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简介
论文通过对美国外交史上六位著名的参议院外交关系委员会主席——
戴维斯、洛奇、皮特曼、范登堡、富布赖特和赫尔姆斯——的集中分析，
旨在说明参议院外交关系委员会主席为什么能对美国外交政策施加影响，
施加什么样的影响，以及如何施加影响。
论文以案例分析为主要研究方法，以“政治过程模式”为主要分析工
具，在两个层面上进行分析：对主席的综合分析以及对主席发挥作用的事
件的具体分析。
论文认为，在美国的政治体制下，如宪法规定的三权分立、两党制、
国会的委员会制度等，参议院外交关系委员会主席有可能对美国外交政策
产生巨大影响，有时甚至与总统相当。
论文阐明参议院外交关系委员会主席至少可以施加七种影响。首先，
通过直接参与外交过程并把自己的外交观点付诸实施，主席可以对外交施
加直接的、具体的和立竿见影的影响。第二，主席可以在幕后推动总统不
情愿采取的某些外交行动。第三，主席可以批评、反对总统的外交政策和
外交人员提名，对外交施加负面影响，并可能以此改变美国外交的方向，
从而对外交产生直接的、深远的影响。第四，主席可以主动出击(如通过立
法等)对外交产生直接影响。第五，通过与行政部门建立和保持良好关系，
主席可以协助总统影响国会，从而对外交政策产生间接的但也是重要的影
响。第六，在行政部门与参议院重要议员意见不一致时，主席可以协调行
政部门和参议院的立场。最后，主席可以发挥自己的独方影响。
参议院外交关系委员会主席影响外交政策的形式和程度取决于以下几
个重要因素：(1)主席对立法部门在决策过程中的权力、独立性和重要性的
认识；(2)主席与行政部门，尤其是与总统的关系；(3)主席的外交观点；
(4)主席运用制度性工具的技巧；(5)主席领导委员会的能力。
论文还分析了主席影响外交政策的手段，如批准或不批准条约、批准
或不批准外交人员提名、授权、立法、举行听证会、发表演讲，等等。
国内外学者尤其是美国学者，对国会与美国外交这一课题进行了大量
的研究。论文在以下方面进行了创新。首先，这是第一次从国会单个特定
成员的角度分析国会对美国外交的影响。第二，论文跨越19世纪末至21世
纪初100多年时间，避免了以往研究在时间和结论上的局限性。第三，论文
详细分析了决定参议院外交关系委员会主席影响程度的变量因素。最后，
通过论文能够比较不同的参议院外交关系委员会主席对外交政策施加影响
的不同模式、不同手段以及导致这些差别的因素。
目录
Introduction
Chapter One Constitutional and Institutional Framework
Ⅰ.The Constitutional Framework
Ⅱ.Congress'Powers in Practice
Ⅲ.The Two Party System
Ⅳ.Executive Base Values
Ⅴ.Congressional Base Values
Ⅵ.The Central Role of Standing Committees in American Legislature
Ⅶ.The Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Ⅷ.The Role of Committee Chairman
Ⅸ.Factors Affecting the Influence of Committee Chairmen
Chapter Two Cushman Kellogg Davis (1897 - 1900)
Ⅰ.Davis'Political Career
Ⅱ.Davis'Perceptions on Foreign Policy and His Foreign Policy Experienc Prior to His Ascension to the Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Ⅲ.Davis'Personal Qualities
Ⅳ.Davis'Relations With the Republican Party and the President
Ⅴ.Cases Analysis
Ⅵ.Summary
Chapter Three Henry Cabot Lodge (1919 -1924)
Ⅰ.Lodge's Perception on Foreign Policy and His Foreign Policy Experiences Prior to 1919
Ⅱ.Lodge's Perception on the Role of the Senate in Foreign Affairs
Ⅲ.Lodge's Personal Qualities
Ⅳ.Lodge's Relations with the President
Ⅴ.Lodge's Relations with His Own Party
Ⅵ.Cases Analysis
Ⅶ.Summary
Chapter Four Key Pittman (1933 - 1940)
Ⅰ.Domestic Context During Pittman's Tenure as Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Ⅱ.Pittman's Foreign Policy Experiences and Perceptions
Ⅲ.Pittman's Perceptions on the Role of the Senate in Foreign Policy
Ⅳ.Pittman's Personal Qualities
Ⅴ.Pittman's Relations with the Executive Branch
Ⅵ.Pittman's Ways of Operation and His Influence
Ⅶ.Case Analysis
Ⅷ.Summary
Chapter Five Arthur H.Vandenberg (1947 - 1948)
Ⅰ.Vandenberg's Reputation and Foreign Policy Experience Prior to 1947
Ⅱ.Vandenberg's Personal Qualities
Ⅲ.Vandenberg's Relations with the Executive Branch
Ⅳ.Relations with His Own Party
Ⅴ.Particular Methods of Operation and His Influence
Ⅵ.Analysis of Selected Foreign Policy Proposals
Ⅶ.Summary
Chapter Six J.William Fulbright (1959 - 1975)
Ⅰ.Fulbright's Experience and Public Image Prior to Ascension to Chairmanship
Ⅱ.Fulbright's Personal Qualities
Ⅲ.Fulbright's Relations with the Executive Branch
Ⅳ.Fulbright's Relations with His Own Party
Ⅴ.Fulbright's Particular Methods of Operation and Perception of His Role
Ⅵ.Cases Analysis
Ⅶ.Summary
Chapter Seven Jesse Helms (1995 -2001)
Ⅰ.Jesse Helms as a Hard Right
Ⅱ.Jesse Helms as the "Senator No"
Ⅲ.Helms'Personal Qualities
Ⅳ.Helms'Relations with the Executive Branch
Ⅴ.Helms'Relations with His Own Party
Ⅵ.Relations with Democratic Senators
Ⅶ.Helms'Perception on His Role and His Particular Mode of Operation
Ⅷ.Cases Analysis
Ⅸ.Summary
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Chapter One Constitutional and Institutional Framework
Ⅰ.The Constitutional Framework
Ⅱ.Congress'Powers in Practice
Ⅲ.The Two Party System
Ⅳ.Executive Base Values
Ⅴ.Congressional Base Values
Ⅵ.The Central Role of Standing Committees in American Legislature
Ⅶ.The Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Ⅷ.The Role of Committee Chairman
Ⅸ.Factors Affecting the Influence of Committee Chairmen
Chapter Two Cushman Kellogg Davis (1897 - 1900)
Ⅰ.Davis'Political Career
Ⅱ.Davis'Perceptions on Foreign Policy and His Foreign Policy Experienc Prior to His Ascension to the Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Ⅲ.Davis'Personal Qualities
Ⅳ.Davis'Relations With the Republican Party and the President
Ⅴ.Cases Analysis
Ⅵ.Summary
Chapter Three Henry Cabot Lodge (1919 -1924)
Ⅰ.Lodge's Perception on Foreign Policy and His Foreign Policy Experiences Prior to 1919
Ⅱ.Lodge's Perception on the Role of the Senate in Foreign Affairs
Ⅲ.Lodge's Personal Qualities
Ⅳ.Lodge's Relations with the President
Ⅴ.Lodge's Relations with His Own Party
Ⅵ.Cases Analysis
Ⅶ.Summary
Chapter Four Key Pittman (1933 - 1940)
Ⅰ.Domestic Context During Pittman's Tenure as Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Ⅱ.Pittman's Foreign Policy Experiences and Perceptions
Ⅲ.Pittman's Perceptions on the Role of the Senate in Foreign Policy
Ⅳ.Pittman's Personal Qualities
Ⅴ.Pittman's Relations with the Executive Branch
Ⅵ.Pittman's Ways of Operation and His Influence
Ⅶ.Case Analysis
Ⅷ.Summary
Chapter Five Arthur H.Vandenberg (1947 - 1948)
Ⅰ.Vandenberg's Reputation and Foreign Policy Experience Prior to 1947
Ⅱ.Vandenberg's Personal Qualities
Ⅲ.Vandenberg's Relations with the Executive Branch
Ⅳ.Relations with His Own Party
Ⅴ.Particular Methods of Operation and His Influence
Ⅵ.Analysis of Selected Foreign Policy Proposals
Ⅶ.Summary
Chapter Six J.William Fulbright (1959 - 1975)
Ⅰ.Fulbright's Experience and Public Image Prior to Ascension to Chairmanship
Ⅱ.Fulbright's Personal Qualities
Ⅲ.Fulbright's Relations with the Executive Branch
Ⅳ.Fulbright's Relations with His Own Party
Ⅴ.Fulbright's Particular Methods of Operation and Perception of His Role
Ⅵ.Cases Analysis
Ⅶ.Summary
Chapter Seven Jesse Helms (1995 -2001)
Ⅰ.Jesse Helms as a Hard Right
Ⅱ.Jesse Helms as the "Senator No"
Ⅲ.Helms'Personal Qualities
Ⅳ.Helms'Relations with the Executive Branch
Ⅴ.Helms'Relations with His Own Party
Ⅵ.Relations with Democratic Senators
Ⅶ.Helms'Perception on His Role and His Particular Mode of Operation
Ⅷ.Cases Analysis
Ⅸ.Summary
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
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