Foundations in microbiology : basic principles / 5th ed.

Contents
Preface xix
Guided Tour xxiv
The Main Themes of Microbiology 1
The Scope of Microbiology 2
The Impact of Microbes on Earth: Small Organisms with a Giant Effect 2
Microbial Involvement in Energy and Nutrient Flow 4
Applications Using Microorganisms: Versatile Chemical Machines 5
Infectious Diseases and the Human Condition 6
The General Characteristics of Microorganisms 8
Cellular Organization 8
A Note on Viruses 8
Microbial Dimensions: How Small Is Small? 8
Life-styles of Microorganisms 8
The Historical Foundations of Microbiology 10
The Development of the Microscope: "Seeing Is Believing" 11
The Establishment of the Scientific Method 11
The Development of Medical Microbiology 16
Taxonomy: Organizing, Classifying, and Naming Microorganisms 18
The Levels of Classification 19
Assigning Specific Names 20
The Origin and Evolution of Microorganisms 20
Systems of Presenting a Universal Tree of Life 21
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 1.1
Infectious Diseases in the Global Village 7
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 1.2
The Fall of Mysticism and the Rise of Microbiology 12
MEDICAL MICROFILE 1.3
The Serendipity of the Scientific Method: Discovering Drugs 17
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 23
Multiple-Choice Questions 24
Concept Questions 24
Critical-Thinking Questions 25
Internet Search Topics 25
From Atoms to Cells:
A Chemical Connection 26
Atoms, Bonds, and Molecules: Fundamental Building Blocks 26
Different Types of Atoms: Elements and Their Properties 27
The Major Elements of Life and Their Primary Characteristics 29
Bonds and Molecules 30
Covalent Bonds and Polarity: Molecules with Shared Electrons 30
Ionic Bonds: Electron Transfer Among Atoms 32
Solutions: Homogeneous Mixtures of Molecules 35
Acidity, Alkalinity, and the pH Scale 36
The Chemistry of Carbon and Organic Compounds 38
Functional Groups of Organic Compounds 39
Macromolecules: Superstructures of Life 40
Carbohydrates: Sugars and Polysaccharides 40
Lipids: Fats, Phospholipids, and Waxes 41
Proteins: Shapers of Life 45
The Nucleic Acids: A Cell Computer and Its Programs 48
Cells: Where Chemicals Come to Life 50
Fundamental Characteristics of Cells 50
Processes That Define Life 52
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 2.1
Searching for Ancient Life with Isotopes 29
MICROBITS 2.2
Redox: Electron Transfer and Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 34
MICROBITS 2.3
Membranes: Cellular Skins 45
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 53
Multiple-Choice Questions 55
Concept Questions 56
Critical-Thinking Questions 57
Internet Search Topic 57
Tools of the Laboratory:
The Methods for Studying Microorganisms 58
Methods of Culturing Microorganisms-The Five I's 58
Inoculation: Producing a Culture 59
Isolation: Separating One Species from Another 59
Media: Providing Nutrients in the Laboratory 59
Incubation, Inspection, and Identification 69
The Microscope: Window on an Invisible Realm 70
Magnification and Microscope Design 71
Variations on the Optical Microscope 74
Electron Microscopy 76
Preparing Specimens for Optical Microscopes 79
MICROBITS 3.1
Animal Inoculation: "Living Media" 64
MICROBITS 3.2
An Evolution in Resolution: Probing Microscopes 80
MICROBITS 3.3
The Chemistry of Dyes and Staining 81
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 83
Multiple-Choice Questions 84
Concept Questions 85
Critical-Thinking Questions 86
Internet Search Topics 86
Procaryotic Profiles: The Bacteria and Archaea 87
Procaryotic Form and Function: External Structure 88
The Structure of a Generalized Procaryotic Cell 88
Appendages: Cell Extensions 89
The Cell Envelope: The Outer Wrapping of Bacteria 92
Structure of the Cell Wall 95
Cell Membrane Structure 100
Bacterial Form and Function: Internal Structure 101
Contents of the Cell Cytoplasm 101
Bacterial Endospores: An Extremely Resistant Stage 102
Bacterial Shapes, Arrangements, and Sizes 104
Bacterial Identification and Classification Systems 107
Methods Used in Bacterial Identification 107
Classification Systems in the Procaryotae 108
Survey of Procaryotic Groups with Unusual Characteristics 114
Unusual Forms of Medically Significant Bacteria 114
Free-Living Nonpathogenic Bacteria 114
Archaea: The Other Procaryotes 117
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 4.1
Biofilms-The Glue of Life 93
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 4.2
The Gram Stain: A Grand Stain 97
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 4.3
Redefining Bacterial Size 115
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 120
Multiple-Choice Questions 120
Concept Questions 121
Critical-Thinking Questions 122
Internet Search Topics 122
Eucaryotic Cells and Microorganisms 123
The Nature of Eucaryotes 124
Form and Function of the Eucaryotic Cell: External Structures 126
Locomotor Appendages: Cilia and Flagella 126
Surface Structures: The Glycocalyx 127
The Cell Wall 127
The Cell Membrane 127
Form and Function of the Eucaryotic Cell: Internal Structures 128
The Nucleus: The Control Center 128
Endoplasmic Reticulum: A Passageway in the Cell 130
Golgi Apparatus: A Packaging Machine 130
Mitochondria: Energy Generators of the Cell 132
Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis Machines 133
The Cytoskeleton: A Support Network 133
Ribosomes: Protein Synthesizers 133
Survey of Eucaryotic Microorganisms 136
The Kingdom of the Fungi 136
Fungal Nutrition 136
Organization of Microscopic Fungi 136
Reproductive Strategies and Spore Formation 138
Fungal Classification 141
Fungal Identification and Cultivation 143
The Roles of Fungi in Nature and Industry 144
The Protists 145
The Algae: Photosynthetic Protists 145
Biology of the Protozoa 147
The Parasitic Helminths 153
General Worm Morphology 153
Life Cycles and Reproduction 153
A Helminth Cycle: The Pinworm 153
Helminth Classification and Identification 154
Distribution and Importance of Parasitic Worms 154
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 5.1
The Extraordinary Emergence of Eucaryotic Cells 125
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 5.2
The Many Faces of Fungi 139
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 155
Multiple-Choice Questions 156
Concept Questions 157
Critical-Thinking Questions 157
Internet Search Topics 158
An Introduction to the Viruses 159
The Search for the Elusive Viruses 159
The Position of Viruses in the Biological Spectrum 160
The General Structure of Viruses 160
Size Range 160
Unique Viral Constituents: Capsids, Nucleic Acids, and Envelopes 161
How Viruses Are Classified and Named 167
Modes of Viral Multiplication 167
The Multiplication Cycle in Bacteriophages 169
Multiplication Cycles in Animal Viruses 172
Techniques in Cultivating and Identifying Animal Viruses 177
Using Live Animal Inoculation 177
Using Bird Embryos 177
Using Cell (Tissue) Culture Techniques 177
Medical Importance of Viruses 179
Other Noncellular Infectious Agents 180
Detection and Control of Viral Infections 181
Treatment of Animal Viral Infections 181
MEDICAL MICROFILE 6.1
A Positive View of Viruses 180
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 183
Multiple-Choice Questions 183
Concept Questions 184
Critical-Thinking Questions 185
Internet Search Topics 185
Elements of Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth 186
Microbial Nutrition 188
Chemical Analysis of Microbial Cytoplasm 189
Sources of Essential Nutrients 189
How Microbes Feed: Nutritional Types 191
Transport Mechanisms for Nutrient Absorption 194
Environmental Factors That Influence Microbes 199
Temperature Adaptations 199
Gas Requirements 201
Effects of pH 203
Osmotic Pressure 203
Miscellaneous Environmental Factors 203
Ecological Associations Among Microorganisms 203
Interrelationships Between Microbes and Humans 206
The Study of Microbial Growth 207
The Basis of Population Growth: Binary Fission 207
The Rate of Population Growth 207
The Population Growth Curve 209
Stages in the Normal Growth Curve 209
Other Methods of Analyzing Population Growth 209
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 7.1
Life in the Extremes 187
MICROBITS 7.2
Dining with an Ameba 188
MICROBITS 7.3
Light-Driven Organic Synthesis 193
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 7.4
Cashing in on "Hot" Microbes 201
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 7.5
Life Together: Mutualism 204
MICROBITS 7.6
Steps in a Viable Plate Count-Batch Culture Method 210
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 213
Multiple-Choice Questions 214
Concept Questions 214
Critical-Thinking Questions 215
Internet Search Topics 215
Microbial Metabolism: The Chemical Crossroads of Life 216
The Metabolism of Microbes 217
Enzymes: Catalyzing the Chemical Reactions of Life 217
Regulation of Enzymatic Activity and Metabolic Pathways 225
The Pursuit and Utilization of Energy 228
Cell Energetics 228
A Closer Look at Biological Oxidation and Reduction 228
Adenosine Triphosphate: Metabolic Money 229
Pathways of Bioenergetics 231
Catabolism: An Overview of Nutrient Breakdown and Energy Release 231
Energy Strategies in Microorganisms 231
Pyruvic Acid-A Central Metabolite 233
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle-A Carbon and Energy Wheel 235
The Respiratory Chain: Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation 237
Summary of Aerobic Respiration 239
Anaerobic Respiration 240
The Importance of Fermentation 241
Biosynthesis and the Crossing Pathways of Metabolism 243
The Frugality of the Cell-Waste Not, Want Not 243
MICROBITS 8.1
Enzymes as Biochemical Levers 219
MICROBITS 8.2
Unconventional Enzymes 220
MICROBITS 8.3
The Enzyme Name Game 224
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 8.4
Pasteur and the Wine-to-Vinegar Connection 242
MICROBITS 8.5
Fermentation and Biochemical Testing 243
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 245
Multiple-Choice Questions 247
Concept Questions 248
Critical-Thinking Questions 248
Internet Search Topics 248
Microbial Genetics 249
Introduction to Genetics and Genes: Unlocking the Secrets of Heredity 250
The Nature of the Genetic Material 250
The DNA Code: A Simple Yet Profound Message 251
The Significance of DNA Structure 253
DNA Replication: Preserving the Code and Passing It On 254
Applications of the DNA Code: Transcription and Translation 259
The Gene-Protein Connection 259
The Major Participants in Transcription and Translation 260
Transcription: The First Stage of Gene Expression 261
Translation: The Second Stage of Gene Expression 262
Eucaryotic Transcription and Translation: Similar Yet Different 266
The Genetics of Animal Viruses 267
Genetic Regulation of Protein Synthesis and Metabolism 269
The Lactose Operon: A Model for Inducible Gene Regulation in Bacteria 270
A Repressible Operon 271
Antibiotics That Affect Transcription and Translation 272
Mutations: Changes in the Genetic Code 272
Causes of Mutations 273
Categories of Mutations 273
Repair of Mutations 274
The Ames Test 274
Positive and Negative Effects of Mutations 276
DNA Recombination Events 277
Transmission of Genetic Material in Bacteria 277
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 9.1
Deciphering the Structure of DNA 252
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 9.2
The Video Genome 254
MICROBITS 9.3
The Packaging of DNA: Winding, Twisting, and Coiling 255
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 282
Multiple-Choice Questions 283
Concept Questions 284
Critical-Thinking Questions 284
Internet Search Topics 285
Genetic Engineering: A Revolution in Molecular Biology 286
Basic Elements and Applications of Genetic Engineering 287
I. Tools and Techniques of Genetic Engineering 287
DNA: An Amazing Molecule 287
II. Methods in Recombinant DNA Technology: How to Imitate Nature 295
Technical Aspects of Recombinant DNA and Gene Cloning 295
Construction of a Chimera, Insertion into a Cloning Host,
and Genetic Expression 296
III. Biochemical Products of Recombinant DNA Technology 299
IV. Genetically Modified Organisms 299
Recombinant Microbes: Modified Bacteria and Viruses 299
Transgenic Plants: Improving Crops and Foods 300
Transgenic Animals: Engineering Embryos 301
V. Genetic Treatments: Introducing DNA into the Body 304
Gene Therapy 304
Antisense and Triplex DNA Technology: Genetic Medicines 305
VI. Genome Analysis: Maps, Fingerprints, and Family Trees 306
Genome Mapping and Screening: An Atlas of the Genome 307
DNA Fingerprinting: A Unique Picture of a Genome 309
MICROBITS 10.1
The Human Highway: Mapping the Genome 308
MICROBITS 10.2
Bioethics Confronts Bioengineering 311
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 312
Multiple-Choice Questions 314
Concept Questions 315
Critical-Thinking Questions 316
Internet Search Topics 317
Physical and Chemical Control of Microbes 318
Controlling Microorganisms 319
General Considerations in Microbial Control 319
Relative Resistance of Microbial Forms 319
Terminology and Methods of Microbial Control 321
What Is Microbial Death? 322
How Antimicrobial Agents Work: Their Modes of Action 323
Methods of Physical Control 325
Heat As an Agent of Microbial Control 325
The Effects of Cold and Desiccation 329
Radiation As a Microbial Control Agent 329
Sound Waves in Microbial Control 331
Sterilization by Filtration: Techniques for Removing Microbes 332
Chemical Agents in Microbial Control 334
Choosing a Microbicidal Chemical 334
Factors That Affect the Germicidal Activity of Chemicals 334
Germicidal Categories According to Chemical Group 335
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 11.1
Microbial Control in Ancient Times 319
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 11.2
Pathogen Paranoia: "The Only Good Microbe Is a Dead Microbe" 335
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 11.3
The Quest for Sterile Skin 341
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 344
Multiple-Choice Questions 345
Concept Questions 346
Critical-Thinking Questions 346
Internet Search Topic 347
Drugs, Microbes, Host-The Elements of Chemotherapy 348
Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy 349
The Terminology of Chemotherapy 349
Drug, Microbe, Host-Some Basic Interactions 350
The Origins of Antimicrobial Drugs 351
Interactions Between Drug and Microbe 351
Mechanisms of Drug Action 351
The Acquisition of Drug Resistance 356
Survey of Major Antimicrobial Drug Groups 359
Antibacterial Drugs 360
Synthetic Antibacterial Drugs 366
Agents to Treat Fungal Infections 366
Antiparasitic Chemotherapy 367
Antiviral Chemotherapeutic Agents 367
Characteristics of Host-Drug Reactions 369
Toxicity to Organs 369
Allergic Responses to Drugs 370
Suppression and Alteration of the Microflora by Antimicrobics 371
Considerations in Selecting an Antimicrobic Drug 372
Identifying the Agent 372
Testing for the Drug Susceptibility of Microorganisms 372
The MIC and Therapeutic Index 372
An Antimicrobic Drug Dilemma 375
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 12.1
From Witchcraft to Wonder Drugs 349
MICROBITS 12.2
A Modern Quest for Designer Drugs 353
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 12.3
The Rise of Drug Resistance 359
MICROBITS 12.4
Household Remedies-From Apples to Zinc 368
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 376
Multiple-Choice Questions 378
Concept Questions 378
Critical-Thinking Questions 379
Internet Search Topics 379
Microbe-Human Interactions: Infection and Disease 380
The Human Host 381
Contact, Infection, Disease-A Continuum 381
Resident Flora: The Human As a Habitat 381
Indigenous Flora of Specific Regions 383
Studies with Germ-Free Animals 387
The Progress of an Infection 388
The Portal of Entry: Gateway to Infection 389
The Size of the Inoculum 391
Mechanisms of Invasion and Establishment of the Pathogen 391
Signs and Symptoms: Warning Signals of Disease 397
The Portal of Exit: Vacating the Host 398
The Persistence of Microbes and Pathologic Conditions 399
Epidemiology: The Study of Disease in Populations 400
Who, When, and Where? Tracking Disease in the Population 400
Reservoirs: Where Pathogens Persist 403
How and Why? The Acquisition and Transmission of Infectious Agents 406
Nosocomial Infections: The Hospital As a Source of Disease 408
Which Agent Is the Cause? Using Koch's Postulates to Determine Etiology 409
MEDICAL MICROFILE 13.1
Patterns of Microbe-Human Interactions 381
MICROBITS 13.2
What's Love Got to Do with It? 390
MEDICAL MICROFILE 13.3
The Classic Stages of Clinical Infections 395
MICROBITS 13.4
A Quick Guide to the Terminology of Infection and Disease 397
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 13.5
The History of Human Guinea Pigs 411
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 412
Multiple-Choice Questions 413
Concept Questions 414
Critical-Thinking Questions 415
Internet Search Topics 415
The Nature of Host Defenses 416
Defense Mechanisms of the Host in Perspective 418
Barriers at the Portal of Entry: A First Line of Defense 418
Introducing the Immune System 420
The Molecular Basis of Immune Responses 420
Systems Involved in Immune Defenses 421
The Communicating Body Compartments 421
Nonspecific Immune Reactions of the Body's Compartments 431
The Inflammatory Response: A Complex Concert of Reactions to Injury 431
The Stages of Inflammation 433
Phagocytes: The Ever-Present Busybodies of Inflammation
and Specific Immunity 437
Contributors to the Body's Chemical Immunity 438
Specific Immunities: The Third and Final Line of Defense 441
MEDICAL MICROFILE 14.1
When Inflammation Gets Out of Hand 433
MEDICAL MICROFILE 14.2
The Dynamics of the Inflammatory Mediators 435
MEDICAL MICROFILE 14.3
Some Facts About Fever 436
MICROBITS 14.4
How Complement Works 442
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 443
Multiple-Choice Questions 444
Concept Questions 444
Critical-Thinking Questions 445
Internet Search Topics 445
The Acquisition of Specific Immunity and Its Applications 446
Further Explorations into the Immune System 447
The Dual Nature of Specific Immune Responses 447
I. Development of the Dual Lymphocyte System 447
II. Entrance and Processing of Antigens and Clonal Selection 447
III. B and III. T Activation of Lymphocytes and Clonal Expansion 447
IV. Products of B Lymphocytes: Antibody Structure and Functions 447
V. How T Cells Respond to Antigen: Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI) 447
Essential Preliminary Concepts for Understanding Immune Reactions
of Sections I-V 449
Markers on Cell Surfaces Involved in Recognition of Self and Nonself 449
The Origin of Diversity and Specificity in the Immune Response 450
The Lymphocyte Response System in Depth 454
I. Development of the Dual Lymphocyte System: The Stages in Origin,
Differentiation, and Maturation 454
II. Entrance and Processing of Antigens and Clonal Selection 454
III. B Activation of B Lymphocytes: Clonal Expansion and Antibody
Production 458
IV. Products of B Lymphocytes: Antibody Structure and Functions 460
III. T Activation of T Lymphocytes and V. How T Cells Respond to Antigen:
Cell-Mediated Immunity (CMI) 467
A Practical Scheme for Classifying Specific Immunities 469
MICROBITS 15.1
An Immunologic Bargain Basement 457
MEDICAL MICROFILE 15.2
Monoclonal Antibodies: Variety Without Limit 466
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 15.3
Lymphokines: Chemical Products of T Cells 467
MEDICAL MICROFILE 15.4
Breast Feeding: The Gift of Antibodies 471
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 472
Multiple-Choice Questions 473
Concept Questions 474
Critical-Thinking Questions 475
Internet Search Topics 475
Immunization and Immune Assays 476
Practical Applications of Immunologic Function 476
Immunization: Methods of Manipulating Immunity for Therapeutic Purposes 477
Serological and Immune Tests: Measuring the Immune Response in Vitro 483
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 16.1
The Lively History of Active Immunization 477
MEDICAL MICROFILE 16.2
When Positive Is Negative: How to Interpret Serological Test Results 485
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 494
Multiple-Choice Questions 494
Concept Questions 495
Critical-Thinking Questions 496
Internet Search Topics 496
Disorders in Immunity 497
The Immune Response: A Two-Sided Coin 498
Overreactions to Antigens: Allergy/Hypersensitivity 498
Type I Allergic Reactions: Atopy and Anaphylaxis 499
Epidemiology and Modes of Contact with Allergens 499
The Nature of Allergens and Their Portals of Entry 500
Mechanisms of Type I Allergy: Sensitization and Provocation 500
Cytokines, Target Organs, and Allergic Symptoms 502
Specific Diseases Associated with IgE- and Mast Cell-Mediated Allergy 504
Anaphylaxis: An Overpowering Systemic Reaction 505
Diagnosis of Allergy 505
Treatment and Prevention of Allergy 507
Type II Hypersensitivities: Reactions That Lyse Foreign Cells 508
Human Blood Types 508
The Basis of Human ABO Antigens and Blood Types 508
Antibodies Against A and B Antigens 509
The Rh Factor and Its Clinical Importance 510
Other RBC Antigens 512
Type III Hypersensitivities: Immune Complex Reactions 512
Mechanisms of Immune Complex Disease 513
Types of Immune Complex Disease 513
An Inappropriate Response Against Self, or Autoimmunity 513
Type IV Hypersensitivities: Cell-Mediated (Delayed) Reactions 517
Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity 517
T Cells and Their Role in Organ Transplantation 518
Immunodeficiency Diseases: Hyposensitivity of the Immune System 521
Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases 521
Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases 524
Cancer: Cells Out of Control 525
Characteristics and Classification of Tumors and Cancers 525
The Function of the Immune System in Cancer 530
MEDICAL MICROFILE 17.1
Of What Value Is Allergy? 504
MEDICAL MICROFILE 17.2
Why Doesn't a Mother Reject Her Fetus? 512
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 17.3
Pretty, Pesky, Poisonous Plants 519
MEDICAL MICROFILE 17.4
The Mechanics of Bone Marrow Transplantation 521
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 17.5
An Answer to the Bubble Boy Mystery 524
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 17.6
Hot on the Trail of Cancer Clues 528
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 531
Multiple-Choice Questions 532
Concept Questions 533
Critical-Thinking Questions 534
Internet Search Topics 534
Introduction to Identification Techniques in Medical Microbiology 535
Preface to the Survey of Microbial Diseases 535
On the Track of the Infectious Agent: Specimen Collection 535
Overview of Laboratory Techniques 536
Universal Blood and Body Fluid Precautions 540
Laboratory Biosafety Levels and Classes of Pathogens 541
MEDICAL MICROFILE M.1
Rashes, Rushes, and Flushes 536
Review of Clinical Laboratory Technology with Key Terms 542
Review Questions 543
The Cocci of Medical Importance 544
General Characteristics of the Staphylococci 545
Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus 545
The Scope of Clinical Staphylococcal Disease 546
Host Defenses Against S. aureus 549
The Other Staphylococci 549
Identification of Staphylococcus in Clinical Samples 550
Clinical Concerns in Staphylococcal Infections 551
General Characteristics of the Streptococci and Related Genera 552
b-Hemolytic Streptococci: Streptococcus pyogenes 553
Group B: Streptococcus agalactiae 557
Group D: Enterococci and Groups C and G Streptococci 557
Laboratory Identification Techniques 558
Treatment and Prevention of Streptococcal Infections 558
a-Hemolytic Streptococci: The Viridans Group 559
Streptococcus pneumoniae: The Pneumococcus 560
The Family Neisseriaceae: Gram-Negative Cocci 563
Neisseria gonorrhoeae: The Gonococcus 563
Neisseria meningitidis: The Meningococcus 565
Differentiating Pathogenic from Nonpathogenic Neisseria 568
Other Gram-Negative Cocci and Coccobacilli 569
MEDICAL MICROFILE 18.1
Tampons and TSS 546
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 18.2
Invasive Group A Streps and "Flesh-Eating" Syndrome 555
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 569
Multiple-Choice Questions 570
Concept Questions 571
Critical-Thinking Questions 572
Internet Search Topics 573
The Gram-Positive Bacilli of Medical Importance 574
Medically Important Gram-Positive Bacilli 575
Gram-Positive Spore-Forming Bacilli 575
General Characteristics of the Genus Bacillus 575
The Genus Clostridium 576
Gram-Positive Regular Non-Spore-Forming Bacilli 583
An Emerging Food-Borne Pathogen: Listeria monocytogenes 583
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae: A Zoonotic Pathogen 584
Gram-Positive Irregular Non-Spore-Forming Bacilli 584
Corynebacterium diphtheriae 585
The Genus Propionibacterium 586
Mycobacteria: Acid-Fast Bacilli 588
Mycobacterium tuberculosis: The Tubercle Bacillus 588
Mycobacterium leprae: The Leprosy Bacillus 594
Infections by Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) 596
Actinomycetes: Filamentous Bacilli 597
Actinomycosis 597
Nocardiosis 598
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 19.1
A Bacillus That Could Kill Us 577
MEDICAL MICROFILE 19.2
Toxicity in the Extreme 578
MEDICAL MICROFILE 19.3
Acne: The Microbial Connection 587
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 19.4
The Threat from Tuberculosis 590
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 598
Multiple-Choice Questions 599
Concept Questions 600
Critical-Thinking Questions 601
Internet Search Topics 601
The Gram-Negative Bacilli of Medical Importance 602
Aerobic Gram-Negative Nonenteric Bacilli 603
Pseudomonas: The Pseudomonads 604
Brucella and Brucellosis 606
Francisella tularensis and Tularemia 606
Bordetella pertussis and Whooping Cough 606
Legionella and Legionellosis 607
Identification and Differential Characteristics of the Enterobacteriaceae 609
Antigenic Structures and Virulence Factors 612
Coliform Organisms and Diseases 613
Escherichia coli: The Most Prevalent Enteric Bacillus 613
Other Coliforms 615
Noncoliform Lactose-Negative Enterics 616
Opportunists: Proteus and Its Relatives 616
Pathogens: Salmonella and Shigella 616
Nonenteric Yersinia pestis and Plague 620
Oxidase-Positive Nonenteric Pathogens 622
Haemophilus: The Blood-Loving Bacilli 622
MEDICAL MICROFILE 20.1
Gram-Negative Sepsis and Endotoxic Shock 604
MEDICAL MICROFILE 20.2
Diarrheal Disease 609
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 20.3
Escherichia coli 0157:H7: A Pathogen Known by Its Numbers 614
MICROBITS 20.4
Avoiding Gastrointestinal Infections 618
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 624
Multiple-Choice Questions 625
Concept Questions 626
Critical-Thinking Questions 626
Internet Search Topics 627
Miscellaneous Bacterial Agents of Disease 628
The Spirochetes 629
Treponemes: Members of the Genus Treponema 629
Leptospira and Leptospirosis 634
Borrelia: Arthropod-Borne Spirochetes 635
Other Curviform Gram-Negative Bacteria of Medical Importance 638
The Biology of Vibrio cholerae 638
Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus: Pathogens Carried by Seafood 640
Diseases of the Campylobacter Vibrios 641
Medically Important Bacteria of Unique Morphology and Biology 643
Family Rickettsiaceae 643
Specific Rickettsioses 644
Emerging Rickettsioses 648
Diseases Related to the Rickettsioses 648
Other Obligate Parasitic Bacteria: The Chlamydiaceae 649
Mollicutes and Other Cell-Wall-Deficient Bacteria 652
Biological Characteristics of the Mycoplasmas 652
Bacteria That Have Lost Their Cell Walls 653
Bacteria in Dental Disease 654
The Structure of Teeth and Associated Tissues 654
Hard-Tissue Disease: Dental Caries 654
Soft-Tissue (Periodontal) Disease 656
Factors in Dental Disease 657
MEDICAL MICROFILE 21.1
The Disease Named for a Town 637
MEDICAL MICROFILE 21.2
Oral Rehydration Therapy 641
MICROBITS 21.3
Helicobacter pylori: It's Enough to Give You Ulcers 642
MICROBITS 21.4
The Arthropod Vectors of Infectious Disease 645
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 658
Multiple-Choice Questions 660
Concept Questions 660
Critical-Thinking Questions 661
Internet Search Topics 662
The Fungi of Medical Importance 663
Fungi As Infectious Agents 663
True Versus Opportunistic Pathogens 664
Epidemiology of the Mycoses 665
Pathogenesis of the Fungi 666
Diagnosis of Mycotic Infections 667
Control of Mycotic Infections 669
Organization of Fungal Diseases 669
Systemic Infections by True Pathogens 669
Histoplasmosis: Ohio Valley Fever 669
Coccidioidomycosis: Valley Fever, San Joaquin Fever, California Disease 670
Biology of Blastomyces dermatitidis: North American Blastomycosis 673
Paracoccidioidomycosis 674
Subcutaneous Mycoses 675
The Natural History of Sporotrichosis: Rose-Gardener's Disease 675
Chromoblastomycosis and Phaeohyphomycosis: Diseases of Pigmented Fungi 676
Mycetoma: A Complex Disfiguring Syndrome 676
Cutaneous Mycoses 677
Characteristics of Dermatophytes 677
Superficial Mycoses 680
Opportunistic Mycoses 681
Infections by Candida: Candidiasis 681
Cryptococcosis and Cryptococcus neoformans 683
Pneumocystis carinii and Pneumocystis Pneumonia 684
Aspergillosis: Diseases of the Genus Aspergillus 685
Mucormycosis: Zygomycete Infection 685
Miscellaneous Opportunists 686
Fungal Allergies and Intoxications 687
MEDICAL MICROFILE 22.1
Opportunistic Mycoses As Diseases of Medical Progress 666
MEDICAL MICROFILE 22.2
The Keratin Lovers 679
MEDICAL MICROFILE 22.3
Fungi, Food, and Toxins 687
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 688
Multiple-Choice Questions 689
Concept Questions 689
Critical-Thinking Questions 690
Internet Search Topics 691
The Parasites of Medical Importance 692
The Parasites of Humans 692
Typical Protozoan Pathogens 693
Infective Amebas 693
An Intestinal Ciliate: Balantidium coli 696
The Flagellates (Mastigophorans) 696
Hemoflagellates: Vector-Borne Blood Parasites 698
Apicomplexan Parasites 702
A Survey of Helminth Parasites 708
General Life and Transmission Cycles 708
General Epidemiology of Helminth Diseases 708
Pathology of Helminth Infestation 708
Elements of Diagnosis and Control 711
Nematode (Roundworm) Infestations 711
The Trematodes, or Flukes 716
Cestode (Tapeworm) Infestations (Cycle C) 718
MEDICAL MICROFILE 23.1
The Trypanosome's Bag of Tricks 700
MICROBITS 23.2
When Parasites Attack the "Wrong" Host 713
MEDICAL MICROFILE 23.3
Waiter, There's a Worm in My Fish 720
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 721
Multiple-Choice Questions 722
Concept Questions 724
Critical-Thinking Questions 724
Internet Search Topics 725
Introduction to the Viruses of Medical Importance:
The DNA Viruses 726
Viruses in Infection and Disease 726
Important Medical Considerations in Viral Diseases 727
Survey of DNA Virus Groups 727
Enveloped DNA Viruses 727
Poxviruses: Classification and Structure 727
The Herpesviruses: Common, Persistent Human Viruses 730
Hepadnaviruses: Unusual Enveloped DNA Viruses 739
Nonenveloped DNA Viruses 742
The Adenoviruses 742
Papovaviruses: Papilloma, Polyoma, Vacuolating Viruses 743
Nonenveloped Single-Stranded DNA Viruses: The Parvoviruses 745
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS 24.1
The Ultimate End to an Ancient Scourge 729
MEDICAL MICROFILE 24.2
Viral Infection: A Connection to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome? 737
MEDICAL MICROFILE 24.3
The Clinical Connection in Hepatitis 741
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 746
Multiple-Choice Questions 747
Concept Questions 748
Critical-Thinking Questions 749
Internet Search Topics 749
The RNA Viruses of Medical Importance 750
Enveloped Segmented Single-Stranded RNA Viruses 752
The Biology of Orthomyxoviruses: Influenza 752
Bunyaviruses and Arenaviruses 755
Enveloped Nonsegmented Single-Stranded RNA Viruses 756
Paramyxoviruses 756
Rhabdoviruses 759
Other Enveloped RNA Viruses 761
Coronaviruses 761
Rubivirus, the Agent of Rubella 762
Arboviruses: Viruses Spread by Arthropod Vectors 762
Epidemiology of Arbovirus Disease 763
General Characteristics of Arbovirus Infections 764
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of Arbovirus Infection 765
Enveloped Single-Stranded RNA Viruses with Reverse Transcriptase:
Retroviruses 766
The Biology of the Retroviruses 766
Nomenclature and Classification 766
Structure and Behavior of Retroviruses 766
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 767
Historical Background 767
Epidemiology of AIDS 767
The Clinical Definition of AIDS 768
The Evolving Picture of AIDS Pathology 771
Other Retroviral Diseases in Humans 776
Epidemiology and Pathology of the Human Leukemia Viruses 777
Nonenveloped Nonsegmented Single-Stranded RNA Viruses:
Picornaviruses and Caliciviruses 777
Poliovirus and Poliomyelitis 778
Nonpolio Enteroviruses 780
Caliciviruses 782
Nonenveloped Segmented Double-Stranded RNA Viruses: Reoviruses 783
Slow Infections by Unconventional Viruslike Agents 784
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 25.1
Life in the Hot Zone 752
MEDICAL MICROFILE 25.2
Community Immunity, Genetic Change, and Influenza 754
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 25.3
Hunting for Hantaviruses 756
MEDICAL MICROFILE 25.4
Prevention of Congenital Rubella 763
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 25.5
The Global Outlook on AIDS 768
MEDICAL MICROFILE 25.6
Uncommon Facts About the Common Cold 782
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 785
Multiple-Choice Questions 786
Concept Questions 787
Critical-Thinking Questions 788
Internet Search Topics 789
Environmental and Applied Microbiology 790
Ecology: The Interconnecting Web of Life 791
The Organization of Ecosystems 791
Energy and Nutritional Flow in Ecosystems 792
Ecological Interactions Between Organisms in a Community 794
The Natural Recycling of Bioelements 794
Atmospheric Cycles 795
Sedimentary Cycles 801
Soil Microbiology: The Composition of the Lithosphere 803
Aquatic Microbiology 805
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 813
Microorganisms and Food 814
Microbial Fermentations in Food Products from Plants 814
Microbes in Milk and Dairy Products 818
Microorganisms As Food 819
Microbial Involvement in Food-Borne Diseases 820
Prevention Measures for Food Poisoning and Spoilage 821
General Concepts in Industrial Microbiology 825
From Microbial Factories to Industrial Factories 825
Substance Production 827
MICROBITS 26.1
Greenhouse Gases, Fossil Fuels, Cows, Termites, and Global Warming 797
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 26.2
Biogeochemical Cycles and Bioamplification of Pollutants 803
SPOTLIGHT ON MICROBIOLOGY 26.3
Bioremediation: The Pollution Solution? 806
MICROBITS 26.4
Wood or Plastic: On the Cutting Edge of Cutting Boards 823
Chapter Capsule with Key Terms 830
Multiple-Choice Questions 832
Concept Questions 832
Critical-Thinking Questions 833
Internet Search Topics 834
APPENDIX A: Exponents A-1
APPENDIX B: Significant Events in Microbiology A-3
APPENDIX C: Methods for Testing Sterilization and Germicidal Processes A-5
APPENDIX D: Classification of Major Microbial Disease Agents by System Affected,
Site of Infection, and Routes of Transmission A-7
APPENDIX E: Answers to Multiple-Choice Questions and Selected
Matching Questions A-16
Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1




Library of Congress Subject Headings for this publication: Microbiology, Medical microbiology