Table Of Contents:
Preface for Instructors vii
Introduction: Reading Imaginative Literature 1(1)

The Nature of Literature 1(3)

Emily Dickinson, A narrow Fellow in the Grass 2(2)

The Value of Literature 4(2)

The Changing Literary Canon 6(3)

FICTION 9(2)

The Elements of Fiction 11(290)

Reading Fiction 13(33)

Reading Fiction Responsively 13(10)

Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour 15(1)

Photo: Kate Chopin 15(1)

A Sample Close Reading: An Annotated Section of ``The Story of an Hour'' 16(3)

A Sample Paper: Differences in Responses to Kate Chopin's ``The Story of an Hour'' 19(4)

Explorations and Formulas 23(6)

A Composite of a Romance Tip Sheet 25(3)

Photo: Romance Novel Cover 28(1)

A Comparison of Two Stories 29(17)

Karen Van Der Zee, From A Secret Sorrow 30(8)

Gail Godwin, A Sorrowful Woman 38(1)

Photo: Gail Godwin 38(5)

Perspective: Kay Mussell, Are Feminism and Romance Novels Mutually Exclusive? 43(2)

Perspective: Thomas Jefferson, On the Dangers of Reading Fiction 45(1)

Writing about Fiction 46(17)

From Reading to Writing 46(17)

Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing 47(2)

A Sample Paper in Progress 49(1)

First Response 50(1)

Brainstorming 50(1)

Revising: First and Second Drafts 51(8)

A Sample Paper, Final Draft: Fulfillment or Failure? Marriage in A Secret Sorrow and ``A Sorrowful Woman'' 59(4)

Plot 63(41)

Edgar Rice Burroughs, From Tarzan of the Apes 66

Photo: Edgar Rice Burroughs 65(1)

Cover: All-Story Magazine, 1912 (Tarzan Issue) 65(8)

Joyce Carol Oates, Three Girls 73(1)

Photo: Joyce Carol Oates 73(7)

William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily 80(1)

Photo: William Faulkner 80(7)

Perspective: William Faulkner, On ``A Rose for Emily'' 87(2)

Andre Dubus, Killings 89(1)

Photo: Andre Dubus 89(13)

Perspective: A. L. Bader, Nothing Happens in Modern Short Stories 102(2)

Character 104(47)

Charles Dickens, From Hard Times 105(1)

Portrait: Charles Dickens 105(5)

May-Lee Chai, Saving Sourdi 110(1)

Photo: May-lee Chai 110(14)

Herman Melville, Bartleby, the Scrivener 124

Photo: Herman Melville 123(26)

Perspective: Nathaniel Hawthorne, On Herman Melville's Philosophic Stance 149(2)

Setting 151(22)

Ernest Hemingway, Soldier's Home 154

Photo: Ernest Hemingway 153(7)

Perspective: Ernest Hemingway, On What Every Writer Needs 160(1)

Fay Weldon, Ind AFF, or Out of Love in Sarajevo 161

Photo: Fay Weldon 160(7)

Perspective: Fay Weldon, On the Importance of Place in ``IND AFF'' 167(1)

Helena Maria Viramontes, The Moths 168(5)

Point of View 173(38)

Third-Person Narrator (Nonparticipant) 174(2)

First-Person Narrator (Participant) 176(35)

Anton Chekhov, The Lady with the Pet Dog 179

Photo: Anton Chekhov 178(12)

Perspective: Anton Chekhov, On Morality in Fiction 190(1)

Joyce Carol Oates, The Lady with the Pet Dog 191(13)

Perspective: Matthew C. Brennan, Point of View and Plotting in Chekhov's and Oates's ``The Lady with the Pet Dog'' 204(3)

Alice Walker, Roselily 207

Photo: Alice Walker 206(5)

Symbolism 211(28)

Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Clothes 214(1)

Photo: Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni 214(9)

Colette [Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette], The Hand 223(3)

Ralph Ellison, Battle Royal 226(1)

Photo: Ralph Ellison 226(11)

Perspective: Mordecai Marcus, What Is an Initiation Story? 237(2)

Theme 239(20)

Stephen Crane, The Bride Comes to Yellow Sky 243(1)

Photo: Stephen Crane 243(9)

Katherine Mansfield, Miss Brill 252

Photo: Katherine Mansfield 251(5)

Dagoberto Gilb, Love in L.A. 256

Photo: Dagoberto Gilb 255(4)

Style, Tone, and Irony 259(31)

Style 259(2)

Tone 261(1)

Irony 262(28)

Raymond Carver, Popular Mechanics 264(1)

Photo: Raymond Carver 264(2)

Perspective: John Barth, On Minimalist Fiction 266(1)

T. Coraghessan Boyle, Carnal Knowledge 267(1)

Photo: T. Coraghessan Boyle 267(15)

Susan Minot, Lust 282(1)

Photo: Susan Minot 282(8)

Combining the Elements of Fiction 290(11)

The Elements Together 290(1)

Mapping the Story 291(10)

David Updike, Summer 292

Photo: David Updike 291(6)

Questions for Writing: Developing a Topic into a Thesis 297(4)

Approaches to Fiction 301(192)

A Study of Nathaniel Hawthorne 303(42)

A Brief Biography and Introduction 305(35)

Portrait: Nathaniel Hawthorne, by Charles Osgood 304(1)

Portrait: Sophia Peabody, by Chester Harding [?] 304(1)

Photo: The Hawthorne Children 304(3)

Photo: Old Manse Garden 307(1)

Photo: Nathaniel Hawthorne 308(1)

Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown 309(7)

Image: The Witch of the Woodlands 316(3)

Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Minister's Black Veil 319(9)

Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Birthmark 328(12)

Perspectives 340(5)

Nathaniel Hawthorne, On Solitude 340(1)

Nathaniel Hawthorne, On the Power of the Writer's Imagination 341(2)

Nathaniel Hawthorne, On His Short Stories 343(1)

Herman Melville, On Nathaniel Hawthorne's Tragic Vision 343(2)

A Study of Flannery O'Connor 345(51)

A Brief Biography and Introduction 346(45)

Photo: Flannery O'Connor, Age 12 347(1)

Photo: Flannery O'Connor as a Teen 347(1)

Photo: Flannery O'Connor (with Self-Portrait) 347(1)

Photo: Flannery O'Connor and the Corinthian Staff 348(1)

Cartoon: ``Targets Are Where You Find 'Em,'' from The Colonnade 348(2)

Photo: Flannery O'Connor at Andalusia 350(1)

Flannery O'Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find 351(11)

Flannery O'Connor, Good Country People 362(14)

Flannery O'Connor, Revelation 376(15)

Perspectives 391(5)

Flannery O'Connor, On Faith 391(1)

Flannery O'Connor, On the Materials of Fiction 392(1)

Flannery O'Connor, On the Use of Exaggeration and Distortion 392(1)

Josephine Hendin, On O'Connor's Refusal to ``Do Pretty'' 393(1)

Claire Kahane, The Function of Violence in O'Connor's Fiction 394(1)

Edward Kessler, On O'Connor's Use of History 394(2)

A Critical Case Study: William Faulkner's ``Barn Burning'' 396(30)

Photo: William Faulkner 397(1)

Photo: Oxford Hardware Store 398(1)

Photo: Oxford's General Store 398(1)

Photo: Rowan Oak, William Faulkner's Home 399(1)

Photo: Faulkner at His Writing Desk 399(1)

William Faulkner, Barn Burning 400(13)

Perspectives 413(1)

Jane Hiles, Blood Ties in ``Barn Burning'' 413(1)

Benjamin DeMott, Abner Snopes as a Victim of Class 414(2)

Gayle Edward Wilson, Conflict in ``Barn Burning'' 416(3)

James Ferguson, Narrative Strategy in ``Barn Burning'' 419(1)

Questions for Writing: Incorporating the Critics 420(2)

A Sample Paper (Excerpt): The Fires of Class Conflict in ``Barn Burning'' 422(4)

A Cultural Case Study: James Joyce's ``Eveline'' 426(18)

A Brief Biography and Introduction 427(17)

Image: ``Eveline'' in The Irish Homestead 430(1)

Photo: James Joyce 430(1)

Drawing: Desmond Harmsworth, ``Joyce at Midnight'' 431(1)

Photo: James Joyce, Nora Barnacle, and Friends 431(1)

Photo: James Joyce in Paris 431(1)

James Joyce, Eveline 432(4)

Documents 436(1)

Photo: Poole Street, Dublin 436(1)

Resources of Ireland (from The Alliance Temperance Almanack for 1910) 437(3)

A Letter Home from an Irish Emigrant in Australia 440(1)

A Plot Synopsis of The Bohemian Girl 441(1)

Poster: The Bohemian Girl 442(2)

A Thematic Case Study: The Literature of the South 444(18)

Map: The South, according to the U.S. Bureau of the Census 445(1)

John Shelton Reed and Dale Volberg Reed, Definitions of the South 446(1)

W.J. Cash, The Old and the New South 447(1)

Movie Still: Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind 448(1)

Lithograph: Currier and Ives, The Old Plantation Home 449(1)

Irving Howe, The Southern Myth 449(2)

Painting: John Richards, The Battle of Gettysburg 451(1)

Flannery O'Connor, The Regional Writer 452(1)

Painting: Clyde Broadway, Trinity--Elvis, Jesus, and Robert E. Lee 453(1)

Margaret Walker, The Southern Writer and Race 453(1)

Photo: Ernest C. Withers, ``Bus Station, Colored Waiting Room, Memphis, Tennessee'' 454(1)

Photo: Elizabeth Eckford at Little Rock Central High School 455(1)

Photo: Ernest C. Withers, ``Sanitation Workers' Strike, Memphis, Tennessee'' 455(1)

Richard Wright, The Ethics of Living Jim Crow 456(1)

Collage: Romare Bearden, Watching the Good Trains Go By 457(1)

Donald R. Noble, The Future of Southern Writing 458(2)

Lee Smith, On Southern Change and Permanence 460(2)

A Thematic Case Study: The Nature of Storytelling 462(31)

Metafiction 463(20)

Margaret Atwood, There Was Once 464

Photo: Margaret Atwood 462(5)

Lorrie Moore, How to Become a Writer 467

Photo: Lorrie Moore 466(7)

Tim O'Brien, How to Tell a True War Story 473

Photo: Tim O'Brien 472(11)

Encountering Fiction: Comics and Graphic Stories 483(10)

Comic Strip: Matt Groening, Life in Hell 484(1)

Comic Strip: Lynda Barry, Spelling 485(1)

Graphic Story: Edward Gorey, from The Hapless Child 486(3)

Graphic Story: Marjane Satrapi, ``The Trip,'' from Persepolis 489(4)

A Collection of Stories 493(66)

An Album of Contemporary Stories 495(21)

Amy Bloom, By-and-by 496

Photo: Amy Bloom 495(7)

A. S. Byatt, Baglady 502

Photo: A. S. Byatt 501(4)

Richard Russo, The Whore's Child 505(1)

Photo: Richard Russo 505(11)

Stories for Further Reading 516(43)

Jamaica Kincaid, Girl 517

Photo: Jamaica Kincaid 516(3)

D. H. Lawrence, The Horse Dealer's Daughter 519

Photo: D. H. Lawrence 518(13)

Alice Munro, An Ounce of Cure 531

Photo: Alice Munro 530(9)

Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado 539

Photo: Edgar Allan Poe 538(6)

E. Annie Proulx, 55 Miles to the Gas Pump 544(1)

John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums 545

Photo: John Steinbeck 544(9)

John Updike, A & P 553

Photo: John Updike 552(7)

POETRY 559(2)

The Elements of Poetry 561(240)

Reading Poetry 563(42)

Reading Poetry Responsively 563(3)

Marge Piercy, The Secretary Chant 564(1)

Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays 565(1)

John Updike, Dog's Death 566(1)

The Pleasure of Words 566(16)

William Hathaway, Oh, Oh 568(1)

Photo: William Hathaway 568(1)

A Sample Close Reading: An Annotated Version of ``Oh, Oh'' 568(2)

Robert Francis, Catch 570(1)

A Sample Student Analysis: Tossing Metaphors Together in ``Catch'' 571(3)

Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish 574(1)

Photo: Elizabeth Bishop 574(2)

Philip Larkin, A Study of Reading Habits 576(2)

Robert Morgan, Mountain Graveyard 578(1)

E. E. Cummings, l(a 579(1)

Photo: E. E. Cummings 579(1)

Anonymous, Western Wind 580(1)

Regina Barreca, Nighttime Fires 581(1)

Suggestions for Approaching Poetry 582(3)

Billy Collins, Introduction to Poetry 584(1)

Encountering Poetry: Images of Poetry in Popular Culture 585(8)

Poster: Dorothy Parker, ``Unfortunate Coincidence'' 586(1)

Photo: Carl Sandburg, ``Window'' 587(1)

Photo: Philip Levine and Terry Allen, ``Corporate Head'' 588(1)

Cartoon: Roz Chast, ``The Love Song of J. Alfred Crew'' 589(1)

Photo: Tim Taylor, ``I shake the delicate apparatus'' 590(1)

Poster and Photos: Eric Dunn, Mike Wigton, and David Huang, National Poetry Slam 591(1)

Web Site: Poetry-portal.com 592(1)

Poetry in Popular Forms 593(6)

Helen Farries, Magic of Love 594(1)

John Frederick Nims, Love Poem 594(2)

Bruce Springsteen, You're Missing 596(1)

Saundra Sharp, It's the Law: A Rap Poem 597(1)

Perspective: Robert Francis, On ``Hard'' Poetry 598(1)

Poems for Further Study 599(6)

Rudyard Kipling, If--- 599(1)

Alberto Rios, Seniors 600(1)

Photo: Alberto Rios 600(2)

Li Ho, A Beautiful Girl Combs Her Hair 602(1)

Luisa Lopez, Junior Year Abroad 603(2)

Writing about Poetry 605(7)

From Reading to Writing 605(7)

Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing 606(1)

Elizabeth Bishop, Manners 607(1)

A Sample Student Analysis: Memory in Elizabeth Bishop's ``Manners'' 608(4)

Word Choice, Word Order, and Tone 612(32)

Word Choice 612(6)

Diction 612(2)

Denotations and Connotations 614(1)

Randall Jarrell, The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner 615(2)

E. E. Cummings, she being Brand 617(1)

Word Order 618(1)

Tone 619(3)

Ted Kooser, Year's End 619(1)

Katharyn Howd Machan, Hazel Tells LaVerne 620(1)

Martin Espada, Latin Night at the Pawnshop 621(1)

Pat Mora, Veiled 621(1)

Diction and Tone in Four Love Poems 622(9)

Robert Herrick, To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time 622(1)

Portrait: Robert Herrick 622(2)

Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress 624(1)

Portrait: Andrew Marvell 624(1)

Perspective: Bernard Duyfhuizen, ``To His Coy Mistress'': On How a Female Might Respond 625(2)

Richard Wilbur, A Late Aubade 627(1)

Diane Ackerman, A Fine, a Private Place 628(3)

Poems for Further Study 631(8)

Thomas Hardy, The Convergence of the Twain 631(1)

David R. Slavitt, Titanic 632(1)

Sharon Olds, Sex without Love 633(1)

John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn 634(2)

Gwendolyn Brooks, We Real Cool 636(1)

Eric Ormsby, Nose 637(1)

Alice Jones, The Larynx 637(1)

Louis Simpson, In the Suburbs 638(1)

A Note on Reading Translations 639(5)

Four Translations of a Poem by Sappho 640(1)

Portrait: Sappho 640(1)

Sappho, Immortal Aphrodite of the broidered throne 640(1)

Henry T. Wharton

Sappho, Beautiful-throned, immortal Aphrodite 641(1)

T. W. Higginson

Sappho, Prayer to my lady of Paphos 642(1)

Mary Barnard

Sappho, Artfully adorned Aphrodite, deathless 642(2)

Jim Powell

Images 644(21)

Poetry's Appeal to the Senses 644(8)

William Carlos Williams, Poem 645(1)

Photo: William Carlos Williams 645(1)

Walt Whitman, Cavalry Crossing a Ford 646(1)

David Solway, Windsurfing 646(2)

Theodore Roethke, Root Cellar 648(1)

Matthew Arnold, Dover Beach 649(1)

Jimmy Santiago Baca, Green Chile 650(2)

Poems for Further Study 652(13)

Mary Robinson, London's Summer Morning 652(1)

William Blake, London 653(1)

Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est 654(1)

Patricia Smith, What It's Like to Be a Black Girl (for Those of You Who Aren't) 655(1)

Photo: Patricia Smith 655(1)

Rainer Maria Rilke, The Panther 656(1)

Jane Kenyon, The Blue Bowl 656(1)

Sally Croft, Home-Baked Bread 657(1)

Mark Jarman, Ground Swell 658(2)

John Keats, To Autumn 660(1)

Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro 661(1)

Photo: Ezra Pound 661(1)

Cathy Song, The White Porch 661(2)

Perspective: T. E. Hulme, On the Differences between Poetry and Prose 663(2)

Figures of Speech 665(18)

William Shakespeare, From Macbeth (Act V, scene v) 666(1)

Simile and Metaphor 667(3)

Margaret Atwood, you fit into me 667(1)

Photo: Margaret Atwood 667(1)

Emily Dickinson, Presentiment--is that long Shadow
on the lawn--- 668(1)

Anne Bradstreet, The Author to Her Book 669(1)

Other Figures 670(4)

Edmund Conti, Pragmatist 670(1)

Dylan Thomas, The Hand That Signed the Paper 671(1)

Photo: Dylan Thomas 671(1)

Janice Townley Moore, To a Wasp 672(2)

J. Patrick Lewis, The Unkindest Cut 674(1)

Poems for Further Study 674(9)

Margaret Atwood, February 674(1)

Ernest Slyman, Lightning Bugs 675(1)

Sylvia Plath, Mirror 676(1)

Photo: Sylvia Plath 676(1)

William Wordsworth, London, 1802 676(1)

Jim Stevens, Schizophrenia 677(1)

John Donne, A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 678(1)

Linda Pastan, Marks 679(1)

Ronald Wallace, Building an Outhouse 680(1)

Ruth Fainlight, The Clarinettist 680(1)

Perspective: John R. Searle, Figuring Out Metaphors 681(2)

Symbol, Allegory, and Irony 683(22)

Symbol 683(3)

Robert Frost, Acquainted with the Night 684(2)

Allegory 686(2)

Edgar Allan Poe, The Haunted Palace 686(2)

Irony 688(3)

Edwin Arlington Robinson, Richard Cory 688(1)

Kenneth Fearing, AD 689(1)

E. E. Cummings, next to of course god america I 690(1)

Stephen Crane, A Man Said to the Universe 691(1)

Poems for Further Study 691(14)

Jane Kenyon, Surprise 691(1)

Photo: Jane Kenyon 691(1)

Martin Espada, Bully 692(1)

Carl Sandburg, Buttons 693(1)

William Stafford, Traveling through the Dark 694(1)

Alden Nowlan, The Bull Moose 695(1)

Julio Marzan, Ethnic Poetry 696(1)

James Merrill, Casual Wear 697(1)

Henry Reed, Naming of Parts 698(1)

John Ciardi, Suburban 699(1)

Robert Browning, My Last Duchess 700(1)

Portrait: Robert Browning 700(1)

William Blake, The Chimney Sweeper 701(1)

Lorna Dee Cervantes, To We Who Were Saved by the Stars 702(1)

Bob Hicok, Spam leaves an aftertaste 703(1)

Perspective: Ezra Pound, On Symbols 704(1)

Sounds 705(25)

Listening to Poetry 705(7)

Anonymous, Scarborough Fair 706(1)

John Updike, Player Piano 707(1)

May Swenson, A Nosty Fright 708(1)

Emily Dickinson, A Bird came down the Walk--- 709(2)

Galway Kinnell, Blackberry Eating 711(1)

Photo: Galway Kinnell 711(1)

Rhyme 712(4)

Richard Armour, Going to Extremes 712(1)

Robert Southey, From ``The Cataract of Lodore'' 713(2)

Perspective: David Lenson, On the Contemporary Use of Rhyme 715(1)

Sound and Meaning 716(2)

Gerard Manley Hopkins, God's Grandeur 716(2)

Poems for Further Study 718(12)

Amy Lowell, Summer Rain 718(1)

Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), Jabberwocky 718(1)

Sylvia Plath, Mushrooms 719(1)

William Heyen, The Trains 720(1)

John Donne, Song 721(1)

Rachel Hadas, Thick and Thin 722(1)

Alexander Pope, From An Essay on Criticism 723(1)

Gwendolyn Brooks, Sadie and Maud 724(1)

Maxine Hong Kingston, Restaurant 725(1)

Photo: Maxine Hong Kingston 725(1)

Paul Humphrey, Blow 726(1)

Robert Francis, The Pitcher 726(1)

Helen Chasin, The Word Plum 727(1)

Perspective: Dylan Thomas, On the Words in Poetry 728(2)

Patterns of Rhythm 730(19)

Some Principles of Meter 731(4)

Walt Whitman, From ``Song of the Open Road'' 731(3)

William Wordsworth, My Heart Leaps Up 734(1)

Suggestions for Scanning a Poem 735(2)

Timothy Steele, Waiting for the Storm 736(1)

William Butler Yeats, That the Night Come 736(1)

Poems for Further Study 737(12)

Alice Jones, The Foot 737(1)

A. E. Housman, When I was one-and-twenty 738(1)

Virginia Hamilton Adair, Pro Snake 739(1)

Robert Herrick, Delight in Disorder 739(1)

Ben Jonson, Still to Be Neat 740(1)

Diane Burns, Sure You Can Ask Me a Personal Question 741(1)

William Blake, The Lamb 742(1)

Portrait: William Blake 742(1)

William Blake, The Tyger 743(1)

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, The Charge of the Light Brigade 744(1)

Theodore Roethke, My Papa's Waltz 745(1)

Norman Stock, What I Said 746(1)

Edward Hirsch, Fast Break 747(1)

Perspective: Louise Bogan, On Formal Poetry 748(1)

Poetic Forms 749(25)

Some Common Poetic Forms 750(22)

A. E. Housman, Loveliest of trees, the cherry now 750(1)

Robert Herrick, Upon Julia's Clothes 751(1)

Sonnet 752(1)

John Keats, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer 753(1)

Portrait: John Keats 753(1)

William Wordsworth, The World Is Too Much with Us 754(1)

William Shakespeare, Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? 755(1)

William Shakespeare, My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun 755(1)

Edna St. Vincent Millay, I will put Chaos into fourteen lines 756(1)

Molly Peacock, Desire 757(1)

Mark Jarman, Unholy Sonnet 757(1)

Villanelle 758(1)

Dylan Thomas, Do not go gentle into that good night 758(1)

Sestina 759(1)

Algernon Charles Swinburne, Sestina 759(2)

Florence Cassen Mayers, All-American Sestina 761(1)

Epigram 762(1)

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, What Is an Epigram? 762(1)

A. R. Ammons, Coward 762(1)

David McCord, Epitaph on a Waiter 762(1)

Paul Laurence Dunbar, Theology 763(1)

Photo: Paul Laurence Dunbar 763(1)

Limerick 763(1)

Anonymous, There was a young lady named Bright 763(1)

Laurence Perrine, The limerick's never averse 764(1)

Keith Casto, She Don't Bop 764(1)

Haiku 764(1)

Matsuo Basho, Under cherry trees 765(1)

Carolyn Kizer, After Basho 765(1)

Sonia Sanchez, c'mon man hold me 765(1)

Elegy 765(1)

Seamus Heaney, Mid-term Break 766(1)

Ode 767(1)

Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ode to the West Wind 767(2)

Joy Harjo, Perhaps the World Ends Here 769(1)

Photo: Joy Harjo 769(1)

Picture Poem 770(1)

Michael McFee, In Medias Res 770(1)

Parody 771(1)

X. J. Kennedy, A Visit from St. Sigmund 771(1)

Perspectives 772(2)

Robert Morgan, On the Shape of a Poem 772(1)

Elaine Mitchell, Form 773(1)

Open Form 774(17)

E. E. Cummings, in Just 774(1)

Walt Whitman, From ``I Sing the Body Electric'' 775(1)

Portrait: Walt Whitman 776(1)

Perspective: Walt Whitman, On Rhyme and Meter 777(1)

Galway Kinnell, After Making Love We Hear Footsteps 778(1)

Kelly Cherry, Alzheimer's 779(1)

William Carlos Williams, The Red Wheelbarrow 780(1)

Judith Ortiz Cofer, Latin Women Pray 780(1)

Photo: Judith Ortiz Cofer 780(1)

Gary Gildner, First Practice 781(1)

Marilyn Nelson Waniek, Emily Dickinson's Defunct 781(1)

Robert Hass, A Story about the Body 782(1)

Sharon Olds, Rite of Passage 783(1)

Julio Marzan, The Translator at the Reception for Latin American Writers 784(1)

Aurora Levins Morales, Child of the Americas 785(1)

Photo: Aurora Levins Morales 785(1)

Tato Laviera, American 786(2)

Peter Meinke, The ABC of Aerobics 788(1)

Gary Soto, Mexicans Begin Jogging 789(1)

Photo: Gary Soto 789(1)

Found Poem 790(1)

Donald Justice, Order in the Streets 790(1)

Combining the Elements of Poetry 791(10)

The Elements Together 791(1)

Mapping the Poem 792(1)

John Donne, Death Be Not Proud 793(1)

Portrait: John Donne 793(1)

Asking Questions about the Elements 793(2)

A Sample First Response 794(1)

Organizing Your Thoughts 795(1)

A Sample Informal Outline 795(1)

The Elements and Theme 796(5)

A Sample Explication: The Use of Conventional Metaphors for Death in John Donne's ``Death Be Not Proud'' 796(5)

Approaches to Poetry 801(144)

A Study of Emily Dickinson 803(41)

A Brief Biography 804(5)

Portrait: Silhouette of Emily Dickinson 805(1)

Photo: Emily Dickinson 805(1)

Photo: Emily Dickinson (Not Authenticated) 805(1)

Photo: Edward Dickinson 806(1)

Image: Illustrated Letter to William Cowper Dickinson 806(1)

Photo: Dickinson Homestead 806(1)

Photo: The Evergreens (Home of Austin and Susan Dickinson) 807(1)

Photo: Susan Dickinson 807(1)

Image: Cartoon in Letter to Susan Dickinson 807(2)

An Introduction to Her Work 809(20)

Facsimile: Manuscript Page, ``What Soft---Cherubic Creatures---'' 809(1)

Emily Dickinson, If I can stop one Heart from breaking 810(1)

Emily Dickinson, If I shouldn't be alive 811(1)

Emily Dickinson, The Thought beneath so slight a film 812(1)

Emily Dickinson, To make a prairie it takes a clover and one bee 813(1)

Emily Dickinson, Success is counted sweetest 813(1)

Emily Dickinson, Water, is taught by thirst 814(1)

Emily Dickinson, Safe in their Alabaster Chambers---(1859 version) 814(1)

Emily Dickinson, Safe in their Alabaster Chambers---(1861 version) 815(1)

Emily Dickinson, Papa above! 815(1)

Emily Dickinson, Portraits are to daily faces 816(1)

Emily Dickinson, Some keep the Sabbath going to Church 817(1)

Emily Dickinson, ``Heaven''---is what I cannot reach! 817(1)

Emily Dickinson, I like a look of Agony 818(1)

Emily Dickinson, Wild Nights---Wild Nights! 819(1)

Emily Dickinson, I'm ceded---I've stopped being Theirs 819(1)

Emily Dickinson, What Soft---Cherubic Creatures 820(1)

Emily Dickinson, The Soul selects her own Society 821(1)

Emily Dickinson, Much Madness is divinest Sense 821(1)

Emily Dickinson, I dwell in Possibility 822(1)

Emily Dickinson, After great pain, a formal feeling comes 823(1)

Emily Dickinson, I heard a Fly buzz---when I died 823(1)

Emily Dickinson, The Props assist the House 824(1)

Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death 824(1)

Emily Dickinson, I felt a Cleaving in my Mind 825(1)

Emily Dickinson, Volcanoes be in Sicily 826(1)

Emily Dickinson, Oh Sumptuous moment 826(1)

Emily Dickinson, The Bustle in a House 827(1)

Emily Dickinson, Tell all the Truth but tell it slant 827(1)

Emily Dickinson, A Route of Evanescence 828(1)

Perspectives 829(15)

Emily Dickinson, A Description of Herself 829(1)

Thomas Wentworth Higginson, On Meeting Dickinson for the First Time 830(1)

Mabel Loomis Todd, The Character of Amherst 831(1)

Richard Wilbur, On Dickinson's Sense of Privation 831(1)

Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, On Dickinson's White Dress 832(1)

Photo: Emily Dickinson's White Dress 833(1)

Cynthia Griffin Wolff, On the Many Voices in Dickinson's Poetry 834(1)

Paula Bennett, On ``I heard a Fly buzz---when I died---'' 835(1)

Martha Nell Smith, On ``Because I could not stop for Death---'' 836(1)

Ronald Wallace, Miss Goff 837(1)

Questions for Writing about an Author in Depth 838(1)

A Sample In-Depth Study 839(1)

Emily Dickinson, ``Faith'' is a fine invention 839(1)

Emily Dickinson, I know that He exists 840(1)

Emily Dickinson, I never saw a Moor 840(1)

Emily Dickinson, Apparently with no surprise 840(1)

A Sample Paper: Religious Faith in Four Poems by Emily Dickinson 841(3)

A Study of Robert Frost 844(32)

A Brief Biography 845(3)

Photo: Robert Frost, Age 18 845(1)

Photo: Robert Frost in Franconia 846(1)

Photo: Robert Frost in Shaftsbury 847(1)

An Introduction to His Work 848(19)

Facsimile: Manuscript Page, ``Neither Out Far nor In Deep'' 849(2)

Robert Frost, The Road Not Taken 851(1)

Robert Frost, The Pasture 852(1)

Robert Frost, Mowing 853(1)

Robert Frost, Mending Wall 853(2)

Robert Frost, Home Burial 855(3)

Robert Frost, After Apple-Picking 858(1)

Robert Frost, Birches 859(2)

Robert Frost, ``Out, Out---'' 861(1)

Robert Frost, Gathering Leaves 862(1)

Robert Frost, Fire and Ice 863(1)

Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 863(1)

Robert Frost, Design 864(1)

Robert Frost, Neither Out Far nor In Deep 865(1)

Robert Frost, The Silken Tent 865(1)

Robert Frost, Never Again Would Birds' Song Be the Same 866(1)

Robert Frost, The Gift Outright 866(1)

Perspectives 867(9)

Robert Frost, ``In White'': An Early Version of ``Design'' 867(1)

Robert Frost, On the Living Part of a Poem 868(1)

Amy Lowell, On Frost's Realistic Technique 868(1)

Robert Frost, On the Figure a Poem Makes 869(2)

Robert Frost, On the Way to Read a Poem 871(1)

Herbert R. Coursen Jr., A Parodic Interpretation of ``Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening'' 872(1)

Blanche Farley, The Lover Not Taken 873(1)

Peter D. Poland, On ``Neither Out Far nor In Deep'' 874(2)

A Study of Langston Hughes 876(31)

A Brief Biography 877(2)

Photo: Langston Hughes 877(1)

Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers 878(1)

An Introduction to His Work 879(22)

Portrait: Winold Reiss, Langston Hughes 880(1)

Facsimile: Manuscript Page, ``Old Walt'' 881(1)

Photo: James VanDerZee, Harlem Couple 882(1)

Photo: Langston Hughes at McCarthy Hearings 883(1)

Langston Hughes, I, Too 884(1)

Langston Hughes, Negro 885(1)

Langston Hughes, Danse Africaine 886(1)

Langston Hughes, Mother to Son 886(1)

Langston Hughes, Justice 887(1)

Langston Hughes, Dream Variations 887(1)

Langston Hughes, The Weary Blues 888(1)

Langston Hughes, Formula 889(1)

Langston Hughes, Lenox Avenue: Midnight 890(1)

Langston Hughes, Song for a Dark Girl 891(1)

Langston Hughes, Red Silk Stockings 891(1)

Langston Hughes, Rent-Party Shout: For a Lady Dancer 892(1)

Langston Hughes, Ballad of the Landlord 893(1)

Langston Hughes, Ku Klux 894(1)

Langston Hughes, Dream Boogie 894(1)

Langston Hughes, Harlem 895(1)

Langston Hughes, Un-American Investigators 896(1)

Langston Hughes, Poet to Bigot 897(1)

Langston Hughes, Old Walt 897(1)

Langston Hughes, Dinner Guest: Me 898(1)

Langston Hughes, Frederick Douglass: 1817--1895 899(1)

Langston Hughes, The Backlash Blues 900(1)

Perspectives 901(6)

Langston Hughes, On Racial Shame and Pride 901(1)

Langston Hughes, On Harlem Rent Parties 902(1)

Donald B. Gibson, The Essential Optimism of Hughes and Whitman 903(1)

James A. Emanuel, Hughes's Attitudes toward Religion 904(1)

David Chinitz, The Romanticization of African in the 1920s 904(3)

A Critical Case Study: T. S. Eliot's ``The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock'' 907(19)

Photo: T. S. Eliot, 1906 908(1)

Photo: T. S. Eliot, 1910 908(1)

Photo: T. S. Eliot, 1959 909(2)

Portrait: Wyndham Lewis, T. S. Eliot 911

T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock 910(4)

Perspectives 914(12)

Elisabeth Schneider, Hints of Eliot in Prufrock 914(1)

Barbara Everett, The Problem of Tone in Prufrock 915(1)

Michael L. Baumann, The ``Overwhelming Question'' for Prufrock 916(2)

Frederik L. Rusch, Society and Character in ``The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock'' 918(3)

Robert Sward, A Personal Analysis of ``The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock'' 921(5)

Two Thematic Case Studies: The Love Poem and Teaching and Learning 926(19)

Poems about Love 927(7)

Christopher Marlowe, The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 927(1)

William Shakespeare, Not marble, nor the gilded monuments 928(1)

Anne Bradstreet, To My Dear and Loving Husband 929(1)

Elizabeth Barrett Browning, How Do I Love Thee? Let Me Count the Ways 930(1)

Edna St. Vincent Millay, Recuerdo 931(1)

Photo: Edna St. Vincent Millay 931(1)

E. E. Cummings, since feeling is first 932(1)

Jane Kenyon, The Shirt 933(1)

Gail Mazur, Desire 933(1)

Poems about Teaching and Learning 934(11)

Langston Hughes, Theme for English B 935(1)

Linda Pastan, Pass/Fail 936(1)

Paul Zimmer, Zimmer's Head Thudding against the Blackboard 937(1)

Mark Halliday, Graded Paper 938(1)

Judy Page Heitzman, The Schoolroom on the Second Floor of the Knitting Mill 939(1)

Jeffrey Harrison, Fork 940(2)

Perspective: Jeffrey Harrison, On ``Fork'' as a Work of Fiction 942(3)

A Thematic Case Study: Border Crossings Between

Phillis Wheatley, On Being Brought from Africa to America

Diagram: 18th-Century Slaveship

Painting: Joseph Mallord William Turner, The Slave Ship

Advertisement: 1784 Slave Auction

Wole Soyinka, Telephone Conversation

Poster: Columbia Pictures, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner?

Pat Mora, Legal Alien

Image: Jacalyn Lopez Garcia, ``I Just Wanted to Be Me''

Sandra M. Gilbert, Mafioso

Photo: ``Baggage Examined Here''

Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, Indian Movie, New Jersey

Soundtrack Cover: Rawal Films, Ladki Pasand Hai (I Like This Girl)

Janice Mirikitani, Recipe

Photo: Chiaki Tsukumo, ``Girl with Licca Doll''

Thomas Lynch, Liberty

Photo: Alex MacLean, ``Somerville, Massachusetts''

An Anthology of Poems 945(48)

An Album of Contemporary Poems 947(13)

Michelle Boisseau, Self-Pity's Closet 947(1)

Billy Collins, Marginalia 948(3)

Stephen Dobyns, Do They Have a Reason? 951(1)

Jane Hirshfield, The Lives of the Heart 952(1)

Joan Murray, Play-by-Play 953(2)

Alberto Rios, The Gathering Evening 955(1)

Cathy Song, A Poet in the House 956(1)

Photo: Cathy Song 956(1)

William Trowbridge, Poets' Corner 957(2)

Ronald Wallace, Dogs 959(1)

A Collection of Poems 960(33)

Maya Angelou, Africa 960(1)

Anonymous, Bonny Barbara Allan 961(1)

William Blake, The Garden of Love 962(1)

William Blake, Infant Sorrow 962(1)

Anne Bradstreet, Before the Birth of One of Her Children 963(1)

Gwendolyn Brooks, a song in the front yard 963(1)

George Gordon, Lord Byron, She Walks in Beauty 964(1)

Lucille Clifton, this morning (for the girls of eastern high school) 965(1)

Photo: Lucille Clifton 965(1)

Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Kubla Khan: or, a Vision in a Dream 965(2)

E. E. Cummings, Buffalo Bill's 967(1)

John Donne, The Flea 967(1)

Louise Erdrich, Dear John Wayne 968(1)

Photo: Louise Erdrich 968(1)

Thomas Hardy, Hap 969(1)

Anthony Hecht, The Dover Bitch 969(1)

Felicia Hemans, Woman and Fame 970(1)

George Herbert, The Collar 971(1)

M. Carl Holman, Mr. Z 972(1)

Gerard Manley Hopkins, Pied Beauty 973(1)

Gerard Manley Hopkins, The Windhover 973(1)

A. E. Housman, To an Athlete Dying Young 974(1)

Colette Inez, It Didn't Serve Us Right 974(1)

Ben Jonson, To Celia 975(1)

John Keats, When I have fears that I may cease to be 975(1)

John Keats, La Belle Dame sans Merci 976(1)

Yusef Komunyakaa, Slam, Dunk, & Hook 977(1)

Emma Lazarus, The New Colossus 978(1)

Li-Young Lee, Eating Together 978(1)

Photo: Li-Young Lee 978(1)

W. S. Merwin, The Dry Stone Mason 979(1)

Photo: W. S. Merwin 979(1)

John Milton, When I consider how my light is spent 979(1)

Howard Nemerov, Walking the Dog 980(1)

Naomi Shihab Nye, Where Children Live 980(1)

Christina Georgina Rossetti, In Progress 981(1)

Portrait: Christina Georgina Rossetti 981(1)

Christina Georgina Rossetti, Promises Like Pie-Crust 981(1)

William Shakespeare, That time of year thou mayst in me behold 982(1)

William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes 982(1)

Percy Bysshe Shelley, Ozymandias 983(1)

Virgil Suarez, The Stayer 983(1)

Wallace Stevens, The Emperor of Ice-Cream 984(1)

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, Ulysses 985(2)

Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer 987(1)

Miller Williams, Thinking about Bill, Dead of AIDS 987(1)

William Carlos Williams, Spring and All 988(1)

William Carlos Williams, This Is Just to Say 988(1)

William Wordsworth, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 989(1)

Portrait: William Wordsworth 989(1)

William Wordsworth, It Is a Beauteous Evening, Calm and Free 989(1)

William Wordsworth, Mutability 990(1)

William Butler Yeats, Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop 990(1)

Portrait: William Butler Yeats 990(1)

William Butler Yeats, Leda and the Swan 991(1)

William Butler Yeats, The Second Coming 991(2)

DRAMA 993(2)

The Study of Drama 995(328)

Reading Drama 997(39)

Reading Drama Responsively 997(18)

Susan Glaspell, Trifles 1000

Photo: Susan Glaspell 999(11)

A Sample Close Reading: An Annotated Section of Trifles 1010(2)

Perspective: Susan Glaspell, From the Short Story Version of Trifles 1012(3)

Elements of Drama 1015(3)

Drama in Popular Forms 1018(18)

Larry David, From ``The Pitch,'' a Seinfeld Episode 1021(1)

Photo: Larry David 1021(10)

Kari Lizer, From ``Dolls and Dolls,'' a Will & Grace Episode 1031(5)

Writing about Drama 1036(6)

From Reading to Writing 1036(6)

Questions for Responsive Reading and Writing 1037(2)

A Sample Paper: The Feminist Evidence in Trifles 1039(3)

A Study of Sophocles 1042(58)

Portrait: Sophocles 1042(1)

Theatrical Conventions of Greek Drama 1043(3)

Drawing: A Classical Greek Theater 1045(1)

Tragedy 1046(54)

Sophocles, Oedipus the King 1049(43)

Robert Fagles

Perspectives 1092(1)

Aristotle, On Tragic Character 1092(2)

Sigmund Freud, On the Oedipus Complex 1094(1)

Sophocles, Another Translation of a Scene from Oedipus the King 1095(3)

Muriel Rukeyser, On Oedipus the King 1098(1)

David Wiles, On Oedipus the King as a Political Play 1098(2)

A Study of William Shakespeare 1100(100)

Portrait: William Shakespeare, from the First Folio 1101(1)

Portrait: William Shakespeare, the ``Chandos Portrait'' 1101(2)

Shakespeare's Theater 1103(3)

Drawing: C. Walter Hodges, the Globe Theatre 1105(1)

The Range of Shakespeare's Drama: History, Comedy, and Tragedy 1106(3)

A Note on Reading Shakespeare 1109(91)

William Shakespeare, Othello the Moor of Venice 1112

Facsimile: Othello Title Page 1111(83)

Perspectives 1194(1)

Objections to the Elizabethan Theater by the Mayor of London 1194(1)

Lisa Jardine, On Boy Actors in Female Roles 1195(1)

Samuel Johnson, On Shakespeare's Characters 1195(1)

Jane Adamson, On Desdemona's Role in Othello 1196(1)

David Bevington, On Othello's Heroic Struggle 1197(1)

James Kincaid, On the Value of Comedy in the Face of Tragedy 1198(2)

Plays in Performance

Photo: Oedipus the King

Photos: Othello

Photo: A Doll House

Photo: The Glass Menagerie

Photo: Death of a Salesman

Photo: Krapp's Last Tape

Photo: A Raisin in the Sun

Photo: M. Butterfly

Photo: Mambo Mouth

Photo: Will & Grace

Modern Drama 1200(56)

Realism 1200(2)

Naturalism 1202(1)

Theatrical Conventions of Modern Drama 1203(53)

Henrik Ibsen, A Doll House 1205

Rolf Fjelde

Photo: Henrik Ibsen 1204(50)

Perspective: Henrik Ibsen, Notes for A Doll House 1254(2)

A Critical Case Study: Henrik Ibsen's A Doll House 1256(12)

Perspectives 1257(11)

A Nineteenth-Century Husband's Letter to His Wife 1257(2)

Barry Witham and John Lutterbie, A Marxist Approach to A Doll House 1259(2)

Carol Strongin Tufts, A Psychoanalytic Reading of Nora 1261(3)

Joan Templeton, Is A Doll House a Feminist Text? 1264(2)

Questions for Writing: Applying a Critical Strategy 1266(2)

A Cultural Case Study: David Henry Hwang's M. Butterfly 1268(55)

David Henry Hwang, M. Butterfly 1271

Photo: David Henry Hwang 1268(49)

Documents 1317(1)

Harold Rosenthal and John Warrack, A Plot Synopsis of Madame Butterfly 1317(1)

Richard Bernstein, The News Source for M. Butterfly 1318(2)

Photo: Shi Pei Pu in The Story of the Butterfly 1320(1)

David Savran, An Interview with David Henry Hwang 1321(2)

A Collection of Plays 1323(208)

Plays for Further Reading 1325(206)

Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie 1326(1)

Photo: Tennessee Williams 1326(45)

Perspective: Tennesee Williams, Production Notes to The Glass Menagerie 1371(2)

Perspective: Tennesee Williams, On Theme 1373(1)

Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman 1374

Photo: Arthur Miller 1373(66)

Perspective: Arthur Miller, Tragedy and the Common Man 1439(3)

Perspective: Arthur Miller, On Biff and Willy Loman 1442(2)

Samuel Beckett, Krapp's Last Tape 1444

Photo: Samuel Beckett 1443(7)

Perspective: Martin Esslin, On the Theater of the Absurd 1450(3)

Lorraine Hansberry, A Raisin in the Sun 1453

Photo: Lorraine Hansberry 1452(63)

Perspective: Thomas P. Adler, The Political Basis of Lorraine Hansberry's Art 1515(2)

John Leguizamo, From Mambo Mouth 1517(1)

Photo: John Leguizamo 1517(3)

Tony Kushner, Reverse Transcription 1520

Photo: Tony Kushner 1519(10)

Jane Anderson, The Reprimand 1529

Photo: Jane Anderson 1528(3)

Critical Thinking and Writing 1531(84)

Critical Strategies for Reading 1533(24)

Critical Thinking 1533(3)

The Literary Canon: Diversity and Controversy 1536(2)

Formalist Strategies 1538(2)

Biographical Strategies 1540(2)

Psychological Strategies 1542(2)

Historical Strategies 1544(4)

Literary History Criticism 1544(1)

Marxist Criticism 1545(1)

New Historicist Criticism 1546(1)

Cultural Criticism 1547(1)

Gender Strategies 1548(2)

Feminist Criticism 1548(1)

Gay and Lesbian Criticism 1549(1)

Mythological Strategies 1550(2)

Reader-Response Strategies 1552(2)

Deconstructionist Strategies 1554(3)

Reading and Writing 1557(33)

The Purpose and Value of Writing about Literature 1557(1)

Reading the Work Closely 1558(1)

Annotating the Text and Journal Note Taking 1559(2)

Choosing a Topic 1561(1)

Developing a Thesis 1562(3)

Arguing about Literature 1565(3)

Organizing a Paper 1568(1)

Writing a Draft 1569(4)

Writing the Introduction and Conclusion 1570(1)

Using Quotations 1571(2)

Revising and Editing 1573(1)

Revision Checklist 1573(1)

Manuscript Form 1574(1)

Types of Writing Assignments 1575(15)

Explication 1575(1)

Emily Dickinson, There's a certain Slant of light 1576(1)

A Sample Explication: A Reading of Dickinson's ``There's a certain Slant of light'' 1576(4)

Analysis 1580(1)

A Sample Analysis: The A&P as a State of Mind 1580(4)

Comparison and Contrast 1584(2)

A Sample Comparison: The Struggle for Women's Self-Definition in A Doll House and M. Butterfly 1586(4)

The Literary Research Paper 1590(19)

Choosing a Topic 1591(1)

Finding Sources 1592(2)

Annotated List of References 1592(2)

Electronic Sources 1594(1)

Evaluating Sources and Taking Notes 1594(1)

Developing a Thesis and Organizing the Paper 1595(1)

Revising 1596(1)

Documenting Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism 1597(12)

The List of Works Cited 1599(4)

Parenthetical References 1603(1)

A Sample Research Paper: How the Narrator Cultivates a Rose for Emily 1604(5)

Taking Essay Examinations 1609(6)

Preparing for an Essay Exam 1609(2)

Keep Up with the Reading 1609(1)

Take Notes and Annotate the Text 1609(1)

Anticipate Questions 1610(1)

Types of Exams 1611(1)

Closed-Book versus Open-Book Exams 1611(1)

Essay Questions 1611(1)

Strategies for Writing Essay Exams 1612(3)
Glossary of Literary Terms 1615(36)
Index of First Lines 1651(6)
Index of Authors and Titles 1657