Cover
Contents
Introduction
List of entries and contributors
A
A POSTERIORI
A PRIORI
‘ABDUH, MUHAMMAD (1849–1905)
ABELARD, PETER (1079–1142)
ABERDEEN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
ABHINAVAGUPTA (c.975–1025)
ABRAHAM IBN EZRA
ABRAVANEL, ISAAC (1437–1509)
ABRAVANEL, JUDAH BEN ISAAC (c.1460/5–c.1520/5)
ABSOLUTE, THE
ABSOLUTISM
ABSTRACT OBJECTS
ACADEMY
ACTION
ADORNO, THEODOR WIESENGRUND (1903–69)
ADVERBS
AENESIDEMUS (1st century BC)
AESTHETIC ATTITUDE
AESTHETIC CONCEPTS
AESTHETICS
AESTHETICS, AFRICAN
AESTHETICS AND ETHICS
AESTHETICS, CHINESE
AESTHETICS, FEMINIST
AESTHETICS IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
AESTHETICS, JAPANESE
AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
AL-AFGHANI, JAMAL AL-DIN (1838–97)
AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY
AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY, ANGLOPHONE
AFRICAN PHILOSOPHY, FRANCOPHONE
AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGIONS
AGNOSTICISM
AGRICOLA, RUDOLPH (1444–85)
AGRICULTURAL ETHICS
AGRIPPA (1st/2nd century AD)
AGRIPPA VON NETTESHEIM, HENRICUS CORNELIUS (1486–1535)
AILLY, PIERRE D’ (1350–1420)
AJDUKIEWICZ, KAZIMIERZ (1890–1963)
AKAN PHILOSOPHICAL PSYCHOLOGY
AKRASIA
ALBERT OF SAXONY (c.1316–90)
ALBERT THE GREAT (1200–80)
ALBERTUS MAGNUS
ALBO, JOSEPH (c.1380–c.1444)
ALCHEMY
ALCIBIADES
ALCINOUS (c. 2nd century AD)
ALCMAEON (c. early to mid 5th century BC)
ALEMANNO, YOHANAN BEN ISAAC (1433/4–after 1503/4)
D’ALEMBERT, JEAN LE ROND (1717–2683)
ALEXANDER OF APHRODISIAS (fl. c. AD 200)
ALEXANDER OF HALES (c.1185–1245)
ALEXANDER, SAMUEL (1859–1938)
ALGAZEL
ALHAZEN
ALIENATION
ALIGHIERI, DANTE (1265–1321)
ALISON, ARCHIBALD (1757–1839)
ALTERITY AND IDENTITY, POSTMODERN THEORIES OF
ALTHUSSER, LOUIS PIERRE (1918–90)
ALTRUISM
AMBEDKAR, BHIMRAO RAMJI (1891–1956)
AMBIGUITY
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURIES
AL-‘AMIRI, ABU’L HASAN MUHAMMAD IBN YUSUF (d. 992)
AMMONIUS, SON OF HERMEAS (c. AD 440–521)
AMO, ANTON WILHELM (c.1703–56)
ANALYSIS, NONSTANDARD
ANALYSIS, PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES IN
ANALYTIC ETHICS
ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY
ANALYTICAL PHILOSOPHY IN LATIN AMERICA
ANALYTICITY
ANAPHORA
ANARCHISM
ANAXAGORAS (500–428 BC)
ANAXARCHUS (c.380–c.330 BC)
ANAXIMANDER (c.610–after 546 BC)
ANAXIMENES (6th century BC)
ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY
ANDERSON, JOHN (1893–1962)
ANIMAL LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT
ANIMALS AND ETHICS
ANNICERIS
ANOMALOUS MONISM
ANSCOMBE, GERTRUDE ELIZABETH MARGARET (1919–)
ANSELM OF CANTERBURY (1033–1109)
ANTHROPOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY OF
ANTIOCHUS (c.130–68 BC)
ANTIPHON (late 5th century BC)
ANTI-POSITIVIST THOUGHT IN LATIN AMERICA
ANTIREALISM
ANTIREALISM IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS
ANTI-SEMITISM
ANTISTHENES (c.445–c.365 BC)
APPLIED ETHICS
APULEIUS (c. AD 125–180)
AQUINAS, THOMAS (1224/6–74)
ARAMA, ISAAC BEN MOSES (c.1420–94)
ARCESILAUS (c.316–c.240 BC)
ARCHAEOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY OF
ARCHē
ARCHITECTURE, AESTHETICS OF
ARCHYTAS (early to mid 4th century BC)
ARENDT, HANNAH (1906–75)
ARETē
ARGENTINA, PHILOSOPHY IN
ARISTIPPUS THE ELDER (c.435–c.355 BC)
ARISTON OF CHIOS (early to mid 3rd century BC)
ARISTOTELIANISM IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
ARISTOTELIANISM IN THE 17TH CENTURY
ARISTOTELIANISM, MEDIEVAL
ARISTOTELIANISM, RADICAL
ARISTOTELIANISM, RENAISSANCE
ARISTOTLE (384–322 BC)
ARISTOTLE COMMENTATORS
ARISTUPPUS THE YOUNGER
ARITHMETIC, PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES IN
ARMSTRONG, DAVID MALET (1926–)
ARNAULD, ANTOINE (1612–94)
ART, ABSTRACT
ART AND MORALITY
ART AND TRUTH
ART CRITICISM
ART, DEFINITION OF
ART, EROTIC
ART, PERFORMING
ART, UNDERSTANDING OF
ART, VALUE OF
ART WORKS, ONTOLOGY OF
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
ARTISTIC EXPRESSION
ARTISTIC FORGERY
ARTISTIC INTERPRETATION
ARTISTIC STYLE
ARTISTIC TASTE
ARTIST’S INTENTION
ARYA SAMAJ
ASCETICISM
ASCLEPIADES
ASH‘ARIYYA AND MU‘TAZILA
ASMUS, VALENTIN FERDINANDOVICH (1894–1975)
ASTELL, MARY (1666–1731)
ATHEISM
ATOMISM, ANCIENT
ATONEMENT
AUGUSTINE (AD 354–430)
AUGUSTINIANISM
AUREOL, PETER (c.1280–1322)
AUROBINDO GHOSE (1872–1950)
AUSTIN, JOHN (1790–1859)
AUSTIN, JOHN LANGSHAW (1911–60)
AUSTRALIA, PHILOSOPHY IN
AUTHORITY
AUTONOMY, ETHICAL
AVEMPACE
AVENARIUS, RICHARD (1843–96)
AVERROES
AVERROISM
AVERROISM, JEWISH
AVICEBROL/AVICEBRON
AVICENNA
AWAKENING OF FAITH IN MAHāYāNA
AWARENESS IN INDIAN THOUGHT
AXIOLOGY
AXIOM OF CHOICE
AYER, ALFRED JULES (1910–89)
B
BACHELARD, GASTON (1884–1962)
BACON, FRANCIS (1561–1626)
BACON, ROGER (c.1214–92/4)
AL-BAGHDADI, ABU ’L-BARAKAT (fl. c.1200–50)
BAKHTIN, MIKHAIL MIKHAILOVICH (1895–1975)
BAKUNIN, MIKHAIL ALEKSANDROVICH (1814–76)
Bá?EZEZ, DOMINGO (1528–1604)
BAR HAYYA, ABRAHAM (c.1016–c.1136)
BAR HIYYA, ABRAHAM
BARTH, KARL (1886–1968)
BARTHES, ROLAND (1915–80)
BARTOLUS OF SASSOFERRATO (OR SAXOFERRATO) (1313/14–57)
BASSO, SEBASTIANO
BATAILLE, GEORGES (1897–1962)
BAUDRILLARD, JEAN (1929–)
BAUER, BRUNO (1809–82)
BAUMGARDT, DAVID (1890–1963)
BAUMGARTEN, ALEXANDER GOTTLIEB (1714–62)
BAYESIANISM
BAYLE, PIERRE (1647–1706)
BEATTIE, JAMES (1735–1803)
BEAUTY
BEAUVOIR, SIMONE DE (1908–86)
BECK, JACOB SIGISMUND (1761–1840)
BEHAVIOURISM, ANALYTIC
BEHAVIOURISM IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
BEHAVIOURISM, METHODOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC
BEING
BELIEF
BELIEF AND KNOWLEDGE
BELINSKII, VISSARION GRIGORIEVICH (1811–48)
BELL’S THEOREM
BENJAMIN, WALTER (1892–1940)
BENTHAM, JEREMY (1748–1832)
BENTLEY, RICHARD (1662–1742)
BERDIAEV, NIKOLAI ALEKSANDROVICH (1874–1948)
BERGSON, HENRI-LOUIS (1859–1941)
BERKELEY, GEORGE (1685–1753)
BERLIN, ISAIAH (1909–97)
BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX (1090–1153)
BERNARD OF TOURS (fl. 1147, d. before 1178)
BERNARDUS SILVESTRIS
BERNIER, FRAN?OIS (1620–88)
BERNSTEIN, EDUARD (1850–1932)
BETH’S THEOREM AND CRAIG’S THEOREM
BHART?HARI (c. 5th century)
BIBLE, HEBREW
BIEL, GABRIEL (before 1425–95)
BIOETHICS
BIOETHICS, JEWISH
BLACKSTONE, WILLIAM (1723–80)
BLAIR, HUGH (1718–1800)
BLAISE OF PARMA
BLAME
BLANCHOT, MAURICE (1907–)
BLASIUS OF PARMA (d. 1416)
BLOCH, ERNST SIMON (1885–1977)
BOBBIO, NORBERTO (1909–)
BODILY SENSATIONS
BODIN, JEAN (1529/30–96)
BOEHME, JAKOB (1575–1624)
BOETHIUS, ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVERINUS (c.480–525/6)
BOETHIUS OF DACIA (fl. c.1275)
BOGDANOV, ALEKSANDR ALEKSANDROVICH (1873–1928)
BOHR, NIELS (1885–1962)
BOLD, SAMUEL (1649–1737)
BOLZANO, BERNARD (1781–1848)
BONAVENTURE (c.1217–74)
BONHOEFFER, DIETRICH (1906–45)
BONNET, CHARLES (1720–93)
BOOK OF CAUSES
BOOK OF CHANGES
BOOLE, GEORGE (1815–64)
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
BOSANQUET, BERNARD (1848–1923)
BOURDIEU, PIERRE (1930–)
BOUTROUX, éMILE (1845–1921)
BOWNE, BORDEN PARKER (1847–1910)
BOYLE, ROBERT (1627–91)
BRADLEY, FRANCIS HERBERT (1846–1924)
BRADWARDINE, THOMAS (c.1300–49)
BRAHMAN
BRAHMO SAMAJ
BRAZIL, PHILOSOPHY IN
BRENTANO, FRANZ CLEMENS (1838–1917)
BRIDGMAN, PERCY WILLIAM (1882–1961)
BRINKLEY, RICHARD (fl. 1350–73)
BRITO, RADULPHUS (c.1270–c.1320)
BROAD, CHARLIE DUNBAR (1887–1971)
BROWN, THOMAS (1778–1820)
BROWNE, PETER (1666–1735)
BRUNNER, EMIL (1889–1966)
BRUNO, GIORDANO (1548–1600)
BRUNSCHVICG, LéON (1869–1944)
BRYCE, JAMES (1838–1922)
BUBER, MARTIN (1878–1965)
BüCHNER, FRIEDRICH KARL CHRISTIAN LUDWIG (LOUIS) (1824–99)
BUDDHA (6th–5th century BC)
BUDDHISM, āBHIDHARMIKA SCHOOLS OF
BUDDHISM, MāDHYAMIKA: INDIA AND TIBET
BUDDHISM, YOGāCāRA SCHOOL OF
BUDDHIST CONCEPT OF EMPTINESS
BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY, CHINESE
BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY IN TIBET
BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY, INDIAN
BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY, JAPANESE
BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY, KOREAN
BUFFIER, CLAUDE (1661–1737)
BUFFON, GEORGES LOUIS LECLERC, COMTE DE (1707–88)
BULGAKOV, SERGEI NIKOLAEVICH (1871–1944)
BULTMANN, RUDOLF (1884–1976)
BUNDLE THEORY OF MIND
BURIDAN, JOHN (c.1300–after 1358)
BURKE, EDMUND (1729–97)
BURLEY, WALTER (c.1275–c.1345)
BURNETT, JAMES
BURTHOGGE, RICHARD (c.1638–c.1704)
BUSHI PHILOSOPHY
BUSINESS ETHICS
BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692–1752)
BYZANTINE PHILOSOPHY
C
CABANIS, PIERRE-JEAN (1757–1808)
CABRAL, AMíLCAR (1924–73)
CAJETAN (THOMAS DE VIO) (1468–1534)
CALCIDIUS (c. 4th century AD)
CALLICLES (late 5th century BC)
CALVIN, JOHN (1509–64)
CAMBRIDGE PLATONISM
CAMPANELLA, TOMMASO (1568–1639)
CAMPBELL, GEORGE (1719–96)
CAMPBELL, NORMAN ROBERT (1880–1949)
CAMUS, ALBERT (1913–60)
CANTOR, GEORG (1845–1918)
CANTOR’S THEOREM
CAPREOLUS, JOHANNES (c.1380–1444)
CARDANO, GIROLAMO (1501–76)
CARDANUS, HIERONYMUS
CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795–1881)
CARMICHAEL, GERSHOM (1672–1729)
CARNAP, RUDOLF (1891–1970)
CARNEADES (214–129 BC)
CAROLINGIAN RENAISSANCE
CARROLL, LEWIS
CARTESIANISM
CASSIRER, ERNST (1874–1945)
CASUISTRY
CATEGORIES
CATEGORY THEORY, APPLICATIONS TO THE FOUNDATIONS OF MATHEMATICS
CATEGORY THEORY, INTRODUCTION TO
CATTANEO, CARLO (1801–69)
CAUSALITY AND NECESSITY IN ISLAMIC THOUGHT
CAUSATION
CAUSATION, INDIAN THEORIES OF
CAVELL, STANLEY (1926–)
CAVENDISH, MARGARET LUCAS (1623–73)
CELSUS (late 2nd century AD)
CERTAINTY
CERTEAU, MICHEL DE (1925–86)
CHAADAEV, P?TR IAKOVLEVICH (1794–1856)
CHALCIDIUS
CHALDAEAN ORACLES
CHANG TSAI
CHANGE
CHAOS THEORY
CHARITY
CHARITY, PRINCIPLE OF
CHARLETON, WALTER (1620–1707)
CHARRON, PIERRE (1541–1603)
CHARTRES, SCHOOL OF
CHATTON, WALTER (c.1290–1343)
CHEMISTRY, PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS OF
CH’ENG
CHENG
CH’ENG HAO
CHENG HAO (1032–85)
CHENG HSüAN
CH’ENG I
CH’ENG MING-TAO
CHENG YI (1033–1107)
CH’ENG YI-CH’UAN
CHERNYSHEVSKII, NIKOLAI GAVRILOVICH (1828–89)
CHI
CHIA I
CHIH TUN
CHIH-I
CHILLINGWORTH, WILLIAM (1602–44)
CHINESE CLASSICS
CHINESE PHILOSOPHY
CHINESE ROOM ARGUMENT
CHINUL (1158–1210)
CHISHOLM, RODERICK MILTON (1916–)
CHOMSKY, NOAM (1928–)
CH?NG YAGYONG (TASAN) (1762–1836)
CHRISTINE DE PIZAN(1365–c.1430)
CHRISTOLOGY
CHRYSIPPUS (c.280–c.206 BC)
CHU HSI
CHUANG TZU
CHUNG YUNG
CHURCH, ALONZO (1903–95)
CHURCH’S THEOREM AND THE DECISION PROBLEM
CHURCH’S THESIS
CICERO, MARCUS TULLIUS (106–43 BC)
CIESZKOWSKI, AUGUST VON (1814–94)
CITIZENSHIP
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
CIVIL SOCIETY
CIXOUS, HéLèNE (1937–)
CLANDESTINE LITERATURE
CLAREMBALD OF ARRAS (1110/20–c.1187)
CLARKE, SAMUEL (1675–1729)
CLASSICAL MECHANICS
CLAUBERG, JOHANNES (1622–65)
CLEANTHES (331–232 BC)
CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA (AD 150–215)
CLEOMEDES (c. 2nd century AD)
COCKBURN, CATHARINE (1679–1749)
COERCION
COGNITION, INFANT
COGNITIVE ARCHITECTURE
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
COGNITIVE PLURALISM
COHEN, HERMANN (1842–1918)
COIMBRA GROUP
COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR (1772–1834)
COLLEGIUM CONIMBRICENSE
COLLIER, ARTHUR (1680–1732)
COLLINGWOOD, ROBIN GEORGE (1889–1943)
COLLINS, ANTHONY (1676–1729)
COLOUR AND QUALIA
COLOUR, THEORIES OF
COMBINATORY LOGIC
COMEDY
COMENIUS, JOHN AMOS (1592–1670)
COMMON LAW
COMMON SENSE SCHOOL
COMMON-SENSE ETHICS
COMMON-SENSE REASONING, THEORIES OF
COMMONSENSISM
COMMUNICATION AND INTENTION
COMMUNICATIVE RATIONALITY
COMMUNISM
COMMUNITY AND COMMUNITARIANISM
COMPLEXITY, COMPUTATIONAL
COMPOSITIONALITY
COMPUTABILITY AND INFORMATION
COMPUTABILITY THEORY
COMPUTER SCIENCE
COMTE, ISIDORE-AUGUSTE-MARIE-FRAN?OIS-XAVIER (1798–1857)
CONCEPTS
CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS
CONDILLAC, ETIENNE BONNOT DE (1715–80)
CONDORCET, MARIE-JEAN-ANTOINE-NICOLAS CARITAT DE (1743–94)
CONFEDERALISM
CONFIRMATION THEORY
CONFUCIAN ANALECTS
CONFUCIAN PHILOSOPHY, CHINESE
CONFUCIAN PHILOSOPHY, JAPANESE
CONFUCIAN PHILOSOPHY, KOREAN
CONFUCIUS (551–479 BC)
CONNECTIONISM
CONSCIENCE
CONSCIOUSNESS
CONSENT
CONSEQUENCE, CONCEPTIONS OF
CONSEQUENTIALISM
CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES
CONSERVATISM
CONSTANT DE REBECQUE, HENRI-BENJAMIN (1767–1830)
CONSTITUTIONALISM
THE CONSTRUCTIBLE UNIVERSE
CONSTRUCTIVISM
CONSTRUCTIVISM IN ETHICS
CONSTRUCTIVISM IN MATHEMATICS
CONTENT, INDEXICAL
CONTENT, NON-CONCEPTUAL
CONTENT: WIDE AND NARROW
CONTEXTUALISM, EPISTEMOLOGICAL
CONTINGENCY
CONTINUANTS
CONTINUUM HYPOTHESIS
CONTRACTARIANISM
CONVENTIONALISM
CONWAY, ANNE (c.1630–79)
COPERNICUS, NICOLAUS (1473–1543)
CORDEMOY, GéRAUD DE (1626–84)
CORRUPTION
COSMOLOGY
COSMOLOGY AND COSMOGONY, INDIAN THEORIES OF
COUNTERFACTUAL CONDITIONALS
COURNOT, ANTOINE AUGUSTIN (1801–77)
COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)
CRATHORN, WILLIAM (fl. c.1330)
CRATYLUS (late 5th/early 4th century BC)
CREATION AND CONSERVATION, RELIGIOUS DOCTRINE OF
CRESCAS, HASDAI (c.1340–1410)
CRIME AND PUNISHMENT
CRITERIA
CRITICAL LEGAL STUDIES
CRITICAL REALISM
CRITICAL THEORY
CROCE, BENEDETTO (1866–1952)
CRUCIAL EXPERIMENTS
CRUSIUS, CHRISTIAN AUGUST (1715–75)
CUDWORTH, DAMARIS
CUDWORTH, RALPH (1617–88)
CULTURAL IDENTITY
CULTURE
CULVERWELL, NATHANIEL (c.1618–c.1651)
CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632–1718)
CYNICS
CYRENAICS
CZECH REPUBLIC, PHILOSOPHY IN
D
DAI ZHEN (1724–77)
DAMASCIUS (c.462–540)
DAMIAN, PETER (1007–72)
DANCE, AESTHETICS OF
DAO
DAODEJING
DAOIST PHILOSOPHY
DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809–82)
DAVID OF DINANT (fl. c.1210)
DAVIDSON, DONALD (1917–)
AL-DAWANI, JALAL AL-DIN (1426–1502)
DAXUE
DE
DE DICTO
DE MAN, PAUL (1919–83)
DE MORGAN, AUGUSTUS (1806–71)
DE RE/DE DICTO
DEATH
DECISION AND GAME THEORY
DECONSTRUCTION
DEDEKIND, JULIUS WILHELM RICHARD (1831–1916)
DEDUCTIVE CLOSURE PRINCIPLE
DEFINITION
DEFINITION, INDIAN CONCEPTS OF
DEISM
DELEUZE, GILLES (1925–95)
DELMEDIGO, ELIJAH (c.1460–93)
DEMARCATION PROBLEM
DEMOCRACY
DEMOCRITUS (mid 5th–4th century BC)
DEMONSTRATIVES AND INDEXICALS
DENNETT, DANIEL CLEMENT (1942–)
DENYS THE CARTHUSIAN (1402/3–71)
DEONTIC LOGIC
DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS
DEPICTION
DERRIDA, JACQUES (1930–)
DESCARTES, RENé (1596–1650)
DESCRIPTIONS
DESERT AND MERIT
DESGABETS, ROBERT (1610–78)
DESIRE
DETERMINISM AND INDETERMINISM
DEVELOPMENT ETHICS
DEWEY, JOHN (1859–1952)
DHARMAKīRTI (c.600–60)
DIALECTICAL MATERIALISM
DIALECTICAL SCHOOL
DIALOGICAL LOGIC
DICEY, ALBERT VENN (1835–1922)
DIDEROT, DENIS (1713–84)
DIETRICH OF FREIBERG (c.1250–AFTER 1310)
DIGAMBARA JAINISM
DIGBY, KENELM (1603–65)
DIGNāGA (c.480–c.540)
DILTHEY, WILHELM (1833–1911)
DIODORUS CRONUS (late 4th–early 3rd centuries BC)
DIOGENES LAERTIUS (c. AD 300–50)
DIOGENES OF APOLLONIA (5th century BC)
DIOGENES OF OENOANDA (c. 2nd century AD)
DIOGENES OF SINOPE (412/403–324/321 BC)
DISCOURSE SEMANTICS
DISCOVERY, LOGIC OF
DISCRIMINATION
DISCRIMINATION AND LANGUAGE
DISSOI LOGOI
DODGSON, CHARLES LUTWIDGE (LEWIS CARROLL) (1832–98)
DōGEN (1200–53)
DONG ZHONGSHU (195–115 BC)
DOOYEWEERD, HERMAN (1894–1977)
DOSTOEVSKII, F?DOR MIKHAILOVICH (1821–81)
DOUBLE EFFECT, PRINCIPLE OF
DOUBT
DOXOGRAPHY
DREAMING
DU BOIS-REYMOND, EMIL (1818–96)
DU CH?TELET-LOMONT, GABRIELLEéMILIE (1706–49)
DUALISM
DUCASSE, CURT JOHN (1881–1969)
DUHEM, PIERRE MAURICE MARIE (1861–1916)
DüHRING, EUGEN KARL (1833–1921)
DUMMETT, MICHAEL ANTHONY EARDLEY (1925–)
DUNS SCOTUS, JOHN (c.1266–1308)
DURAN, PROFIAT (d. c.1414)
DURAN, SIMEON BEN TZEMACH (1361–1444)
DURANDUS OF ST POUR?AIN (1275?–1334)
DURKHEIM, éMILE (1858–1917)
DUTCH BOOK ARGUMENT
DUTY
DUTY AND VIRTUE, INDIAN CONCEPTIONS OF
DWORKIN, RONALD (1931–)
DYNAMIC LOGICS
E
EARLY CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY
EAST ASIAN PHILOSOPHY
EBERHARD, JOHANN AUGUST (1739–1809)
ECOLOGICAL PHILOSOPHY
ECOLOGY
ECONOMICS AND ETHICS
ECONOMICS, PHILOSOPHY OF
EDUCATION, HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY OF
EDUCATION, PHILOSOPHY OF
EDWARDS, JONATHAN (1703–58)
EFODI
EGOISM AND ALTRUISM
EGYPTIAN COSMOLOGY, ANCIENT
EGYPTIAN PHILOSOPHY: INFLUENCE ON ANCIENT GREEK THOUGHT
EINSTEIN, ALBERT (1879–1955)
ELEATIC PHILOSOPHY
ELECTRODYNAMICS
ELIADE, MIRCEA (1907–86)
ELIMINATIVISM
ELIOT, GEORGE (1819–80)
ELISABETH OF BOHEMIA (1618–80)
EMERSON, RALPH WALDO (1803–82)
EMOTION IN RESPONSE TO ART
EMOTIONS, NATURE OF
EMOTIONS, PHILOSOPHY OF
EMOTIVE MEANING
EMOTIVISM
EMPEDOCLES (c.495–c.435 BC)
EMPIRICISM
EMPIRIOCRITICISM, RUSSIAN
EMPTINESS, BUDDHIST CONCEPT OF
ENCYCLOPEDISTS, 18TH-CENTURY
ENCYCLOPEDISTS, MEDIEVAL
ENGELS, FRIEDRICH (1820–95)
ENGINEERING AND ETHICS
ENLIGHTENMENT, CONTINENTAL
ENLIGHTENMENT, JEWISH
ENLIGHTENMENT, RUSSIAN
ENLIGHTENMENT, SCOTTISH
ENTAILMENT
ENTHUSIASM
ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
ENVIRONMENTALISM
EPICHARMUS (c. early 5th century BC)
EPICTETUS (AD c.50–c.120)
EPICUREANISM
EPICURUS (341–271 BC)
EPIPHENOMENALISM
EPISTEMIC LOGIC
EPISTEMIC PARADOXES
EPISTEMIC RELATIVISM
EPISTEMOLOGY
EPISTEMOLOGY AND ETHICS
EPISTEMOLOGY, HISTORY OF
EPISTEMOLOGY IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
EPISTEMOLOGY, INDIAN SCHOOLS OF
EPISTEMOLOGY, NORMATIVE
EPISTEMOLOGY, SOCIAL
EPISTEMOLOGY, YORUBA
EQUALITY
EQUITY
ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (c.1466–1536)
ERIUGENA, JOHANNES SCOTTUS (c.800–c.877)
EROTIC ART
ERROR AND ILLUSION, INDIAN CONCEPTIONS OF
ESCHATOLOGY
ESSENTIALISM
ETERNITY
ETERNITY OF THE WORLD, MEDIEVAL VIEWS OF
ETHICAL SYSTEMS, AFRICAN
ETHICS
ETHICS IN INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
ETHICS IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
ETHIOPIA, PHILOSOPHY IN
ETHNOPHILOSOPHY, AFRICAN
EUDAIMONIA
EUDOXUS (c.390–c.340 BC)
EURASIAN MOVEMENT
EUSEBIUS (c. AD 264–c.339)
EVANS, GARETH (1946–80)
EVANS, MARY ANN
EVENTS
EVIL
EVIL, PROBLEM OF
EVOLUTION AND ETHICS
EVOLUTION, THEORY OF
EVOLUTIONARY THEORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
EXAMPLES IN ETHICS
EXISTENCE
EXISTENTIALISM
EXISTENTIALIST ETHICS
EXISTENTIALIST THEOLOGY
EXISTENTIALIST THOUGHT IN LATIN AMERICA
EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENTS, CRUCIAL
EXPERIMENTS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE
EXPLANATION
EXPLANATION IN HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
F
FA
FACKENHEIM, EMIL LUDWIG (1916–)
FACTS
FACT/VALUE DISTINCTION
FAITH
FALLACIES
FALLIBILISM
FAMILY, ETHICS AND THE
FANON, FRANTZ (1925–61)
AL-FARABI, ABU NASR (c.870–950)
FARDELLA, MICHELANGELO (c.1646–1718)
FARRER, AUSTIN MARSDEN (1904–68)
FASCISM
FATALISM
FATALISM, INDIAN
FA-TSANG
FAZANG (643–712)
FECHNER, GUSTAV THEODOR (1801–87)
FEDERALISM AND CONFEDERALISM
F?DOROV, NIKOLAI F?DOROVICH (1829–1903)
FEMINISM
FEMINISM AND PSYCHOANALYSIS
FEMINISM AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
FEMINIST AESTHETICS
FEMINIST EPISTEMOLOGY
FEMINIST ETHICS
FEMINIST JURISPRUDENCE
FEMINIST LITERARY CRITICISM
FEMINIST PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
FEMINIST POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
FEMINIST THEOLOGY
FEMINIST THOUGHT IN LATIN AMERICA
FéNELON, FRAN?OIS DE SALIGNAC DE LA MOTHE (1651–1715)
FERGUSON, ADAM (1723–1815)
FERRIER, JAMES FREDERICK (1806–64)
FEUERBACH, LUDWIG ANDREAS (1804–72)
FEYERABEND, PAUL KARL (1924–94)
FICHTE, JOHANN GOTTLIEB (1762–1814)
FICINO, MARSILIO (1433–99)
FICTION, SEMANTICS OF
FICTIONAL ENTITIES
FICTIONALISM
FIELD THEORY, CLASSICAL
FIELD THEORY, QUANTUM
FILM, AESTHETICS OF
FILMER, SIR ROBERT (1588–1653)
FINCH, ANNE
FINITUDE
FINLAND, PHILOSOPHY IN
FLORENSKII, PAVEL ALEKSANDROVICH (1882–1937)
FLUDD, ROBERT (1574–1637)
FODOR, JERRY ALAN (1935–)
FOLK PSYCHOLOGY
FONSECA, PEDRO (1528–99)
FONSECA, PETRUS
FONTENELLE, BERNARD DE (1657–1757)
FORCING
FORGERY, ARTISTIC
FORGIVENESS AND MERCY
FORMAL AND INFORMAL LOGIC
FORMAL LANGUAGES AND SYSTEMS
FORMALISM IN ART
FORMALISM, RUSSIAN
FOUCAULT, MICHEL (1926–84)
FOUCHER, SIMON (1644–96)
FOUNDATIONALISM
FRANCIS OF MEYRONNES (d. after 1325)
FRANCIS SYLVESTER OF FERRARA
FRANCISCO DE TOLEDO
FRANCISCUS PATRITIUS
FRANK, JEROME (1889–1957)
FRANK, SEM?N LIUDVIGOVICH (1877–1950)
FRANKFURT SCHOOL
FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1709–70)
FREE LOGICS
FREE LOGICS, PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES IN
FREE WILL
FREEDOM AND LIBERTY
FREEDOM, DIVINE
FREEDOM OF SPEECH
FREGE, GOTTLOB (1848–1925)
FREI, HANS (1922–88)
FRENCH PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
FREUD, SIGMUND (1856–1939)
FRIENDSHIP
FRIES, JACOB FRIEDRICH (1773–1843)
FUJIWARA SEIKA (1561–1619)
FULLER, LON LOUVOIS (1902–78)
FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATION
FUNCTIONALISM
FUNCTIONALISM IN SOCIAL SCIENCE
FUTURE GENERATIONS, OBLIGATIONS TO
FUZZY LOGIC
G
GADāDHARA (1604–1709)
GADAMER, HANS-GEORG (1900–)
GAIUS (c.110–c.180)
GALEN (AD 129–c.210)
GALILEI, GALILEO (1564–1642)
GALILEO
GAME THEORY
GAME-THEORETIC SEMANTICS
GANDHI, MAHATMA
GANDHI, MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND (1869–1948)
GA?GE?A (fl. c.1325)
GARRIGOU-LAGRANGE, RéGINALD (1887–1964)
GASSENDI, PIERRE (1592–1655)
GAU?īYA VAI??AVISM
GAUTAMA, AK?APāDA
GENDER AND LANGUAGE
GENDER AND SCIENCE
GENEALOGY
GENERAL RELATIVITY, PHILOSOPHICAL RESPONSES TO
GENERAL WILL
GENETICS
GENETICS AND ETHICS
GENTILE, GIOVANNI (1875–1944)
GENTZEN, GERHARD KARL ERICH (1909–45)
GEOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY OF
GEOMETRY, PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES IN
GEORGE OF TREBIZOND (c.1396–c.1472)
GERARD, ALEXANDER (1728–95)
GERARD OF CREMONA (1114–87)
GERARD OF ODO (c.1290–c.1349)
GERBERT OF AURILLAC (938–1003)
GERDIL, GIANCINTO SIGISMONDO (1718–1802)
GERMAN IDEALISM
GERSON, JEAN (1363–1429)
GERSONIDES (1288–1344)
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
GETTIER PROBLEMS
GEULINCX, ARNOLD (1624–69)
AL-GHAZALI, ABU HAMID (1058–1111)
GILBERT OF POITIERS (c.1085–1154)
GILES OF ROME (c.1243/7–1316)
GINZBERG, ASHER
GIOBERTI, VINCENZO (1801–52)
GLANVILL, JOSEPH (1636–80)
GNOSTICISM
GOD, ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF
GOD, CONCEPTS OF
GOD, INDIAN CONCEPTIONS OF
G?DEL, KURT (1906–78)
G?DEL’S THEOREMS
GODFREY OF FONTAINES (c.1250–c.1306/9)
GODWIN, WILLIAM (1756–1836)
GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749–1832)
GOOD, THEORIES OF THE
GOODMAN, NELSON (1906–)
GOODNESS, PERFECT
GORGIAS (late 5th century BC)
GOTAMA
GRACE
GRAMSCI, ANTONIO (1891–1937)
GREEK PHILOSOPHY
GREEK PHILOSOPHY: IMPACT ON ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
GREEN ETHICS
GREEN POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836–82)
GREGORY OF RIMINI (c.1300–58)
GRICE, HERBERT PAUL (1913–88)
GROSSETESTE, ROBERT (c.1170–1253)
GROTE, JOHN (1813–66)
GROTIUS, HUGO (1583–1645)
GUANZI
GUIFENG ZONGMI
GURNEY, EDMUND (1847–88)
GYELTSAP DARMA RINCHEN
H
HA’AM, AHAD (1856–1927)
HABERMAS, JüRGEN (1929–)
HAECKEL, ERNST HEINRICH (1834–1919)
H?GERSTR?M, AXEL ANDERS THEODOR (1868–1939)
HALAKHAH
HALEVI, JUDAH (before 1075–1141)
HAMANN, JOHANN GEORG (1730–88)
HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1788–1856)
HAN FEI/HAN FEI-TZU
HAN FEIZI (c.280–233 BC)
HAN W?NJIN (1682–1751)
HAN YU (768–824)
HANSLICK, EDUARD (1825–1904)
HANSON, NORWOOD RUSSELL (1924–67)
HAPPINESS
HARE, RICHARD MERVYN (1919–)
HARRINGTON, JAMES (1611–77)
HART, HERBERT LIONEL ADOLPHUS (1907–93)
HARTLEY, DAVID (1705–1757)
HARTMANN, KARL ROBERT EDUARD VON (1842–1906)
HARTMANN, NICOLAI (1882–1950)
HASIDISM
HAYEK, FRIEDRICH AUGUST VON (1899–1992)
HEAVEN
HEAVEN, CHINESE CONCEPT OF
HEAVEN, INDIAN CONCEPTIONS OF
HEDONISM
HEGEL, GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH (1770–1831)
HEGELIANISM
HEGELIANISM, RUSSIAN
HEIDEGGER, MARTIN (1889–1976)
HEIDEGGERIAN PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
HEISENBERG, WERNER (1901–76)
HELL
HELLENISTIC MEDICAL EPISTEMOLOGY
HELLENISTIC PHILOSOPHY
HELMHOLTZ, HERMANN VON (1821–94)
HELMONT, FRANCISCUS MERCURIUS VAN (1614–98)
HELP AND BENEFICENCE
HELVéTIUS, CLAUDE-ADRIEN (1715–71)
HEMERKEN, THOMAS
HEMPEL, CARL GUSTAV (1905–1997)
HENRICUS REGIUS (1598–1679)
HENRY OF GHENT (early 13th century–1293)
HENRY OF HARCLAY (c.1270–1317)
HERACLIDES OF PONTUS (4TH century BC)
HERACLITUS (c.540–c.480 BC)
HERBART, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1776–1841)
HERBERT, EDWARD (BARON HERBERT OF CHERBURY) (c.1583–1648)
HERBRAND’S THEOREM
HERDER, JOHANN GOTTFRIED (1744–1803)
HERMENEUTICS
HERMENEUTICS, BIBLICAL
HERMENEUTICS, LEGAL
HERMETISM
HERRERA, ABRAHAM COHEN DE (c.1562–c.1635)
HERTZ, HEINRICH RUDOLF (1857–94)
HERVAEUS NATALIS (d. 1323)
HERZEN, ALEKSANDR IVANOVICH (1812–70)
HESCHEL, ABRAHAM JOSHUA (1907–72)
HESIOD (c.700 BC)
HESS, MOSES (1812–75)
HESSEN, SERGEI IOSIFOVICH (1887–1950)
HEYTESBURY, WILLIAM (before 1313–1372/3)
HIEROCLES (2nd century AD)
HIGH-ORDER LOGICS
HILBERT’S PROGRAMME AND FORMALISM
HILDEGARD OF BINGEN (1098–1179)
HILLEL BEN SAMUEL OF VERONA (c.1220–95)
HINDU PHILOSOPHY
HIPPIAS (late 5th century BC)
HIPPOCRATIC MEDICINE
HISTORICISM
HISTORY, CHINESE THEORIES OF
HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY OF
HOBBES, THOMAS (1588–1679)
HOHFELD, WESLEY NEWCOMB (1879–1918)
HOLCOT, ROBERT (c.1290–1349)
H?LDERLIN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1770–1843)
HOLISM AND INDIVIDUALISM IN HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
HOLISM: MENTAL AND SEMANTIC
HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL, JR (1841–1935)
HOLOCAUST, THE
HOME, HENRY (LORD KAMES) (1696–1782)
HOMER (fl. c.700 BC)
HONOUR
HOOKER, RICHARD (1554–1600)
HOPE
HORKHEIMER, MAX (1895–1973)
HSIN (HEART-AND-MIND)
HSIN (TRUSTWORTHINESS)
HSING
HSüN TSU/HSüN TZU
HUAI-NAN TZU
HUAINANZI (179–122 BC)
HUET, PIERRE-DANIEL (1630–1721)
HUGH OF ST VICTOR (D. 1141)
HUMAN NATURE
HUMAN NATURE, SCIENCE OF, IN THE 18TH CENTURY
HUMANISM
HUMANISM, RENAISSANCE
HUMBOLDT, WILHELM VON (1767–1835)
HUME, DAVID (1711–76)
HUMOUR
HUNGARY, PHILOSOPHY IN
HUS, JAN (c.1369–1415)
HUSSERL, EDMUND (1859–1938)
HUTCHESON, FRANCIS (1694–1746)
HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY (1825–95)
HYPATIA (c. AD 370–415)
I
IAMBLICHUS (c. AD 242–327)
IBN ‘ADI, YAHYA (893–974)
IBN AL-‘ARABI, MUHYI AL-DIN (1164–1240)
IBN BAJJA, ABU BAKR MUHAMMAD IBN YAHYA IBN AS-SAY’IGH (D. 1138)
IBN CRESCAS, HASDAI
IBN DAUD, ABRAHAM (c.1110–c.1180)
IBN EZRA, ABRAHAM (1089–1164)
IBN EZRA, MOSES BEN JACOB (fl. 1055–1135)
IBN FALAQUERA, SHEM TOV (1223/8–AFTER 1290)
IBN GABIROL, SOLOMON (1021/2–57/8)
IBN HAZM, ABU MUHAMMAD ‘ALI (994–1063)
IBN KAMMUNA (d. 1284)
IBN KHALDUN, ‘ABD AL-RAHMAN (1332–1406)
IBN MAIMON, MUSA
IBN MASARRA, MUHAMMAD IBN ‘ABD ALLAH (883–931)
IBN MISKAWAYH, AHMAD IBN MUHAMMAD (c.940–1030)
IBN PAQUDA, BAHYA (fl. EARLY 12TH CENTURY)
IBN AR-RAWANDI (c.910?)
IBN RUSHD, ABU’L WALID MUHAMMAD (1126–98)
IBN SAB‘IN, MUHAMMAD IBN ‘ABD AL-HAQQ (1217–68)
IBN SINA, ABU ‘ALI AL-HUSAYN (980–1037)
IBN TAYMIYYA, TAQI AL–DIN (1263–1328)
IBN TUFAYL, ABU BAKR MUHAMMAD (before 1110–85)
IBN TZADDIK, JOSEPH BEN JACOB (d. 1149)
I-CHING
IDEALISM
IDEALISM, GERMAN
IDEALIZATIONS
IDEALS
IDENTITY
IDENTITY AND MORALITY
IDENTITY OF INDISCERNIBLES
IDENTITY, POSTMODERN THEORIES OF
IDENTITY THEORY OF MIND
IDEOLOGY
IKHWAN AL-SAFA’
IL’ENKOV, EVAL’D VASIL’EVICH (1924–79)
IL’IN, IVAN ALEKSANDROVICH (1883–1954)
ILLUMINATI
ILLUMINATION
ILLUMINATIONIST PHILOSOPHY
IMAGERY
IMAGINATION
IMMANUEL BEN SOLOMON OF ROME (c.1261–before 1336)
IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL
IMMUTABILITY
IMPARTIALITY
IMPERATIVE LOGIC
IMPLICATURE
INCARNATION AND CHRISTOLOGY
INCOMMENSURABILITY
INDETERMINISM
INDEXICAL CONTENT
INDIAN AND TIBETAN PHILOSOPHY
INDICATIVE CONDITIONALS
INDIRECT DISCOURSE
INDUCTION, EPISTEMIC ISSUES IN
INDUCTIVE DEFINITIONS AND PROOFS
INDUCTIVE INFERENCE
INDUCTIVE PROOFS
INFANT COGNITION
INFERENCE, INDIAN THEORIES OF
INFERENCE TO THE BEST EXPLANATION
INFINITARY LOGICS
INFINITY
INFORMAL LOGIC
INFORMATION AND COMPUTABILITY
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND ETHICS
INFORMATION THEORY
INFORMATION THEORY AND EPISTEMOLOGY
INGARDEN, ROMAN WITOLD (1893–1970)
INGE, WILLIAM RALPH (1860–1954)
INNATE KNOWLEDGE
INNOCENCE
INSTITUTIONALISM IN LAW
INTENSIONAL ENTITIES
INTENSIONAL LOGICS
INTENSIONALITY
INTENTION
INTENTIONALITY
INTERESTS
INTERNALISM AND EXTERNALISM IN EPISTEMOLOGY
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, PHILOSOPHY OF
INTERPRETATION, ARTISTIC
INTERPRETATION, INDIAN THEORIES OF
INTROSPECTION, EPISTEMOLOGY OF
INTROSPECTION, PSYCHOLOGY OF
INTUITIONISM
INTUITIONISM IN ETHICS
INTUITIONISTIC LOGIC AND ANTIREALISM
IQBAL, MUHAMMAD (1877–1938)
IRIGARAY, LUCE (1930–)
ISAAC BEN MOSES LEVI
ISAAC ISRAELI
ISAAC OF STELLA (d. c.1177)
ISHRAQ
ISLAM, CONCEPT OF PHILOSOPHY IN
ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM
ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY, MODERN
ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY: TRANSMISSION INTO WESTERN EUROPE
ISLAMIC THEOLOGY
ISRAELI, ISAAC BEN SOLOMON (c.855–955)
ITALY, PHILOSOPHY IN
ITō JINSAI (1627–1705)
J
JACOBI, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH (1743–1819)
JAINA PHILOSOPHY
JAMES OF VITERBO (c.1255–1308)
JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
JAPANESE PHILOSOPHY
JASPERS, KARL (1883–1969)
JEFFERSON, THOMAS (1743–1826)
JEWISH PHILOSOPHY
JEWISH PHILOSOPHY, CONTEMPORARY
JEWISH PHILOSOPHY IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY
JHERING, RUDOLF VON (1818–92)
JIA YI (201–169 BC)
JOACHIM OF FIORE (c.1135–1202)
JOHN OF DAMASCUS (c.675–c.750)
JOHN OF FIDANZA
JOHN OF JANDUN (c.1280/9–1328)
JOHN OF LA ROCHELLE (d. 1245)
JOHN OF MIRECOURT (fl. c.1345)
JOHN OF PARIS (c.1260–1306)
JOHN OF SALISBURY (1115/20–1180)
JOHN OF ST THOMAS (1589–1644)
JOHN THE GRAMMARIAN
JOHNSON, ALEXANDER BRYAN (1786–1867)
JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709–84)
JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1696–1772)
JOURNALISM, ETHICS OF
JUDAH BEN MOSES OF ROME (c.1292–after 1330)
JUDGMENT, MORAL
JUNG, CARL GUSTAV (1875–1961)
JUNGIUS, JOACHIM (1587–1657)
JURISPRUDENCE, HISTORICAL
JUSTICE
JUSTICE, EQUITY AND LAW
JUSTICE, INTERNATIONAL
JUSTIFICATION, EPISTEMIC
JUSTIFICATION, MORAL
JUSTIFICATION, RELIGIOUS
JUSTINIAN (AD 482–565)
AL-JUWAYNI, ABU’L MA‘ALI (1028–85)
K
KABBALAH
KAIBARA EKKEN (1630–1714)
KALAM
KAMES, LORD
KANT, IMMANUEL (1724–1804)
KANTIAN ETHICS
KAPLAN, MORDECAI (1881–1983)
KARAISM
KARMA AND REBIRTH, INDIAN CONCEPTIONS OF
KATHARSIS
KAUTILYA (fl. c.321–c.296 BC)
KAUTSKY, KARL JOHANN (1854–1938)
KAYDRUP GELEK BELSANGBO
KECKERMANN, BARTHOLOMEW (1571/3–1609)
KELSEN, HANS (1881–1973)
KEMP SMITH, NORMAN (1872–1958)
KEMPIS, THOMAS à
KEPLER, JOHANNES (1571–1630)
KEYNES, JOHN MAYNARD (1883–1946)
KHAI-DUB
KIERKEGAARD, S?REN AABYE (1813–55)
KILVINGTON, RICHARD (d. 1361)
KILWARDBY, ROBERT (d. 1279)
AL-KINDI, ABU YUSUF YA‘QUB IBN ISHAQ (d. c.866–73)
KNOWLEDGE AND BELIEF
KNOWLEDGE AND JUSTIFICATION, COHERENCE THEORY OF
KNOWLEDGE BY ACQUAINTANCE AND DESCRIPTION
KNOWLEDGE, CAUSAL THEORY OF
KNOWLEDGE, CONCEPT OF
KNOWLEDGE, DEFEASIBILITY THEORY OF
KNOWLEDGE, INDIAN VIEWS OF
KNOWLEDGE, INNATE
KNOWLEDGE, MORAL
KNOWLEDGE, SOCIOLOGY OF
KNOWLEDGE, TACIT
KNUTZEN, MARTIN (1713–51)
KōBō DAISHI
KOJèVE, ALEXANDRE (1902–68)
KOKORO
KOTARBI?SKI, TADEUSZ (1886–1981)
KOYRé, ALEXANDRE (1892–1964)
KRAUSE, KARL CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1781–1832)
KRIPKE, SAUL AARON (1940–)
KRISTEVA, JULIA (1941–)
KROCHMAL, NACHMAN (1785–1840)
KRONECKER, LEOPOLD (1823–91)
KROPOTKIN, P?TR ALEKSEEVICH (1842–1921)
KUAN TZU
KUHN, THOMAS SAMUEL (1922–96)
KūKAI (774–835)
KUKI SHūZō (1888–1941)
KUMAZAWA BANZAN (1610–91)
KYOTO SCHOOL
L
LA FORGE, LOUIS DE (1632–66)
LA METTRIE, JULIEN OFFROY DE (1709–51)
LABRIOLA, ANTONIO (1843–1904)
LACAN, JACQUES (1901–81)
LACHELIER, JULES (1832–1918)
LACOUE-LABARTHE, PHILIPPE (1940–)
LAKATOS, IMRE (1922–74)
LAMBDA CALCULUS
LAMBERT, JOHANN HEINRICH (1728–77)
LANGE, FRIEDRICH ALBERT (1828–75)
LANGER, SUSANNE KATHERINA KNAUTH (1895–1985)
LANGUAGE, ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY OF
LANGUAGE AND GENDER
LANGUAGE, CONVENTIONALITY OF
LANGUAGE, EARLY MODERN PHILOSOPHY OF
LANGUAGE, INDIAN THEORIES OF
LANGUAGE, INNATENESS OF
LANGUAGE, MEDIEVAL THEORIES OF
LANGUAGE OF THOUGHT
LANGUAGE, PHILOSOPHY OF
LANGUAGE, RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY OF
LANGUAGE, SOCIAL NATURE OF
LAO TZU/LAOZI
LASSALLE, FERDINAND (1825–64)
LATIN AMERICA, COLONIAL THOUGHT IN
LATIN AMERICA, PHILOSOPHY IN
LATIN AMERICA, PRE-COLUMBIAN AND INDIGENOUS THOUGHT IN
LATITUDINARIANISM
LAVROV, P?TR LAVROVICH (1823–1900)
LAWAND MORALITY
LAWAND RITUAL IN CHINESE PHILOSOPHY
LAW, ECONOMIC APPROACH TO
LAW, ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY OF
LAW, LIMITS OF
LAW, PHILOSOPHY OF
LAW, RABBINIC
LAW, WILLIAM (1686–1761)
LAWS, NATURAL
LE CLERC, JEAN (1657–1737)
LE DOEUFF, MICèLE (1948–)
LE GRAND, ANTOINE (1629–99)
LE ROY, éDOUARD LOUIS EMMANUEL JULIEN (1870–1954)
LEARNING
LEBENSPHILOSOPHIE
LEEUWIS, DENYS DE
LEFEBVRE, HENRI (1901–91)
LEGAL CONCEPTS
LEGAL DISCOURSE
LEGAL EVIDENCE AND INFERENCE
LEGAL HERMENEUTICS
LEGAL IDEALISM
LEGAL INFERENCE
LEGAL INTERPRETATION
LEGAL NORMS
LEGAL POSITIVISM
LEGAL REALISM
LEGAL REASONING AND INTERPRETATION
LEGALIST PHILOSOPHY, CHINESE
LEGITIMACY
LEIBNIZ, GOTTFRIED WILHELM (1646–1716)
LEIBOWITZ, YESHAYAHU (1903–94)
LENIN, VLADIMIR IL’ICH (1870–1924)
LEONE EBREO
LEONT’EV, KONSTANTIN NIKOLAEVICH (1831–91)
LE?NIEWSKI, STANI?AW (1886–1939)
LESSING, GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM (1729–81)
LEUCIPPUS (5th century BC)
LEVI BEN GERSHOM
LEVINAS, EMMANUEL (1906–95)
LéVI-STRAUSS, CLAUDE (1908–)
LEWIS, CLARENCE IRVING (1883–1964)
LEWIS, CLIVE STAPLES (1898–1963)
LEWIS, DAVID KELLOGG (1941–)
LI
LI (RITUAL)
LIBER DE CAUSIS
LIBERALISM
LIBERALISM, RUSSIAN
LIBERATION PHILOSOPHY
LIBERATION THEOLOGY
LIBERTARIANISM
LIBERTINS
LIBERTY
LICHTENBERG, GEORG CHRISTOPH (1742–99)
LIFE AND DEATH
LIFE, MEANING OF
LIFE, ORIGIN OF
LIMBO
LIN-CHI
LINEAR LOGIC
LINGUISTIC DISCRIMINATION
LINGUISTICS, STRUCTURALISM IN
LINJI (810/15–67)
LINNAEUS, CARL VON (1707–78)
LIPS, JOEST
LIPSIUS, JUSTUS (1547–1606)
LITERARY CRITICISM, FEMINIST
LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY IN LATIN AMERICAN
LITERATURE, JAPANESE PHILOSOPHY IN MODERN
LLEWELLYN, KARL NICKERSON (1893–1962)
LLULL, RAMON (1232–1316)
LOCKE, JOHN (1632–1704)
LOGIC, ANCIENT
LOGIC, FUZZY
LOGIC IN CHINA
LOGIC IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
LOGIC IN JAPAN
LOGIC IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES
LOGIC IN THE 19TH CENTURY
LOGIC IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY
LOGIC, INTENSIONAL
LOGIC, LINEAR
LOGIC MACHINES AND DIAGRAMS
LOGIC, MEDIEVAL
LOGIC, MULTIPLE-CONCLUSION
LOGIC OF ETHICAL DISCOURSE
LOGIC, PARACONSISTENT
LOGIC, PHILOSOPHY OF
LOGIC, POLISH
LOGIC, QUANTUM
LOGIC, RENAISSANCE
LOGICAL ATOMISM
LOGICAL CONSTANTS
LOGICAL FORM
LOGICAL LAWS
LOGICAL POSITIVISM
LOGICAL SYMBOLS, TABLE OF
LOGICISM
LOGICS, FREE
LOGICS, INFINITARY
LOGICS, ORDINAL
LOGOS
LOISY, ALFRED (1857–1940)
LOMBARD, PETER (1095/1100–1160)
LONERGAN, BERNARD JOSEPH FRANCIS (1904–84)
LORENZEN, PAUL (1915–95)
LOSEV, ALEKSEI F?DOROVICH (1893–1988)
LOSSKY, NICHOLAS ONUFRIEVICH (1870–1965)
LOTTERY PARADOX
LOTZE, RUDOLPH HERMANN (1817–81)
LOVE
L?WENHEIM–SKOLEM THEOREMS AND NONSTANDARD MODELS
LU HSIANG-SHAN
LU XIANGSHAN (1139–93)
LUCIAN (c. AD 120–80)
LUCRETIUS (c.94–c.55 BC)
LUKáCS, GEORG (1885–1971)
?UKASIEWICZ, JAN (1878–1956)
LULL, RAMON
LUNYU
LUSHI CHUNQIU
Lü-SHIH CH’UN-CH’IU
LUTHER, MARTIN (1483–1546)
LUXEMBURG, ROSA (1871–1919)
LYOTARD, JEAN-FRAN?OIS (1924–)
M
MACH, ERNST (1838–1916)
MACHIAVELLI, NICCOLò (1469–1527)
MACINTYRE, ALASDAIR (1929–)
McTAGGART, JOHN McTAGGART ELLIS (1866–1925)
MADAME DE STA?L
MāDHAVA (d. 1386)
MADHVA (1238?–1317?)
MāDHYAMIKA BUDDHISM IN INDIA AND TIBET
MAHAāVīRA (6th–5th century BC)
MAIMON, ABRAHAM BEN MOSES
MAIMON, MOSES BEN
MAIMON, SALOMON (1753/4–1800)
MAIMONIDES, ABRAHAM BEN MOSES (1186–1237)
MAIMONIDES, MOSES (1138–1204)
MAINE DE BIRAN, PIERRE-FRAN?OIS (1766–1824)
MAIR, JOHN
MAJOR, JOHN (1467–1550)
MALEBRANCHE, NICOLAS (1638–1715)
MAMARDASHVILI, MERAB KONSTANTINOVICH (1930–90)
MANDEVILLE, BERNARD (1670–1733)
MANICHEISM
MANIFOLDNESS, JAINA THEORY OF
MANY-VALUED LOGICS
MANY-VALUED LOGICS, PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES IN
MAOISM
MARCEL, GABRIEL (1889–1973)
MARCUS AURELIUS (AD 121–80)
MARCUSE, HERBERT (1898–1979)
MARGINALITY
MARITAIN, JACQUES (1882–1973)
MARIUS VICTORINUS (fl. 4th century AD)
MARKET, ETHICS OF THE
MARSILIUS OF INGHEN (1330–96)
MARSILIUS OF PADUA (1275/80–1342/3)
MARSTON, ROGER (c.1235–c.1303)
MARTINEAU, HARRIET (1802–76)
MARX, KARL (1818–83)
MARXISM, CHINESE
MARXISM, WESTERN
MARXIST PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
MARXIST PHILOSOPHY, RUSSIAN AND SOVIET
MARXIST THOUGHT IN LATIN AMERICA
MASARYK, TOMá? GARRIGUE (1850–1937)
MASHAM, DAMARIS (1658–1708)
MASS TERMS
MATERIALISM
MATERIALISM, DIALECTICAL
MATERIALISM IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF MIND
MATERIALISM, INDIAN SCHOOL OF
MATHEMATICS, FOUNDATIONS OF
MATTER
MATTER, INDIAN CONCEPTIONS OF
MATTHEW OF AQUASPARTA (c.1238–1302)
MAUTHNER, FRITZ (1849–1923)
MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK (1831–79)
MEAD, GEORGE HERBERT (1863–1931)
MEANING AND COMMUNICATION
MEANING AND RULE-FOLLOWING
MEANING AND TRUTH
MEANING AND UNDERSTANDING
MEANING AND VERIFICATION
MEANING, EMOTIVE
MEANING IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
MEANING, INDIAN THEORIES OF
MEANING OF LIFE
MEASUREMENT, THEORY OF
MECHANICS, ARISTOTELIAN
MECHANICS, CLASSICAL
MEDICAL EPISTEMOLOGY, HELLENISTIC
MEDICAL ETHICS
MEDICINE, HIPPOCRATIC
MEDICINE, PHILOSOPHY OF
MEDIEVAL ARISTOTELIANISM
MEDIEVAL LOGIC
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY, RUSSIAN
MEDIEVAL SCIENCE
MEGARIAN SCHOOL
MEINECKE, FRIEDRICH (1862–1954)
MEINONG, ALEXIUS (1853–1920)
MEISTER ECKHART (c.1260–1327/8)
MELANCHTHON, PHILIPP (1497–1560)
MELISSUS (mid or late 5th century BC)
MEMORY
MEMORY, EPISTEMOLOGY OF
MENCIUS (4th century BC)
MENDELSSOHN, MOSES (1729–86)
MENTAL CAUSATION
MENTAL ILLNESS, CONCEPT OF
MENTAL STATES, ADVERBIAL THEORY OF
MERCY
MEREOLOGY
MERIT
MERLEAU-PONTY, MAURICE (1908–61)
MERSENNE, MARIN (1588–1648)
MESSER LEON, JUDAH (c.1425–c.1495)
METAPHOR
METAPHYSICS
METHODOLOGICAL INDIVIDUALISM
MEXICO, PHILOSOPHY IN
MEYERSON, éMILE (1859–1933)
MI BSKYOD RDO RJE (1507–54)
MIDRASH
MIKHAILOVSKII, NIKOLAI KONSTANTINOVICH (1842–1904)
MIKI KIYOSHI (1897–1945)
MIKY? DORJE
MILL, HARRIET
MILL, JAMES (1773–1836)
MILL, JOHN STUART (1806–73)
MILLAR, JOHN (1735–1801)
MīMā?Sā
MIMēSIS
MIND, BUNDLE THEORY OF
MIND, CHILD’S THEORY OF
MIND, COMPUTATIONAL THEORIES OF
MIND, IDENTITY THEORY OF
MIND, INDIAN PHILOSOPHY OF
MIND, MODULARITY OF
MIND, PHILOSOPHY OF
MIR DAMAD, MUHAMMAD BAQIR (d. 1631)
MIRACLES
MKHAS GRUB DGE LEGS DPAL BZANG PO (1385–1438)
MO TI/MO TZU
MODAL LOGIC
MODAL LOGIC, PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES IN
MODAL OPERATORS
MODEL THEORY
MODELS
MODERNISM
MODULARITY OF MIND
MOHIST PHILOSOPHY
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
MOLINA, LUIS DE (1535–1600)
MOLINISM
MOLYNEUX PROBLEM
MOMENTARINESS, BUDDHIST DOCTRINE OF
MONBODDO, LORD (JAMES BURNETT) (1714–99)
MONISM
MONISM, INDIAN
MONOTHEISM
MONTAGUE, RICHARD MERETT (1930–71)
MONTAIGNE, MICHEL EYQUEM DE (1533–92)
MONTESQUIEU, CHARLES LOUIS DE SECONDAT, BARON DE (1689–1755)
MOORE, GEORGE EDWARD (1873–1958)
MORAL AGENTS
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
MORAL EDUCATION
MORAL EXPERTISE
MORAL JUDGMENT
MORAL JUSTIFICATION
MORAL KNOWLEDGE
MORAL LUCK
MORAL MOTIVATION
MORAL PARTICULARISM
MORAL PLURALISM
MORAL PSYCHOLOGY
MORAL REALISM
MORAL RELATIVISM
MORAL SCEPTICISM
MORAL SENSE THEORIES
MORAL SENTIMENTS
MORAL STANDING
MORALISTES
MORALITY AND ART
MORALITY AND EMOTIONS
MORALITY AND ETHICS
MORALITY AND IDENTITY
MORALITY AND LAW
MORALITY AND RELIGION
MORE, HENRY (1614–87)
MOSCOW-TARTU SCHOOL
MOSES BEN MAIMON
MOSES BEN NAHMAN
MOSES IBN EZRA
MOSES MAIMONIDES
MOTOORI NORINAGA (1730–1801)
MOZI (5th century BC)
MUJō
MULLA SADRA (SADR AL-DIN MUHAMMAD AL-SHIRAZI) (1571/2–1640)
MULTICULTURALISM
MULTIPLE-CONCLUSION LOGIC
AL-MUQAMMAS, DAUD (fl. 9th century)
MUSIC, AESTHETICS OF
MUSONIUS RUFUS (1st century AD)
MU‘TAZILA
MYSTICAL PHILOSOPHY IN ISLAM
MYSTICISM, HISTORY OF
MYSTICISM, JEWISH
MYSTICISM, NATURE OF
N
N?SS, ARNE (1912–)
NāGāRJUNA (c. AD 150–200)
NAGEL, ERNEST (1901–85)
NAGEL, THOMAS (1937–)
NAHMANIDES, MOSES (1194–1270)
NANCY, JEAN-LUC (1940–)
NARRATIVE
NATION AND NATIONALISM
NATIVE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHY
NATIVISM
NATURAL DEDUCTION, TABLEAU AND SEQUENT SYSTEMS
NATURAL KINDS
NATURAL LAW
NATURAL LAWS
NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, MEDIEVAL
NATURAL THEOLOGY
NATURALISM IN ETHICS
NATURALISM IN SOCIAL SCIENCE
NATURALIZED EPISTEMOLOGY
NATURALIZED PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
NATURE, AESTHETIC APPRECIATION OF
NATURE AND CONVENTION
NATURPHILOSOPHIE
NECESSARY BEING
NECESSARY TRUTH AND CONVENTION
NECKHAM, ALEXANDER (1157–1217)
NéDELLEC, HERVé
NEEDS AND INTERESTS
NEGATIVE FACTS IN CLASSICAL INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
NEGATIVE THEOLOGY
NEMESIUS (fl. c.390–400 AD)
NEO-CONFUCIAN PHILOSOPHY
NEO-KANTIANISM
NEO-KANTIANISM, RUSSIAN
NEOPLATONISM
NEOPLATONISM IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
NEO-PYTHAGOREANISM
NEUMANN, JOHN VON (1903–57)
NEURATH, OTTO (1882–1945)
NEUTRAL MONISM
NEUTRALITY, POLITICAL
NEWMAN, JOHN HENRY (1801–90)
NEWTON, ISAAC (1642–1727)
NICHIREN (1222–82)
NICHOLAS OF AUTRECOURT (c.1300–69)
NICHOLAS OF CUSA (1401–64)
NIEBUHR, HELMUT RICHARD (1894–1962)
NIEBUHR, REINHOLD (1892–1971)
NIETZSCHE, FRIEDRICH (1844–1900)
NIETZSCHE: IMPACT ON RUSSIAN THOUGHT
NIFO, AGOSTINO (c.1470–1538)
NIHILISM
NIHILISM, RUSSIAN
NIRVā?A
NISHI AMANE (1829–97)
NISHIDA KITARō (1870–1945)
NISHITANI KEIJI (1900–90)
NOMINALISM
NOMINALISM, BUDDHIST DOCTRINE OF
NOMOS
NON-CONSTRUCTIVE RULES OF INFERENCE
NON-MONOTONIC LOGIC
NORMATIVE EPISTEMOLOGY
NORMS, LEGAL
NORRIS, JOHN (1657–1711)
NOUS
NOZICK, ROBERT (1938–)
NUMBERS
NUMENIUS (fl. c. mid 2nd century AD)
NURSING ETHICS
NYāYA-VAI?E?IKA
NYGREN, ANDERS (1890–1978)
O
OAKESHOTT, MICHAEL JOSEPH (1901–90)
OBJECTIVITY
OBLIGATION, POLITICAL
OBSERVATION
OCCASIONALISM
OCKHAM, WILLIAM OF
OGYū SORAI (1666–1728)
OKEN, LORENZ (1779–1851)
OLIVECRONA, KARL (1897–1980)
OLIVI, PETER JOHN (1247/8–98)
OMAN, JOHN WOOD (1860–1939)
OMNIPOTENCE
OMNIPRESENCE
OMNISCIENCE
ONTOLOGICAL COMMITMENT
ONTOLOGY
ONTOLOGY IN INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
OPERA, AESTHETICS OF
OPERATIONALISM
OPTICS
ORDINAL LOGICS
ORDINARY LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY
ORDINARY LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHY, SCHOOL OF
ORESME, NICOLE (c.1325–82)
ORIENTALISM AND ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
ORIGEN (c.185–c.254)
ORPHISM
ORTEGA Y GASSET, JOSé (1883–1955)
P
PAINE, THOMAS (1737–1809)
PALEY, WILLIAM (1743–1805)
PANAETIUS (c.185–c.110 BC)
PAN-AFRICANISM
PANPSYCHISM
PAN-SLAVISM
PANTHEISM
PARACELSUS (PHILIPPUS AUREOLUS THEOPHRASTUS BOMBASTUS VON HOHENHEIM) (1493–1541)
PARACONSISTENT LOGIC
PARADOXES, EPISTEMIC
PARADOXES OF SET AND PROPERTY
PARANORMAL PHENOMENA
PARAPSYCHOLOGY
PARETO PRINCIPLE
PARMENIDES (early to mid 5th century BC)
PARTICULARS
PARTIINOST’
PASCAL, BLAISE (1623–62)
PASSMORE, JOHN ARTHUR (1914–)
PATA?JALI (c. 2nd century BC)
PATERNALISM
PATO?KA, JAN (1907–77)
PATRISTIC PHILOSOPHY
PATRIZI DA CHERSO, FRANCESCO (1529–97)
PAUL OF VENICE (1369/72–1429)
PAULUS VENETUS
PECHAM, JOHN (c.1230–92)
PECKHAM, JOHN
PEIRCE, CHARLES SANDERS (1839–1914)
PELACANI DA PARMA, BIAGIO
PELAGIANISM
PERCEPTION
PERCEPTION, EPISTEMIC ISSUES IN
PERFECTIONISM
PERFORMATIVES
PERFORMING ART
PERIPATETICS
PERSONAL IDENTITY
PERSONALISM
PERSONS
PETER OF AILLY
PETER OF AUVERGNE (d. 1304)
PETER OF SPAIN (c.1205–77)
PETRARCA, FRANCESCO (1304–74)
PETRARCH
PETRA?YCKI, LEON (1867–1931)
PHENOMENALISM
PHENOMENOLOGICAL MOVEMENT
PHENOMENOLOGY, EPISTEMIC ISSUES IN
PHENOMENOLOGY IN LATIN AMERICA
PHENOMENOLOGY OF RELIGION
PHILIP THE CHANCELLOR (1160/85–1236)
PHILO JUDAEUS
PHILO OF ALEXANDRIA (c.15 BC–c. AD 50)
PHILO OF LARISSA (c.159–c.83 BC)
PHILO THE DIALECTICIAN (late 4th–early 3rd centuries BC)
PHILODEMUS (c.110–c.40 BC)
PHILOLAUS (c.470–380/9 BC)
PHILOPONUS (c. AD 490–c.570)
PHOTOGRAPHY, AESTHETICS OF
PHYSIS AND NOMOS
PIAGET, JEAN (1896–1980)
PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA, GIOVANNI (1463–94)
PIETISM
PLANCK, MAX KARL ERNST LUDWIG (1858–1947)
PLATFORM SUTRA
PLATO (427–347 BC)
PLATONISM, EARLY AND MIDDLE
PLATONISM IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
PLATONISM, MEDIEVAL
PLATONISM, RENAISSANCE
PLEASURE
PLEKHANOV, GEORGII VALENTINOVICH (1857–1918)
PLOTINUS (AD 204/5–70)
PLURALISM
PLUTARCH OF CHAERONEA (c. AD 45–c.120)
PNEUMA
POETRY
POINCARé, JULES HENRI (1854–1912)
POLAND, PHILOSOPHY IN
POLANYI, MICHAEL (1891–1976)
POLISH LOGIC
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, AFRICAN
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, HISTORY OF
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY IN CLASSICAL ISLAM
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, INDIAN
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY, NATURE OF
POLITICAL THEOLOGY
POMPONAZZI, PIETRO (1462–1525)
POPPER, KARL RAIMUND (1902–94)
POPULATION AND ETHICS
PORNOGRAPHY
PORPHYRY (c.233–309 AD)
PORT-ROYAL
POSIDONIUS (c.135–c.50 BC)
POSITIVISM IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
POSITIVISM, RUSSIAN
POSITIVIST THOUGHT IN LATIN AMERICA
POSSIBLE WORLDS
POST, EMIL LEON (1897–1954)
POSTCOLONIAL PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
POSTCOLONIALISM
POSTMODERN THEOLOGY
POSTMODERNISM
POSTMODERNISM AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
POSTMODERNISM, FRENCH CRITICS OF
POST-STRUCTURALISM
POST-STRUCTURALISM IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
POTENTIALITY, INDIAN THEORIES OF
POTHIER, ROBERT JOSEPH (1699–1772)
POUND, ROSCOE (1870–1964)
POWER
PRACTICAL RATIONALITY
PRACTICAL REASON AND ETHICS
PRAGMATICS
PRAGMATISM
PRAGMATISM IN ETHICS
PRAISE AND BLAME
PRAXEOLOGY
PRAYER
PREDESTINATION
PREDICATE CALCULUS
PREDICATION
PRESCRIPTIVISM
PRESOCRATIC PHILOSOPHY
PRESUPPOSITION
PRICE, RICHARD (1723–91)
PRICHARD, HAROLD ARTHUR (1871–1947)
PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH (1733–1804)
PRIMARY–SECONDARY DISTINCTION
PRIOR, ARTHUR NORMAN (1914–69)
PRIVACY
PRIVATE LANGUAGE ARGUMENT
PRIVATE STATES AND LANGUAGE
PROBABILITY, INTERPRETATIONS OF
PROBABILITY THEORY AND EPISTEMOLOGY
PROBLEM OF EVIL
PROCESS PHILOSOPHY
PROCESS THEISM
PROCESSES
PROCLUS (c. AD 411–85)
PRODICUS (fl. late 5th century BC)
PROFESSIONAL ETHICS
PROFIAT DURAN
PROJECTIVISM
PROMISING
PROOF THEORY
PROPER NAMES
PROPERTY
PROPERTY THEORY
PROPHECY
PROPOSITIONAL ATTITUDE STATEMENTS
PROPOSITIONAL ATTITUDES
PROPOSITIONAL CALCULUS
PROPOSITIONS, SENTENCES AND STATEMENTS
PROTAGORAS (c.490–c.420 BC)
PROUDHON, PIERRE-JOSEPH (1809–65)
PROVABILITY LOGIC
PROVIDENCE
PRUDENCE
PSEUDO-DIONYSIUS (fl. c. AD 500)
PSEUDO-GROSSETESTE (fl. c.1265–75)
PSYCHē
PSYCHOANALYSIS, METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES IN
PSYCHOANALYSIS, POST-FREUDIAN
PSYCHOLOGY, THEORIES OF
PTOLEMY (c. AD 100–70)
PUBLIC INTEREST
PUFENDORF, SAMUEL (1632–94)
PUNISHMENT
PURGATORY
PUTNAM, HILARY (1926–)
PYRRHO (c.365–c.275 BC)
PYRRHONISM
PYTHAGORAS (c.570–c.497 BC)
PYTHAGOREANISM
Q
QI
QUALIA
QUANTIFICATION AND INFERENCE
QUANTIFIERS
QUANTIFIERS, GENERALIZED
QUANTIFIERS, SUBSTITUTIONAL AND OBJECTUAL
QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
QUANTUM LOGIC
QUANTUM MEASUREMENT PROBLEM
QUANTUM MECHANICS, INTERPRETATION OF
QUESTIONS
QUINE, WILLARD VAN ORMAN (1908–)
R
RABBINIC LAW
RABBINIC THEOLOGY
RABELAIS, FRAN?OIS (c.1483–1553)
RACE, THEORIES OF
RADBRUCH, GUSTAV (1878–1949)
RADHAKRISHNAN, SARVEPALLI (1888–1975)
RADICAL ARISTOTELIANISM
RADICAL TRANSLATION AND RADICAL INTERPRETATION
AL-RAHIM, QUTB AL-DIN AHMAD
RAHNER, KARL (1904–84)
RAMAKRISHNA MOVEMENT
RāMāNUJA (d. circa 1137)
RAMéE, PIERRE DE LA
RAMSEY, FRANK PLUMPTON (1903–30)
RAMSEY, IAN THOMAS (1915–72)
RAMUS, PETRUS (1515–72)
RAND, AYN (1905–82)
RANDOMNESS
RASHDALL, HASTINGS (1858–1924)
RATIONAL BELIEFS
RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY
RATIONALISM
RATIONALITY AND CULTURAL RELATIVISM
RATIONALITY OF BELIEF
RATIONALITY, PRACTICAL
RAVAISSON-MOLLIEN, JEAN-GASPARD FéLIX LACHER (1813–1900)
RAWLS, JOHN (1921–)
AL-RAZI, ABU BAKR MUHAMMAD IBN ZAKARIYYA’ (d. 925)
AL-RAZI, FAKHR AL-DIN (1149–1209)
REALISM AND ANTIREALISM
REALISM IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF MATHEMATICS
REASONS AND CAUSES
REASONS FOR BELIEF
RECIPROCITY
RECOGNITION
RECTIFICATION AND REMAINDERS
RECURSION-THEORETIC HIERARCHIES
REDUCTION, PROBLEMS OF
REDUCTIONISM IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF MIND
REFERENCE
RéGIS, PIERRE-SYLVAIN (1632–1707)
REICHENBACH, HANS (1891–1953)
REID, THOMAS (1710–1796)
REINACH, ADOLF (1883–1917)
REINCARNATION
REINHOLD, KARL LEONHARD (1757–1823)
RELATIVISM
RELATIVITY THEORY, PHILOSOPHICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF
RELEVANCE LOGIC AND ENTAILMENT
RELIABILISM
RELIGION AND EPISTEMOLOGY
RELIGION AND MORALITY
RELIGION AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
RELIGION AND SCIENCE
RELIGION, CRITIQUE OF
RELIGION, HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY OF
RELIGION, PHILOSOPHY OF
RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE
RELIGIOUS LANGUAGE
RELIGIOUS PLURALISM
RENAISSANCE PHILOSOPHY
RENNER, KARL (1870–1950)
RENOUVIER, CHARLES BERNARD (1815–1903)
REPRESENTATION, POLITICAL
REPROBATION
REPRODUCTION AND ETHICS
REPUBLICANISM
RESPECT FOR PERSONS
RESPONSIBILITIES OF SCIENTISTS AND INTELLECTUALS
RESPONSIBILITY
RESURRECTION
REVELATION
REVOLUTION
RGYALTSHABDAR MA RINCHEN (1364–1432)
RHAZES
RHETORIC
RICHARD OF MIDDLETON (c.1249–1302)
RICHARD OF ST VICTOR (d. 1173)
RICHARD RUFUS OF CORNWALL (d. after 1259)
RICOEUR, PAUL (1913–)
RIGHT AND GOOD
RIGHTS
RISK
RISK ASSESSMENT
RITUAL
ROHAULT, JACQUES (1617–72)
ROMAN LAW
ROMANO, JUDAH
ROMANTICISM, GERMAN
RORTY, RICHARD McKAY (1931–)
ROSCELIN OF COMPIèGNE (c.1050–after 1120)
ROSENZWEIG, FRANZ (1886–1929)
ROSMINI-SERBATI, ANTONIO (1797–1855)
ROSS, ALF (1899–1979)
ROSS, WILLIAM DAVID (1877–1971)
ROUSSEAU, JEAN-JACQUES (1712–78)
ROYCE, JOSIAH (1855–1916)
ROZANOV, VASILII VASIL’EVICH (1856–1919)
RUFUS, RICHARD
RUGE, ARNOLD (1802–80)
RULE OF LAW (RECHTSSTAAT)
RUSSELL, BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM (1872–1970)
RUSSIAN EMPIRIOCRITICISM
RUSSIAN LITERARY FORMALISM
RUSSIAN MATERIALISM: ‘THE 1860s’
RUSSIAN PHILOSOPHY
RUSSIAN RELIGIOUS-PHILOSOPHICAL RENAISSANCE
RYLE, GILBERT (1900–76)
S
SA SKYA PA??TA (1182–1251)
SAADIAH GAON (fl. early 10th century)
AL-SABZAWARI, AL-HAJJ MULLA HADI (1797/8–1873)
SACRAMENTS
SAGYA PA??ITA/SAGYPA??ITA
SAINT-SIMON, CLAUDE-HENRI DE ROUVROY, COMTE DE (1760–1825)
SALVATION
?A?KARA
Sā?KHYA
SANCHES, FRANCISCO (1551–1623)
SANCTIFICATION
?A?KARA (early 8th century)
Sā?KHYA
SANTAYANA, GEORGE (1863–1952)
SAPIR, EDWARD
SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
SARTRE, JEAN-PAUL (1905–80)
SAUSSURE, FERDINAND DE (1857–1913)
SAVIGNY, FRIEDRICH KARL VON (1779–1861)
SCANDINAVIA, PHILOSOPHY IN
SCEPTICISM
SCEPTICISM, RENAISSANCE
SCHELER, MAX FERDINAND (1874–1928)
SCHELLING, FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH VON (1775–1854)
SCHELLINGIANISM
SCHILLER, FERDINAND CANNING SCOTT (1864–1937)
SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH (1759–1805)
SCHLEGEL, FRIEDRICH VON (1772–1829)
SCHLEIERMACHER, FRIEDRICH DANIEL ERNST (1768–1834)
SCHLICK, FRIEDRICH ALBERT MORITZ (1882–1936)
SCHMITT, CARL (1888–1985)
SCHOPENHAUER, ARTHUR (1788–1860)
SCHUMPETER, JOSEPH ALOIS (1883–1950)
SCHURMAN, ANNA MARIA VAN (1607–78)
SCHüTZ, ALFRED (1899–1959)
SCIENCE AND GENDER
SCIENCE AND RELIGION
SCIENCE IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
SCIENCE, MEDIEVAL
SCIENCE, 19TH CENTURY PHILOSOPHY OF
SCIENCE, PHILOSOPHY OF
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
SCIENTIFIC REALISM AND ANTIREALISM
SCIENTIFIC REALISM AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
SCIENTIFIC THEORIES
SCIENTISTS, RESPONSIBILITIES OF
SCOPE
SEARLE, JOHN (1932–)
SECOND- AND HIGHER-ORDER LOGICS
SECONDARY QUALITIES
SECOND-ORDER LOGIC, PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES IN
SELDEN, JOHN (1584–1654)
SELF, INDIAN THEORIES OF
SELF-CONTROL
SELF-CULTIVATION IN CHINESE PHILOSOPHY
SELF-DECEPTION
SELF-DECEPTION, ETHICS OF
SELF-REALIZATION
SELF-RESPECT
SELLARS, WILFRID STALKER (1912–89)
SEMANTIC PARADOXES AND THEORIES OF TRUTH
SEMANTICS
SEMANTICS, CONCEPTUAL ROLE
SEMANTICS, GAME-THEORETIC
SEMANTICS, INFORMATIONAL
SEMANTICS, POSSIBLE WORLDS
SEMANTICS, SITUATION
SEMANTICS, TELEOLOGICAL
SEMIOTICS
SENECA, LUCIUS ANNAEUS (4/1 BC–AD 65)
SENGZHAO (AD 384?–414)
SENG-CHAO
SENSE AND REFERENCE
SENSE PERCEPTION, INDIAN VIEWS OF
SENSE-DATA
SENTENCES
SERGEANT, JOHN (1623–1704)
SET THEORY
SET THEORY, DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF
SEUSE, HEINRICH
SEXTUS EMPIRICUS (fl. c. AD 200)
SEXUALITY, PHILOSOPHY OF
SHAFTESBURY, THIRD EARL OF (ANTHONY ASHLEY COOPER) (1671–1713)
SHAH WALI ALLAH (QUTB AL-DIN AHMAD AL-RAHIM) (1703–62)
SHAO YONG (1012–77)
SHAO YUNG
SHEM TOV FAMILY
SHESTOV, LEV (YEHUDA LEIB SHVARTSMAN) (1866–1938)
SHINRAN (1173–1263)
SHINTō
AL-SHIRAZI, SADR AL-DIN MUHAMMAD
SHōTOKU CONSTITUTION
SHPET, GUSTAV GUSTAVOVICH (1879–1937)
SIDDHāRTHA GAUTAMA
SIDGWICK, HENRY (1838–1900)
SIGER OF BRABANT (c.1240–c.1284)
SIGNPOSTS MOVEMENT
AL-SIJISTANI, ABU SULAYMAN MUHAMMAD (c.932–c.1000)
SILVESTRI, FRANCESCO (1474–1528)
SILVESTRIS, BERNARDUS
SIMMEL, GEORG (1858–1918)
SIMPLICITY (IN SCIENTIFIC THEORIES)
SIMPLICITY, DIVINE
SIMPLICIUS (fl. first half 6th century AD)
SIN
SIRHAK
SITUATION ETHICS
SITUATIONAL SEMANTICS
SKINNER, BURRHUS FREDERICK (1904–90)
SKOVORODA, HRYHORII SAVYCH (1722–94)
SLAVERY
SLAVOPHILISM
SLOVAKIA, PHILOSOPHY IN
SMART, JOHN JAMIESON CARSWELL (1920–)
SMITH, ADAM (1723–90)
SOCIAL ACTION
SOCIAL CHOICE
SOCIAL DEMOCRACY
SOCIAL EPISTEMOLOGY
SOCIAL LAWS
SOCIAL NORMS
SOCIAL RELATIVISM
SOCIAL SCIENCE, CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY OF
SOCIAL SCIENCE, HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY OF
SOCIAL SCIENCE, METHODOLOGY OF
SOCIAL SCIENCES, PHILOSOPHY OF
SOCIAL SCIENCES, PREDICTION IN
SOCIAL THEORY AND LAW
SOCIALISM
SOCIETY, CONCEPT OF
SOCINIANISM
SOCIOBIOLOGY
SOCIOLOGY OF KNOWLEDGE
SOCIOLOGY, THEORIES OF
SOCRATES (469–399 BC)
SOCRATIC DIALOGUES
SOCRATIC SCHOOLS
SOLIDARITY
SOLIPSISM
SOLOMON IBN GABIROL
SOLOVEITCHIK, JOSEPH B. (1903–93)
SOLOV’?V, VLADIMIR SERGEEVICH (1853–1900)
SOPHISTS
SOREL, GEORGES (1847–1922)
S?SAN HYUJ?NG (1520–1604)
SOTO, DOMINGO DE (1494–1560)
SOUL IN ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY
SOUL, NATURE AND IMMORTALITY OF THE
SOUTH AMERICA, PHILOSOPHY IN
SOUTH SLAVS, PHILOSOPHY OF
SOVEREIGNTY
SPACE
SPACETIME
SPAIN, PHILOSOPHY IN
SPECIES
SPEECH ACTS
SPENCER, HERBERT (1820–1903)
SPEUSIPPUS (c.410–339 BC)
SPINOZA, BENEDICT DE (1632–77)
SPLIT BRAINS
SPORT AND ETHICS
SPORT, PHILOSOPHY OF
SRI AUROBINDO
STA?L, GERMAINE, MME DE
STA?L-HOLSTEIN, ANNELOUISE-GERMAINE, MME DE (1766–1817)
STAIR, JAMES DALRYMPLE, VISCOUNT (1619–95)
STATE, THE
STATISTICS
STATISTICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCE
STEINER, RUDOLF (1861–1925)
STEVENSON, CHARLES LESLIE (1908–79)
STEWART, DUGALD (1753–1828)
STIRNER, MAX (1806–56)
STOICISM
STRATO (d. c.269 BC)
STRAUSS, DAVID FRIEDRICH (1808–74)
STRAUSS, LEO (1899–1973)
STRAWSON, PETER FREDERICK (1919–)
STRUCTURALISM
STRUCTURALISM IN LINGUISTICS
STRUCTURALISM IN LITERARY THEORY
STRUCTURALISM IN SOCIAL SCIENCE
SUáREZ, FRANCISCO (1548–1617)
SUBJECT, POSTMODERN CRITIQUE OF
SUBLIME, THE
SUBSTANCE
SUCHON, GABRIELLE (1631–1703)
SUFFERING
SUFFERING, BUDDHIST VIEWS OF ORIGINATION OF
AL-SUHRAWARDI, SHIHAB AL-DIN YAHYA (1154–91)
SUICIDE, ETHICS OF
SUN BIN/SUN PIN/SUN TZU/SUN WU
SUNZI
SUPEREROGATION
SUPERVENIENCE
SUPERVENIENCE OF THE MENTAL
SUSO, HENRY (c.1295–1366)
SWEDENBORG, EMANUEL (1688–1772)
SYLVESTER, FRANCIS, OF FERRARA
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
SYNTAX
SYSTEMS THEORY IN SOCIAL SCIENCE
T
TA HSüEH
TACIT KNOWLEDGE
TAGORE, RABINDRANATH (1886–1941)
TAI CHEN
TAINE, HIPPOLYTE-ADOLPHE (1828–93)
TANABE HAJIME (1885–1962)
TAO
TAO TE CHING
TAOIST PHILOSOPHY
TARSKI, ALFRED (1901–83)
TARSKI’S DEFINITION OF TRUTH
TASAN
TAULER, JOHN (c.1300–1361)
AL-TAWHIDI, ABU HAYYAN (c.930–1023)
TAXONOMY
TAYLOR, CHARLES (1931–)
TAYLOR, HARRIET (1807–58)
TE
TECHNOLOGY AND ETHICS
TECHNOLOGY, PHILOSOPHY OF
TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, PIERRE (1881–1955)
TEL QUEL SCHOOL
TELEOLOGICAL ETHICS
TELEOLOGY
TELESIO, BERNARDINO (1509–88)
TEMPLE, WILLIAM (1881–1944)
TENNANT, FREDERICK ROBERT (1866–1957)
TENSE AND TEMPORAL LOGIC
TERTULLIAN, QUINTUS SEPTIMUS FLORENS (c. AD 160–c. AD 220)
TESTIMONY
TESTIMONY IN INDIAN PHILOSOPHY
TETENS, JOHANN NICOLAUS (1736–1807)
THALES (fl. c.585 BC)
THEMISTIUS (c. AD 317–c. AD 388)
THEOLOGICAL VIRTUES
THEOLOGY, EXISTENTIALIST
THEOLOGY, ISLAMIC
THEOLOGY, POLITICAL
THEOLOGY, RABBINIC
THEOPHRASTUS (c.372–c.287 BC)
THEORETICAL (EPISTEMIC) VIRTUES
THEORIES, SCIENTIFIC
THEORY AND OBSERVATION IN SOCIAL SCIENCES
THEORY AND PRACTICE
THEORY OF TYPES
THEOSOPHY
THERMODYNAMICS
THIELICKE, HELMUT (1908–86)
THIERRYOF CHARTRES (fl. c.1130–50)
THOMAS à KEMPIS (1379/80–1471)
THOMAS, CHRISTIAN
THOMAS OF YORK (fl. c.1255)
THOMASIUS (THOMAS), CHRISTIAN (1655–1728)
THOMISM
THOREAU, HENRY DAVID (1817–62)
THOUGHT EXPERIMENTS
THOUGHT, LANGUAGE OF
THRASYMACHUS (late 5th century BC)
THUCYDIDES (fl. c.400 BC)
TI AND YONG
TIAN
TIBETAN PHILOSOPHY
T’IEN
TILLICH, PAUL (1886–1965)
TIME
TIME TRAVEL
TIMON (c.315–c.225 BC)
TINDAL, MATTHEW (1657–1733)
TOCQUEVILLE, ALEXIS DE (1805–59)
TODOROV, TZVETAN (1936–)
T’OEGYE
TOLAND, JOHN (1670–1722)
TOLEDO, FRANCISCO DE
TOLERATION
TOLETUS, FRANCISCUS (1533–96)
TOLSTOI, COUNT LEV NIKOLAEVICH (1828–1910)
TOMINAGA NAKAMOTO (1715–46)
TONGHAK
TOTALITARIANISM
TRADITION AND TRADITIONALISM
TRAGEDY
TRANSCENDENTAL ARGUMENTS
TRANSLATORS
TRINITY
TROELTSCH, ERNST PETER WILHELM (1865–1923)
TROTSKY, LEON (1879–1940)
TRUST
TRUTH AND MEANING
TRUTH, COHERENCE THEORY OF
TRUTH, CORRESPONDENCE THEORY OF
TRUTH, DEFLATIONARY THEORIES OF
TRUTH, PRAGMATIC THEORY OF
TRUTHFULNESS
TSCHIRNHAUS, EHRENFRIED WALTHER VON (1651–1708)
TSONG KHA PA BLO BZANG GRAGS PA (1357–1419)
TSUNG-MI
TUCKER, ABRAHAM (1705–74)
TUNG CHUNG-SHU
TURING, ALAN MATHISON (1912–54)
TURING MACHINES
TURING REDUCIBILITY AND TURING DEGREES
TURNBULL, GEORGE (1698–1748)
AL-TUSI, KHWAJAH NASIR (1201–74)
TWARDOWSKI, KAZIMIERZ (1866–1938)
TYPE/TOKEN DISTINCTION
U
UDAYANA (11th century)
UDDYOTAKARA (6th century)
?ISANG (605–702)
ULRICH OF STRASBOURG (c.1220/5–1277)
UNAMUNO Y JUGO, MIGUEL DE (1864–1936)
UNCONSCIOUS MENTAL STATES
UNDERDETERMINATION
UNITY OF SCIENCE
UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE
UNIVERSALISM IN ETHICS
UNIVERSALS
UNIVERSALS, INDIAN THEORIES OF
USE/MENTION DISTINCTION AND QUOTATION
UTILITARIANISM
UTOPIANISM
V
VAGUENESS
VAIHINGER, HANS (1852–1933)
VAI?E?IKA
VALLA, LORENZO (1407–57)
VALLABHāCāRYA (1479–1531)
VALUE JUDGMENTS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE
VALUE, ONTOLOGICAL STATUS OF
VALUES
VAN HELMONT, FRANCISCUS MERCURIUS
VASUBANDHU (4th or 5th century AD)
VāTSYāYANA (5th century)
VEDāNTA
VENN, JOHN (1834–1923)
VERNIA, NICOLETTO (d. 1499)
VICES
VICO, GIAMBATTISTA (1668–1744)
VIENNA CIRCLE
VILLEY, MICHEL (1914–88)
VIOLENCE
VIRTUE EPISTEMOLOGY
VIRTUE ETHICS
VIRTUES AND VICES
VISION
VITAL DU FOUR (c.1260–1327)
VITALISM
VITORIA, FRANCISCO DE (c.1486–1546)
VIVES, JUAN LUIS (1493–1540)
VLASTOS, GREGORY (1907–91)
VOEGELIN, ERIC (1901–85)
VOLTAIRE (FRAN?OIS-MARIE AROUET) (1694–1778)
VOLUNTARISM
VOLUNTARISM, JEWISH
VON CIEZKOWSKI, AUGUST
VON HARTMANN, EDOUARD
VON HELMHOLTZ, HERMANN
VON HUMBOLDT, WILHELM
VON JHERING, RUDOLF
VON WRIGHT, GEORG HENRIK (1916–)
VULNERABILITY AND FINITUDE
VYGOTSKII, LEV SEM?NOVICH (1896–1934)
VYSHESLAVTSEV, BORIS PETROVICH (1877–1954)
W
WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823–1913)
WANG CHONG (AD 27–c.90)
WANG CHUANSHAN/WANG FU-CHIH
WANG CH’UNG
WANG FUZHI (1619–92)
WANG YANGMING (1472–1529)
WAR AND PEACE, PHILOSOPHY OF
WATSUJI TETSURō (1890–1960)
WEBER, MAX (1864–1920)
WEIL, SIMONE (1909–43)
WEINBERGER, OTA (1919–)
WELFARE
WEYL, HERMANN (1885–1955)
WEYR, FRANTI?EK (1879–1951)
WHEWELL, WILLIAM (1794–1886)
THOMAS WHITE (1593–1676)
WHITEHEAD, ALFRED NORTH (1861–1947)
WILL, THE
WILLIAM OF AUVERGNE (c.1180–1249)
WILLIAM OF AUXERRE (1140/50–1231)
WILLIAM OF CHAMPEAUX (c.1070–c.1120)
WILLIAM OF CONCHES (fl. c.1130)
WILLIAM OF OCKHAM (c.1287–1347)
WILLIAM OF SHERWOOD (c.1200/5 –c.1266/75)
WILLIAMS, BERNARD ARTHUR OWEN (1929–)
WISDOM
WITHERSPOON, JOHN (1723–94)
WITTGENSTEIN, LUDWIG JOSEF JOHANN (1889–1951)
WITTGENSTEINIAN ETHICS
WODEHAM, ADAM (c.1298–1358)
WOLFF, CHRISTIAN (1679–1754)
WOLLASTON, WILLIAM (1660–1724)
WOLLSTONECRAFT, MARY (1759–97)
W?NCH’ūK (613–96)
W?NHYO (617–86)
WORK, PHILOSOPHY OF
WRóBLEWSKI, JERZY (1926–90)
WUNDT, WILHELM (1832–1920)
WYCLIF, JOHN (c.1330–84)
X
XENOCRATES (396–314 BC)
XENOPHANES (c.570–c.478 BC)
XENOPHON (c.427–355/50 BC)
XIN (HEART-AND-MIND)
XIN (TRUSTWORTHINESS)
XING
XUN KUANG
XUN QING
XUNZI (fl. 298–238 BC)
Y
YANG
YANG CHU
YANG HSIUNG
YANG XIONG (53 BC–AD 18)
YANGZHU (5th–4th century BC)
YI HWANG (1501–70)
YI I
YI KAN (1677–1727)
YI YULGOK (1536–84)
YIJING
YIN
YIN–YANG
YOGāCāRA SCHOOL OF BUDDHISM
YONG AND TI
YORUBA EPISTEMOLOGY
YOU–WU
Z
ZABARELLA, JACOPO (1533–89)
ZEAMI (1363–1443)
ZEN
ZENO OF CITIUM (334–262 BC)
ZENO OF ELEA (fl. c.450 BC)
ZERMELO, ERNST (1871–1953)
ZHANG ZAI (1020–77)
ZHENG XUAN (AD 127–200)
ZHI
ZHI DUN (AD 314–66)
ZHIYI (538–97)
ZHONGYONG
ZHOU DUNYI (1017–73)
ZHU XI (1130–1200)
ZHUANGZI
ZIONISM
ZONGMI (780–841)
ZOROASTRIANISM
Index