The ecological economics of biodiversity : methods and applications /

Table Of Contents:
List of Figures ix
List of Tables x
Preface xii
PART I: CONTEXT

1 Overview 3(6)

1.1 Setting the scene 3(2)

1.2 A historical perspective on the economy-environment relationship 5(1)

1.3 Structure of the book 6(3)

2 Biodiversity, Ecosystem Functions and Human Activity 9(12)

2.1 Multilevel diversity 9(4)

2.1.1 Genetic diversity 9(1)

2.1.2 Species diversity 10(1)

2.1.3 Ecosystem diversity 11(1)

2.1.4 Functional diversity 12(1)

2.2 Loss of biodiversity 13(2)

2.3 Alternative perspectives on biodiversity value 15(6)

2.3.1 Instrumental vs. intrinsic values 15(1)

2.3.2 Monetary vs. biological indicators 15(1)

2.3.3 Direct vs. indirect values 16(1)

2.3.4 Biodiversity vs. biological resources 16(1)

2.3.5 Levels of vs. changes in biodiversity 17(1)

2.3.6 Local vs. global diversity 17(1)

2.3.7 Genetic vs. other life organization levels 17(1)

2.3.8 Holistic vs. reductionist approaches 17(1)

2.3.9 Expert vs. general public assessments 18(3)
PART II: BIO-ECOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS

3 Conceptualizing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functions 21(10)

3.1 Introduction 21(2)

3.2 The '4-box model' 23(1)

3.3 Biodiversity functions 24(1)

3.4 Community, ecosystem and ecological organization 25(1)

3.5 Ecosystem health 26(5)

4 Measuring Biodiversity 31(12)

4.1 Introduction 31(1)

4.2 Biotic richness: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity 31(3)

4.2.1 Genetic diversity 31(1)

4.2.2 Species diversity 32(1)

4.2.3 Ecosystem diversity 33(1)

4.3 Ecological methods for biodiversity analysis 34(9)

4.3.1 Overview 34(1)

4.3.2 Red List of threatened species 34(2)

4.3.3 Definition of sites of special scientific interest 36(1)

4.3.4 Population dynamics of species and ecosystems 37(6)
PART III: ECONOMIC FOUNDATIONS

5 Economic Analysis of Biodiversity Values 43(8)

5.1 The concept of economic value 43(2)

5.2 General aspects of economic valuation of biodiversity 45(1)

5.3 Motivation for economic valuation of biodiversity 46(3)

5.3.1 Multiple reasons 46(1)

5.3.2 Cost-benefit analysis 46(1)

5.3.3 Environmental accounting 47(1)

5.3.4 Natural resource damage assessment and legal claims 48(1)

5.3.5 Proper pricing 48(1)

5.4 A classification of economic values of biodiversity 49(2)

6 Measuring Economic Value of Biodiversity Benefits 51(16)

6.1 Alternative valuation methods and their degree of applicability 51(2)

6.2 Biodiversity valuation studies 53(9)

6.2.1 Overview 53(1)

6.2.2 Genetic diversity and bioprospecting 53(2)

6.2.3 Biodiversity and species preservation 55(1)

6.2.4 Biodiversity and natural habitat preservation 56(3)

6.2.5 Biodiversity and ecosystem functions and services flows 59(15)

6.2.5.1 Soil and wind erosion valuation studies 60(1)

6.2.5.2 Water quality valuation studies 61(1)

6.2.5.3 Wetland ecosystem function valuation studies 62(1)

6.3 Discussion of the valuation results 62(5)
PART IV: ECONOMICS-ECOLOGY INTERFACE

7 Integrated Ecological-Economic Modeling and Analysis of Biodiversity 67(16)

7.1 Introduction 67(1)

7.2 Frameworks and theories underlying integrated modeling 67(1)

7.3 Integrated model assessment 68(2)

7.4 Specific methods and models 70(2)

7.5 Interaction between integrated modeling and monetary valuation 72(1)

7.6 Advantages and disadvantages of integrated modeling 73(1)

7.7 A spatial-economic-hydroecological model for biodiversity evaluation 74(9)

7.7.1 Background 74(1)

7.7.2 Description of the area 75(2)

7.7.2.1 Current situation 75(1)

7.7.2.2 Threats to the wetlands 75(2)

7.7.2.3 Development scenarios 77(1)

7.7.3 Method of integrated research 77(2)

7.7.4 Results 79(4)

8 Multicriteria Evaluation 83(10)

8.1 Introduction 83(1)

8.2 Multicriteria decision models 84(2)

8.3 Practical applications to biodiversity issues 86(7)

8.3.1 An example of coastal habitats 87(2)

8.3.2 Examples for the Netherlands 89(4)

9 Research Synthesis and Value Transfer 93(14)

9.1 Introduction 93(1)

9.2 Meta-analytical methods 94(4)

9.2.1 Statistical techniques 94(2)

9.2.2 Other techniques 96(3)

9.2.2.1 Rough set analysis 96(1)

9.2.2.2 Fuzzy set analysis 97(1)

9.2.2.3 Content analysis 97(1)

9.3 Value transfer 98(1)

9.4 A comparative study of biodiversity values 99(8)

9.4.1 Background 99(3)

9.4.2 Meta-analytical method used 102(1)

9.4.3 Results 103(4)
PART V: POLICY AND CONCLUSIONS

10 Biodiversity Policy 107(12)

10.1 Introduction 101(7)

10.2 Public policy strategies 108(2)

10.2.1 Direct government intervention 108(1)

10.2.2 Information provision 109(1)

10.3 Biodiversity certification and ecolabeling as biodiversity policies 110(9)

10.3.1 Motivation 110(1)

10.3.2 Consumer awareness 111(2)

10.3.3 The incentive of firms to undertake certification and ecolabeling 113(1)

10.3.4 Sensitivity of consumer demand for biodiversity price premiums 113(1)

10.3.5 Illustrations of certification, ecolabeling and mixed policy instruments 114(2)

10.3.5.1 The European organic food market 114(1)

10.3.5.2 The Dutch green-certification system for the energy market 115(1)

10.3.5.3 The timber certification market 115(1)

10.3.6 Evaluation of biodiversity certification and ecolabeling policy instruments 116(3)

11 Conclusions 119(4)
Appendix: Red Book Classification of Species 123(6)
References 129(28)
Index 157