Spirit of laws

目录
BOOK 1 On Laws in General
Chapter 1 On laws in their relation with the various beings
Chapter 2 On the laws of nature
Chapter 3 On positive laws
BOOK 2 On Laws Deriving Directly from the Nature of the Government
Chapter 1 On the nature of the three varieties of governments
Chapter 2 On republic government and on laws relative to democracy
Chapter 3 On laws relative to the nature of aristocracy
Chapter 4 On laws in their relation to the nature of monarchical government
Chapter 5 On laws relative to the nature of the despotic state
BOOK 3 On the Principles of the Three Governments
Chapter 1 The difference between the nature of the government and its principle
Chapter 2 On the principle of the various governments
Chapter 3 On the principle of democracy
Chapter 4 On the principle of aristocracy
Chapter 5 That virtue is not the principle of monarchical government
Chapter 6 How virtue is replaced in monarchical government
Chapter 7 On the principle of monarchy
Chapter 8 That honour is not the principle of despotic states
Chapter 9 On the principle of despotic government
Chapter 10 The difference in obedience between moderate governments and despotic governments
Chapter 11 Reflections on this
BOOK 4 That the Laws of Education Should Be Relative to the Principles of the Government
Chapter 1 On the laws of education
第一章 一般之法
第一节 法与存在物的关系
第二节 自然之法
第三节 人为之法
第二章 源于政体性质之法律
第一节 三种政体的性质
第二节 与共和政体和民主政治相关的法
第三节 与贵族政治性质相关的法
第四节 法律与君主政体性质的关系
第五节 与专制政体性质有关的法律
第三章 三种政体的原则
第一节 政体的性质与政体原则的区别
第二节 各种政体的原则
第三节 民主政治的原则
第四节 贵族政治的原则
第五节 品德不是君主政体的原则
第六节 君主政体里什么代替了品德
第七节 君主政体的原则
第八节 荣誉不是专制政体的原则
第九节 专制政体的原则
第十节 温和政体与专制政体下服从的区别
第十一节 结论
第四章 教育的法律应该与政体的原则相适应
第一节 教育的法律
Chapter 2 On education in monarchies
Chapter 3 On education in despotic government
Chapter 4 The difference in the effect of education among the ancients and among ourselves
Chapter 5 On education in republican government
Chapter 6 On some Greek institution
Chapter 7 In what case these singular institutions can be good
Chapter 8 Explanation of a paradox of the ancients in relation to mores
BOOK 5 That the Laws Given by the Legislator Should be Relative to the Principle of the Government
Chapter 1 The idea of this book
Chapter 2 What virtue is in the political state
Chapter 3 What love of the republic is in a democracy
Chapter 4 How love of equality and frugality is inspired
Chapter 5 How the laws establish equality in democracy
Chapter 6 How laws should sustain frugality in democracy
Chapter 7 Other means of favoring the principle of democracy
Chapter 8 How laws should relate to the principle of the government in aristocracy
Chapter 9 How laws are relative to their principle in monarchy
Chapter 10 On the promptness of execution in monarchy
Chapter 11 On the excellence of monarchical government
Chapter 12 How the laws are relative to the principle of despotic government
Chapter 13 On the communication of power
Chapter 14 On presents
Chapter 15 On rewards given by the sovereign
Chapter 16 New consequences of the principles of the three governments
BOOK 6 Consequences of the Principles of the Various Governments in Relation to the Simplicity of Civil and Criminal Laws,the Form of Judgments,and the Establishment of Penalties
Chapter 1 On the simplicity of civil laws in the various governments
Chapter 2 On the simplicity of criminal laws in the various governments
Chapter 3 In which governments and in which cases one should judge according to a precise text of the law
第二节 君主国的教育
第三节 专制政体下的教育
第四节 古代与当代教育效果的区别
第五节 共和政体下的教育
第六节 希腊的一些制度
第七节 这些奇特的法制适合哪里呢
第八节 古人关于风俗的似是而非的说法的一种解释
第五章 立法者制订的法律应该与政体的原则相适应
第一节 本章的要旨
第二节 在政治国家里品德是什么
第三节 在民主国家里爱国意味着什么
第四节 如何激励对平等与节俭的热爱
第五节 民主政体下如何用法律建立平等
第六节 在民主政体下，法律如何培养俭朴的意识
第七节 维护民主原则的其他方式
第八节 在贵族政治下，法律应当如何与政体的原则相适应
第九节 在君主政体下，法律应如何与原则相适应
第十节 君主政体施政的效率
第十一节 君主政体的优越性
第十二节 法律应如何与专制政体的原则相适应
第十三节 权力的给予
第十四节 礼物
第十五节 元首的赏赐
第十六节 三种政体原则的新推论
第六章 各政体原则所产生的结果与民法、刑法的繁简、判决的形式及判刑方式之间的关系
第一节 不同政体下民法的繁简
第二节 不同政体下刑法的繁简
第三节 何种政体、何种情况下，法官应该严格按法律条文断案
Chapter 4 On the manner of forming judgments
Chapter 5 In which government the sovereign can be the judge
Chapter 6 That,in a monarchy,the ministers should not judge
Chapter 7 On the single magistrate
Chapter 8 On accusations in the various governments
Chapter 9 On the severity of penalties in the various governments
Chapter 10 That when a people are virtuous few penalties are needed
Chapter 11 On the power of penalties
Chapter 12 Powerlessness of Japanese laws
Chapter 13 On the spirit of the Roman senate
Chapter 14 On the laws of the Romans in respect to penalties
Chapter 15 On the just proportion between the penalties and the crime
Chapter 16 On torture or the question for criminals
Chapter 17 On pecuniary penalties and corporal penalties
Chapter 18 On the law of retaliation
Chapter 19 On fathers being punished for their children
Chapter 20 On the clemency of the prince
BOOK 7 Principles of the Governments in Relation to Sumptuary Laws,Luxury, and the Condition of Women
Chapter 1 On luxury
Chapter 2 On the sumptuary laws in democracy
Chapter 3 On sumptuary laws in aristocracy
Chapter 4 On sumptuary laws in monarchies
Chapter 5 In which cases sumptuary law are useful in a monarchy
Chapter 6 On luxury in China
Chapter 7 A fatal consequence of luxury in China
Chapter 8 On public continence
Chapter 9 On the condition of women in the various governments
Chapter 10 On the domestic tribunal among the Romans
Chapter 11 How institutions changed in Rome with the government
Chapter 12 On the tutelage of women among the Romans
Chapter 13 On penalties established by the emperors against women's debaucheries
第四节 形成判决的方式
第五节 何种政体下君主可以担任法官
第六节 在君主国大臣不可担任法官
第七节 单一的审判官
第八节 不同政体下控告的方式
第九节 不同政体下刑罚的轻重
第十节 如果公民有道德就可以简化刑罚
第十一节 刑罚的效力
第十二节 日本法的软弱
第十三节 罗马元老院的精神
第十四节 罗马法律中关于刑罚的规定
第十五节 刑罚与犯罪之间的恰当关系
第十六节 拷问
第十七节 罚金与肉刑
第十八节 报复的刑律
第十九节 子罪坐父
第二十节 君主的仁慈
第七章 政体原则与节俭法律、奢侈以及妇女身份的关系
第一节 奢侈
第二节 民主政治与限制奢侈的法律
第三节 贵族政治与限制奢侈的法律
第四节 君主政体与限制奢侈的法律
第五节 在什么情况下限制奢侈的法律对君主国有用
第六节 中国的奢侈
第七节 中国因奢侈而必然产生的后果
第八节 节欲
第九节 各种政体下妇女的身份地位
第十节 罗马人的家庭法庭
第十一节 罗马的法律怎样随着政体而改变
第十二节 罗马对妇女的监护
第十三节 罗马皇帝所设立的对妇女淫乱的刑罚
Chapter 14 Sumptuary law among the Romans
Chapter 15 On administration by women
BOOK 8 On the Corruption of the Principles of the Three Governments
Chapter 1 On the corruption of the principle of democracy
Chapter 2 On the spirit of extreme equality
Chapter 3 On the corruption of the principle of aristocracy
Chapter 4 On the corruption of the principle of monarchy
Chapter 5 On the corruption of the principle of despotic government
Chapter 6 Natural effects of the goodness and of the corruption of the principles
Chapter 7 The effects of the oath on a virtuous people
Chapter 8 How the slightest change in the constitution entails the ruin of the principles
Chapter 9 Distinctive properties of the republic
Chapter 10 Distinctive properties of monarchy
Chapter 11 Distinctive properties of despotic government
Chapter 12 On the Chinese empire
BOOK 9 On the Laws in Their Relation with Defense Force
Chapter 1 How republics provide for their security
Chapter 2 That the federal constitution should be composed of states of the same nature,above all of republican states
Chapter 3 Other things required in the federal republic
Chapter 4 How despotic states provide for their security
Chapter 5 How monarchy provides for its security
Chapter 6 On the defensive force of states in general
BOOK 10 On Laws in Their Relation with Offensive Force
Chapter 1 On war
Chapter 2 On the right of conquest
Chapter 3 Some advantages for the conquered peoples
Chapter 4 On a republic that conquers
Chapter 5 On a monarchy that conquers its neighbors
Chapter 6 Charles Ⅻ
Chapter7 Alexander
BOOK 11 On the Laws that Form Political Liberty in Its Relation with the Constitution
第十四节 罗马人的节俭法律
第十五节 妇女执政
第八章 三种政体原则的腐化
第一节 民主政治原则的腐化
第二节 极端平等的精神
第三节 贵族政治原则的腐化
第四节 君主政体原则的腐化
第五节 专制政体原则的腐化
第六节 政体原则的健全和腐化的自然效应
第七节 誓言在拥有品德的人民中的效力
第八节 政治体制最轻微的变革如何使原则遭到破坏
第九节 共和政体的特殊性质
第十节 君主政体的特殊性质
第十一节 专制政体的特殊性质
第十二节 中华帝国
第九章 法律与防御力量的关系
第一节 共和国如何谋求安全
第二节 联邦应由性质相同的国家尤其是共和国组成
第三节 联邦共和国的其他要素
第四节 专制国家如何谋求安全
第五节 君主国家如何谋求安全
第六节 通常意义上的国家防御力量
第十章 法律与进攻力量的关系
第一节 战争
第二节 征服的权利
第三节 被征服民族获得的某些利益
第四节 共和国所进行的征服
第五节 君主国对邻邦的征服
第六节 查理十二世
第七节 亚历山大
第十一章 建立政治自由的法律与政体的关系
Chapter 1 The various significations given to the word liberty
Chapter 2 What liberty is
Chapter 3 On the purpose of various states
Chapter 4 On the constitution of England
Chapter 5 The monarchies that we know
Chapter 6 Why the ancients had no clear idea of monarchy
Chapter 7 Aristotle's manner of thinking
Chapter 8 On the kings of heroic times among the Greeks
Chapter 9 On the government of the Roman kings and how the three powers were distributed in it
Chapter 10 General reflections on the state of Rome after the expulsion of the kings
Chapter 11 How the distribution of the three powers began to change after the expulsion of the kings
Chapter 12 How,in the flourishing state of the republic,Rome suddenly lost its liberty
Chapter 13 On legislative power in the Roman republic
Chapter 14 On executive power in the same republic
Chapter 15 On the power of judging in the Roman government
Chapter 16 On the government of the Roman provinces
BOOK 12 On the Laws that Form Political Liberty in Relation to the Citizen
Chapter 1 On the liberty of the citizen
Chapter 2 That liberty is favored by the nature of penalties and by their proportion
Chapter 3 On certain accusations in particular need of moderation and prudence
Chapter 4 On the crime of high treason
Chapter 5 On the wrong application of the name of crime of sacrilege and high treason
Chapter 6 On indiscreet speech
Chapter 7 On writings
Chapter 8 The violation of modesty in punishing crimes
Chapter 9 On revealing conspiracies
Chapter 10 How dangerous it is in republics to punish excessively the crime of high treason
第一节 “民主”一词的各种含义
第二节 什么是自由
第三节 各个国家的目标
第四节 英格兰的政体
第五节 我们所熟悉的君主政体
第六节 为什么古人对君主政体没有明确的认识
第七节 亚里士多德的看法
第八节 希腊英雄时代的国王
第九节 罗马国王的政体及该政体下三权的划分
第十节 对国王被驱逐以后的罗马政体的思考
第十一节 国王被驱逐后三权的划分开始变化
第十二节 罗马为何在共和国的鼎盛时期突然失去了自由
第十三节 罗马共和国的立法权
第十四节 罗马共和国的行政权
第十五节 罗马共和国的司法权
第十六节 罗马各行省的管理
第十二章 建立政治自由的法律和公民的关系
第一节 公民的自由
第二节 依照犯罪的性质和轻重来量刑有利于自由
第三节 某些控告需要特别克制、审慎
第四节 欺君之罪
第五节 亵渎神灵和欺君罪名的滥用
第六节 不谨慎的言词
第七节 文字
第八节 惩罚犯罪时对廉耻的破坏
第九节 阴谋的揭发
第十节 共和国对亵渎罪惩罚过度的危险
Chapter 11 On laws favorable to the citizen's liberty in the republic
Chapter 12 On the cruelty of laws concerning debtors in a republic
Chapter 13 On the manner of governing in monarchy
Chapter 14 On the mores of the monarch
Chapter 15 On the regard monarchs owe their subjects
Chapter 16 On civil laws appropriate for putting a little liberty in despotic government
BOOK 13 On the Relations that the Levy of Taxes and the Size of Public Revenues Have with Liberty
Chapter 1 On the revenues of the state
Chapter 2 That it is bad reasoning to say that large taxes are good in themselves
Chapter 3 On taxes in countries where slavery to the land is not established
Chapter 4 That the size of taxes depends on the nature of the government
Chapter 5 The relation of the size of taxes to liberty
Chapter 6 That the nature of taxes is relative to the government
Chapter 7 The abuse of liberty
Chapter 8 On the remission of taxes
Chapter 9 What is most suitable for the prince and the people,tax-farming or direct taxes
BOOK 14 On the Law in Their Relation to the Nature of Climate
Chapter 1 How much men differ in the various climates
Chapter 2 A contradiction in the characters of certain peoples of the South
Chapter 3 That bad legislators are those who have favored the vices of the climate and good ones are those who have opposed them
Chapter 4 On laws related to the sobriety of peoples
Chapter 5 On the laws relating to diseases from the climate
Chapter 6 Effects resulting from the climate of England
Chapter 7 Other effects of the climate
Chapter 8 On the differing trust the laws have in people according to the climate
BOOK 15 On the Laws in Their Relation to Commerce,Considered in Its Nature and Its Distinctions
Chapter 1 On commerce
Chapter 2 On the spirit of commerce
Chapter 3 On commerce in the various governments
第十一节 共和国有利于公民自由的法律
第十二节 共和国对待债务人法律的残酷
第十三节 君主国的治国方略
第十四节 君主的德行
第十五节 君主须尊重臣民
第十六节 专制政体下能给人们少许自由的民事法规
第十三章 征税、国库收入与自由的关系
第一节 国库收入
第二节 重税好的论调是荒谬的
第三节 无农奴制国家的赋税
第四节 赋税的轻重取决于政体的性质
第五节 赋税的轻重和自由的关系
第六节 赋税的种类和政体的关系
第七节 自由的滥用
第八节 赋税的免除
第九节 包税和国家直接征税，哪种办法对君民最为有利?
第十四章 法律和气候性质的关系
第一节 人在各种气候条件下的差异
第二节 某些南方人性格上的矛盾
第三节 不和气候缺陷抗争就不是好的立法者
第四节 关于节制民众饮酒的法律
第五节 关于因气候引起的疾病的法律
第六节 英国气候的影响
第七节 气候的其他影响
第八节 气候不同，法律对人民的信任程度也不同
第十五章 从贸易的本质和特点论法律对贸易的关系
第一节 贸易
第二节 贸易的精神
第三节 各种政体下的贸易
Chapter 4 Some effects of a great navigation
Chapter 5 On exclusion in commerce
Chapter 6 On the liberty of commerce
Chapter 7 What destroys that liberty
Chapter 8 On corporal constraint
Chapter 9 Those nations for whom it is disadvantageous to engage in commerce
BOOK 16 On Laws in Their Relation to the Number of Inhabitants
Chapter 1 On men and animals in relation to the multiplication of their species
Chapter 2 On marriages
Chapter 3 On families
Chapter 4 On various orders of legitimate wives
Chapter 5 On bastards in various governments
Chapter 6 On the fathers' consent to marriage
Chapter 7 On the harshness of the government
Chapter 8 On the products of the land that require more or fewer men
Chapter 9 On the number of inhabitants in relation to the arts
Chapter 10 On the views of the legislator concerning the propagation of the species
Chapter 11 On Greece and the number of its inhabitants
Chapter 12 Depopulation of the universe
Chapter 13 On Roman laws concerning the propagation of the species
Chapter 14 On the exposure of children
Chapter 15 Changes that occurred in Europe in relation to the number of inhabitants
Chapter 16 How one can remedy depopulation
Chapter 17 On poorhouses
BOOK 17 On the Laws in Their Relation to the Religion Established in Each Country,Examined in Respect to Its Practices and within Itself
Chapter 1 On religions in general
Chapter 2 Bayle's paradox
Chapter 3 That moderate government is better suited to the Christian religion,and despotic government to Mohammedanism
Chapter 4 Consequences of the character of the Christian religion and of that of the Mohammedan religion
Chapter 5 That the Catholic religion better suits a monarchy and that the protestant religion is better adapted to a republic
第四节 航海业发达的几种后果
第五节 贸易的排他性
第六节 贸易的自由
第七节 对贸易自由的破坏
第八节 对人身的拘禁
第九节 不宜经商的国家
第十六章 法律和人口的关系
第一节 人和动物的种类繁殖
第二节 婚姻
第三节 家庭
第四节 不同等级的合法妻子
第五节 不同政体下的私生子
第六节 父亲对于婚姻的许可权
第七节 政府的暴虐
第八节 土地生产所需人力的多寡
第九节 人口与工艺的关系
第十节 从立法者的角度看人口的繁衍
第十二节 希腊及其人口
第十二节 世界人口的减少
第十三节 罗马人有关人口繁衍的法律
第十四节 遗弃子女
第十五节 欧洲发生的变化和人口的关系
第十六节 人口减退的补救办法
第十七节 济贫院
第十七章 从宗教惯例和宗教本身考察各国国家建立的宗教和法律的关系
第一节 宗教概述
第二节 贝耳先生的谬论
第三节 宽和政体适合基督教，专制政体适合伊斯兰教
第四节 基督教和伊斯兰教各自特性所产生的后果
第五节 天主教适合于君主政体，耶稣新教适合于共和政体
Chapter 6 On the laws of perfection in religion
Chapter 7 On the agreement of the laws of morality with those of religion
Chapter 8 On the Stoic sect
Chapter 9 On contemplation
Chapter 10 On inexpiable crimes
Chapter 11 How the force of religion bears on that of the civil laws
Chapter 12 How the laws of religion correct the defects of the political constitution
Chapter 13 That it is less the truth or falsity of a dogma that makes it useful or pernicious to men in the civil state than the use or abuse made of it
Chapter 14 How dangerous it is for religion to inspire horror for indifferent things
Chapter 15 On festivals
Chapter 16 On local religious laws
Chapter 17 The drawback in transferring a religion from one country to another
Chapter 18 Continuation of the same subject
第六节 宗教至善境域的法律
第七节 道德法规和宗教法规的协调
第八节 古代哲学流派斯多克
第九节 静修
第十节 无法救赎的罪恶
第十一节 宗教怎样影响法律
第十二节 宗教的法规怎样消弭政体的弊害
第十三节 宗教对人类有利还是有害，不在教义的真伪，而在教义适用是否得当
第十四节 宗教引发对琐碎事物惧怕的危险性
第十五节 宗教节日
第十六节 地方性的宗教戒律
第十七节 宗教输入他国的不利因素
第十八节 续前