1)

Left ventricle (ventriculus sinister) 446(1)

Structure of the cardiac wall 447(3)

Blood vessels of the heart 450(1)

Conducting system of the heart 451(1)

Innervation of the heart 452(1)

Lymphatics of the heart 452(1)

Functions of the heart 452(1)

Vessels (vasa) 453(1)

Arteries of the pulmonary circulation 454(1)

Arteries of the systemic circulation 454(14)

Cranial branches of the aortic arch 455(1)

Brachiocephalic trunk 455(7)

Thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta 462(1)

External iliac artery 463(3)

Internal iliac artery 466(2)

Veins (venae) 468(6)

Cranial vena cava (vena cava cranialis) and its tributaries 469(1)

Veins of the head and neck 469(1)

Azygous vein (vena azygos) 470(2)

Veins of the pelvic limb 472(1)

Caudal vena cava (vena cava caudalis) 472(1)

Portal vein (vena portae) 473(1)

Arteries and veins of the digit 474(1)

Immune system and lymphatic organs (organa lymphopoetica) 475(14)

H. E. Konig

H.-G. Liebich

Lymph vessels (vasa lymphatica) 475(1)

Lymph nodes (lymphonodi, nodi lymphatici) 476(1)

Lymph nodes of the head 477(1)

Parotid lymph centre 477(1)

Mandibular lymph centre 478(1)

Retropharyngeal lymph centre 478(1)

Lymph nodes of the neck 478(1)

Superficial cervical lymph centre 478(1)

Deep cervical lymph centre 478(1)

Lymph nodes of the thoracic limb 478(1)

Axillary lymph centre 479(1)

Lymph nodes of the thorax 479(1)

Dorsal thoracic lymph centre 479(1)

Ventral thoracic lymph centre 479(1)

Mediastinal lymph centre 479(1)

Bronchial lymph centre 480(1)

Lymph nodes of the abdomen 480(2)

Lumbar lymph centre 481(1)

Coeliac lymph centre 481(1)

Cranial mesenteric lymph centre 481(1)

Caudal mesenteric lymph centre 481(1)

Lymph nodes of the pelvic cavity and the pelvic limb 482(1)

Iliosacral lymph centre 482(1)

Iiliofemoral lymph centre 482(1)

Inguinofemoral lymph centre (lymphocentrum inguinofemorale) 482(1)

Ischial lymph centre (lymphocentrum ischiadicum) 483(1)

Popliteal lymph centre (lymphocentrum popliteum) 483(1)

Lymph-collecting ducts 483(1)

Thymus (thymus) 484(1)

Spleen (lien, splen) 485(3)

Blood supply, lymphatic draingage and innervation of the spleen 488(1)

Function 488(1)

Nervous system (systema nervosum) 489(72)

H. E. Konig

H.-G. Liebich

C. Cerveny

Central nervous system (systema nervosum centrale) 489(1)

Spinal cord (medulla spinalis) 490(4)

Shape and position 490(1)

Structure 491(1)

Grey matter (substantia grisea) 491(2)

White matter (substantia alba) 493(1)

Reflex arcs of the spinal cord 494(1)

Brain (encephalon) 494(14)

Rhombencephalon 495(1)

Myelencephalon 495(1)

Medulla oblongata 495(1)

Metencephalon 496(1)

Pons 496(1)

Cerebellum 497(1)

Medullary vela (vela medullaria) and rhomboid fossa (fossa rhomboidea) 497(1)

Mesencephalon 498(1)

Prosencephalon 499(1)

Diencephalon 499(3)

Functions of the diencephalon 502(1)

Telencephalon 502(1)

Rhinencephalon 503(1)

Limbic system 503(1)

Neopallium and cerebral hemispheres 504(1)

Internal organisation of the hemispheres 504(3)

Functions of the telencephalon 507(1)

Pathways of the central nervous system 508(5)

Ascending pathways 508(1)

General somatic afferent pathways 508(1)

Afferent pathways of the sense organs 509(2)

Descending pathways 511(1)

Somatic motor pathways 511(1)

Pyramidal system 512(1)

Extrapyramidal system 513(1)

Central autonomic nervous system 513(1)

Visceral pathways 514(1)

Meninges of the central nervous system 514(5)

Spinal dura mater (dura mater spinalis) 515(1)

Cranial dura mater (dura mater encephali) 515(1)

Arachnoid membrane (arachnoidea) 515(3)

Cerebral and spinal pia mater (pia mater encephali et spinalis) 518(1)

Ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid 519(1)

Blood vessels of the central nervous system 519(3)

Blood vessels of the spinal cord 519(1)

Blood vessels of the brain 520(2)

Peripheral nervous system (systema nervosum periphericum) 522(1)

Cerebrospinal nerves and ganglia 523(1)

Cranial nerves (nervi craniales) 523(14)

Olfactory nerve (I) (nervus olfactorius) 525(1)

Optic nerve (II) (fasciculus opticus) 525(1)

Oculomotor nerve (III) (nervus oculomotorius) 525(1)

Trochlear nerve (IV) (nervus trochlearis) 525(1)

Trigeminal nerve (V) (nervus trigeminus) 526(1)

Ophthalmic nerve (V1) (nervus ophthalmicus) 526(1)

Maxillary nerve (V2) (nervus maxillaris) 527(1)

Mandibular nerve (V3) (nervus mandibularis) 528(2)

Abducent nerve (VI) (nervus abducens) 530(1)

Facial nerve (VII) (nervus facialis) 530(2)

Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) (nervus vestibulocochlearis) 532(1)

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) (nervus glossopharyngeus) 532(1)

Vagus nerve (X) (nervus vagus) 533(3)

Accessory nerve (XI) (nervus accessorius) 536(1)

Hypoglossal nerve (XII) (nervus hypoglossus) 537(1)

Spinal nerves (nervi spinales) 537(19)

Cervical nerves (nervi cervicales) 537(1)

Brachial plexus (plexus brachialis) and nerves of the thoracic limb 538(2)

Suprascapular nerve (nervus suprascapularis) 540(1)

Musculocutaneous nerve (nervus musculocutaneus) 540(4)

Axillary nerve (nervus axillaris) 544(1)

Radial nerve (nervus radialis) 544(1)

Median nerve (nervus medianus) 545(1)

Ulnar nerve (nervus ulnaris) 546(1)

Innervation of the distal limb 546(1)

Ventral branches of the thoracic nerves 547(1)

Lumbar nerves (nervi lumbales) 547(1)

Iliohypogastric nerve (nervus iliohypogastricus) 547(1)

Ilioinguinal nerve (nervus inguinalis) 547(1)

Genitofemoral nerve (nervus genitofemoralis) 548(1)

Lateral cutaneous femoral nerve (nervus cutaneus femoris lateralis) 548(1)

Femoral nerve (nervus femoralis) 548(4)

Obturator nerve (nervus obturatorius) 552(1)

Sacral nerves (nervi sacrales) 552(1)

Lumbosacral plexus (plexus lumbosacralis) 552(1)

Cranial gluteal nerve (nervus glutaeus cranialis) 552(1)

Caudal gluteal nerve (nervus gluaeus caudalis) 552(1)

Caudal femoral cutaneous nerve (nervus cutanaeus femoris caudalis) 552(1)

Pudendal nerve (nervus pudendus) 553(1)

Caudal rectal nerves (nervi rectales caudales) 554(1)

Sciatic nerve (nervus ischiadicus) 554(1)

Common fibular nerve (nervus fibularis communis) 554(1)

Tibial nerve (nervus tibialis) 555(1)

Peripheral outonomic nervous system (systema nervosum autonomicum) 556(1)

Structure of the autonomic nervous system 556(5)

Sympathetic system 557(1)

Sympathetic trunk (truncus symphaticus) 557(3)

Parasympathetic system 560(1)

Intramural system 560(1)

Endocrine glands (glandulae endocrinae) 561(10)

H. E. Konig

H.-G. Liebich

Pituitary gland (hypophysis or glandula pituitaria) 561(1)

Pineal gland (epiphysis cerebri or corpus pineale, glandula pinealis) 562(1)

Thyroid gland (glandula thyroidea) 563(1)

Position and form of the thyroid gland 563(1)

Blood supply, lymphatic drainage and innervation 564(1)

Parathyroid glands (glandulae parathyroideae) 565(1)

Species-specific variations 565(1)

Blood supply, lymphatic drainage and innervation 566(1)

Adrenal glands (glandulae adrenales or suprarenales) 566(1)

Function 567(1)

Blood supply, lymphatic drainage and innervation 567(1)

Paraganglia 568(2)

Pancreatic islets (insulae pancreatici) 570(1)

Gonads as endocrine glands 570(1)

Eye (organum visus) 571(22)

H.-G. Liebich

H. E. Konig

Eyeball (bulbus oculi) 571(1)

Shape and size of the eyeball 571(1)

Directional terms and planes of the eyeball 572(1)

Structure of the eyeball 572(14)

Fibrous layer of the eyeball (tunica fibrosa bulbi) 572(1)

Sclera 572(1)

Cornea 573(1)

Vascular layer of the eyeball (tunica vasculosa or media bulbi, uvea) 574(1)

Choroid (choroidea, uvea) 574(1)

Ciliary body (corpus ciliare) 575(1)

Iris 576(1)

Innervation of the iris and of the ciliary body 577(1)

Inner layer of the eyeball (tunica interna bulbi, retina) 577(2)

Pigmented layer (stratum pigmentosum retinae) 579(1)

Neural layer (stratum nervosum retinae) 579(2)

Central area of the retina (area centralis retinae) 581(1)

Central striateform area of the retina (area centralis striaeformis retinae) 581(1)

Nutrition of the retina 581(1)

Optic nerve (nervus opticus) 582(1)

Structures of the inner eye 582(1)

Lens (lens) 582(2)

Chambers of the eyeball (camerae bulbi) and aqueous humour (humor aquosus) 584(1)

Vitreous body (corpus vitreum) 584(2)

Adnexa of the eye (organa oculi accessoria) 586(1)

Orbit (orbita) 586(1)

Fasciae and extrinsic muscles of the eyeball 586(1)

Eyelids (palpebrae) 587(1)

Lacrimal apparatus (apparatus lacrimalis) 588(1)

Blood supply and innervation 589(1)

Blood vessels of the eye 589(1)

Innervation of the eye and its adnexa 590(1)

Visual pathways and optic reflexes 591(2)

Vestibulocochlear organ (organum vestibulocochleare) 593(16)

H.-G. Liebich

H. E. Konig

External ear (auris externa) 593(1)

Auricle (auricula) 594(1)

External acoustic meatus (meatus acusticus externus) 595(1)

Tympanic membrane (membrana tympani) 595(1)

Middle ear (auris media) 596(1)

Tympanic cavity (cavum tympani) 596(3)

Auditory ossicles (ossicula auditus) 599(2)

Auditory tube (tuba auditiva, Eustachian tube) 601(4)

Internal ear (auris interna) 605(1)

Vestibular labyrinth (pars statica labyrinthi) 605(2)

Saccule (sacculus) and utricle (utriculus) 606(1)

Semicircular ducts (ductus semicirculares) 606(1)

Cochlear labyrinth (pars auditiva labyrinthi) 607(2)

Cochlear duct (ductus cochlearis) 607(1)

Organ of Corti (organum spirale) 608(1)

Common integument (integumentum commune) 609(52)

S. Reese

K.-D. Budras

Chr. Mulling

H. Bragulla

H. E. Konig

Subcutaneous layer (subcutis, tela subcutanea) 610(1)

Skin (cutis) 610(1)

Dermis (corium) 611(1)

Epidermis (epidermis) 611(2)

Blood supply of the skin 613(1)

Nerves and sense organs of the skin 614(1)

Hairs (pili) 615(1)

Hair types 615(2)

Patterns of hair 617(1)

Shedding 617(1)

Skin glands (glandulae cutis) 618(1)

Specialised forms of skin glands 618(1)

Mammary gland (mamma, uber, mastos) 619(1)

Suspensory apparatus of the mammary glands 619(1)

Structure of the mammary glands 619(1)

Blood supply 620(1)

Arteries 621(1)

Veins 621(1)

Lymphatic system 621(1)

Innervation 621(1)

Neurohormonal reflex arc 622(1)

Development of the mammary gland 622(1)

Lactation 623(1)

Mammary glands (mamma) of carnivores 624(1)

Mammary glands (mamma) of the pig 624(1)

Udder (uber) of small ruminants 625(1)

Bovine udder (uber) 625(1)

Equine udder (uber) 626(1)

Foot pads (tori) 627(1)

Digit (organum digitale) 627(1)

Function 627(1)

Segmentation 628(1)

Horny enclosure of the distal phalanx (capsula ungularis) 628(2)

Wall (paries corneus, lamina) 628(1)

Base surface (facies solearis) 628(2)

Deciduous horn shoe (capsula ungulae decidua) 630(1)

Modification of the different segments 630(2)

Subcutis (tela subcutanea) 630(1)

Dermis (corium) 630(1)

Epidermis (epidermis) 631(1)

Vital layers of the epidermis 631(1)

Horn (stratum corneum) 631(1)

Structure of the horn-cell junction 632(1)

Tubular horn 632(1)

Functions of the horn 632(1)

Claw (unguicula) 632(5)

Canine claw 632(1)

Form of the claw 633(1)

Segments of the claw 633(2)

Blood supply 635(1)

Lymphatic drainage 636(1)

Innervation 636(1)

Feline claw 636(1)

Blood supply 636(1)

Lymphatic drainage 637(1)

Innervation 637(1)

Hooves (ungula) of ruminants and pigs 637(10)

Definition 637(1)

Bovine hooves (ungula) 637(1)

Form of the hooves 638(1)

Functions 638(1)

Segments of the hoof 638(4)

Blood supply 642(3)

Lymphatic drainage 645(1)

Innervation 645(1)

Hoof (ungula) of the small ruminants 645(2)

Blood supply and innervation 647(1)

Hoof (ungula) of the pig 647(1)

Blood supply and innervation 647(1)

Equine hoof (ungula) 647(10)

Definition 647(2)

Shape of the hoof 649(1)

Wall (paries corneus, lamina) 649(1)

Base surface (facies solearis) 649(1)

Segments of the hoof 650(1)

Perioplic segment (limbus) 651(1)

Coronary segment (corona) 651(2)

Wall segment (paries) 653(1)

Sole segment (solea) 654(1)

Foot pad (torus digitalis) 655(1)

Frog (cuneus ungulae) 655(1)

Heel bulbs (torus ungulae) 655(1)

Suspension of the distal phalanx 655(1)

Blood supply 656(1)

Arteries 656(1)

Veins 656(1)

Lymphatic drainage 656(1)

Innervation 657(1)

Thoracic limb 657(1)

Pelvic limb 657(1)

Hoof biomechanics 657(1)

Horn Production 657(1)

Horn (cornu) 657(1)

Bovine horn (cornu) 658(2)

Development of the horn 658(1)

Cornual process (processus cornualis) 658(1)

Pneumatisation of the cornual process 658(1)

Horn sheath 658(1)

Cornual subcutis (tela subcutanea) 658(1)

Cornual dermis (dermis cornus) 658(1)

Cornual epidermis (epidermis cornus) 658(1)

Blood supply 659(1)

Lymphatic drainage 659(1)

Innervation 659(1)

Horn (cornu) of the small ruminants 660(1)

Cornual process (processus cornualis) 660(1)

Horn sheath 660(1)

Blood supply and innervation 660(1)

Topographical-clinical anatomy 661(66)

H. E. Konig

P. Sotonyi

A. Probst

J. Maierl

H.-G. Liebich

Head (caput) 661(1)

Stratigraphy 661(1)

Regions 661(5)

Nasal region 661(1)

Oral region and chin region 661(1)

Buccal region 662(1)

Infraorbital region 662(1)

Masseteric region 663(1)

Orbital region 663(2)

Intermandibular region 665(1)

Temporal region 665(1)

Clinical applications 666(11)

Digestive organs of the head 666(1)

Oral cavity 666(1)

Teeth 666(1)

Nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses 667(1)

Pharynx 668(1)

Larynx 668(1)

Cranial nerves 669(5)

Guttural pouch of the horse 674(1)

Eye 675(1)

Ear 675(1)

Brain 676(1)

Neck (collum) 677(1)

Stratigraphy 677(1)

Regions 677(2)

Parotid region 677(1)

Vetral region of the neck 678(1)

Prescapular region 679(1)

Dorsal region of the neck 679(1)

Clinical applications 679(2)

Thyroid gland 680(1)

Trachea 680(1)

Larynx 680(1)

Oesophagus 680(1)

Intervertebral disc 681(1)

Thorax 681(1)

Visible and palpable bony structures 681(1)

Superficial thoracic and muscular grooves 681(1)

Stratigraphy 681(1)

Regions 681(1)

Organs of the thoracic cavity 681(2)

Lungs 682(1)

Dome of the diaphragm 682(1)

Heart 682(1)

Clinical applications 683(1)

Blood vessel supply to the heart 683(1)

Persistent right aortic arc 683(1)

Persistent ductus arteriosus in the dog 683(1)

Abdomen 683(3)

Visible and palpable bony structures 686(1)

Blood vessels 686(1)

Innervation 687(1)

Lymph nodes 687(1)

Stratigraphy 687(1)

Regions 687(6)

Cranial abdominal region 687(1)

Hypochondriac region 687(5)

Xiphoid region 692(1)

Middle abdominal region 692(1)

Lateral abdominal region 692(1)

Umbilical region 692(1)

Caudal abdominal region 693(1)

Pubic region 693(1)

Inguinal region 693(1)

Clinical applications 693(3)

Abdominal hernia 693(1)

Laparoscopy 693(1)

Laparotomy 693(2)

Castration 695(1)

Surgery of the copulatory organ 696(1)

Examination of the udder 696(1)

Forelimb or thoracic limb (membra thoracica) 696(1)

Regions 696(11)

Scapular region 697(1)

Shoulder joint and axillary regions 697(1)

Lateral brachial region 698(4)

Medial brachial region 702(1)

Elbow region 702(1)

Forearm region 702(1)

Cranial forearm region 702(1)

Medical forearm region 702(4)

Caudal forearm region 706(1)

Carpal region 706(1)

Metacarpal region and the digital regions 706(1)

Clinical applications 707(2)

Hindlimb or pelvic limb (membra pelvina) 709(1)

Regions 709(9)

Gluteal region and hip joint region 710(1)

Perineal region 710(1)

Femoral region 710(1)

Knee or stifle regions 711(2)

Crural regions 713(1)

Tarsal region 713(5)

Metatarsal region 718(1)

Phalangeal regions 718(1)

Clinical applications 718(2)

Palpable bony structures 720(2)

Projection of the organs onto the body surface 722(1)

Organs of the abdominal cavity 722(5)

Right lateral body wall of the dog 722(1)

Left lateral body wall of the dog 722(1)

Right lateral body wall of the pig 723(1)

Left lateral body wall of the pig 723(1)

Right lateral body wall of the ox 724(1)

Left lateral body wall of the ox 724(1)

Right lateral body wall of the horse 725(1)

Left lateral body wall of the horse 725(2)
Literature 727(4)
Glossary of Terms 731(8)
Index 739