简介
This 3 rd edition ofThe African-American Odysseyincludes not only a CD-ROM-bound into every book (which incorporates over 150 documents in African American history), but also has a broadened international perspective, expanded coverage of interaction among African Americans and other ethnic groups, and new material on African Americans in the western portion of the United States. Free access to Research Navigator is included. This allows readers to access this powerful research tool with one site. Written by leading scholars,The African-American Odysseyis a clear and comprehensive narrative of African-American history, from its African roots through the Civil War through modern times. This book places African-American history in the context and at the center of American History.Balancing accounts of the actions of African-American leaders with investigations of the lives of the ordinary men and women in black communities, exciting and readable coverage includes: African-American history from its African origins to the sixteenth century and the beginning of the forced migration of millions of Africans to the Americas. Succeeding chapters present the struggle of black people to maintain their humanity during the slave trade and as slaves in North America during the long colonial period. It continues through the Civil War and the beginning of Reconstruction, and continues through the Civil Rights movement to discussions of black life at the dawn of the 21 st century.This is a compelling story of survival, struggle, and triumph over adversity. Readers will learn an appreciation of the central place of black people and black culture in this country, and a better understanding of both African-American and American history.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Becoming African American 1(131)
Africa 2(24)
A Huge and Diverse Land 4(1)
The Birthplace of Humanity 4(2)
Ancient Civilizations and Old Arguments 6(4)
Egyptian Civilization 7(2)
Kush, Meroe, and Axum 9(1)
West Africa 10(2)
Ancient Ghana 10(1)
The Empire of Mali, 1230--1468 11(1)
Voices Al Bakri Describes Kumbi Saleh and Ghana's Royal Court 12(5)
The Empire of Songhai, 1464--1591 13(1)
The West African Forest Region 14(3)
Kongo and Angola 17(1)
Voices A Dutch Visitor Describes Benin City 18(1)
West African Society and Culture 18(1)
Families and Villages 18(1)
Profile Nzinga Mbemba of Kongo 19(7)
Women 20(1)
Class and Slavery 20(1)
Religion 21(1)
Art and Music 21(1)
Literature: Oral Histories, Poetry, and Tales 22(1)
Conclusion 23(1)
Recommended Reading 24(1)
Additional Bibliography 24(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 25(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 25(1)
Middle Passage 26(24)
The European Age of Exploration and Colonization 28(1)
The Slave Trade in Africa 29(1)
The Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade 30(2)
Growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade 32(2)
The African-American Ordeal from Capture to Destination 34(3)
The Crossing 36(1)
The Slavers 36(1)
A Slave's Story 36(1)
Profile Olaudah Equiano 37(3)
A Captain's Story 38(1)
Provisions for the Middle Passage 39(1)
Sanitation, Disease, and Death 39(1)
Voices The Journal of a Dutch Slaver 40(1)
Profile Ayuba Sulieman Diallo 41(2)
Resistance and Revolt at Sea 42(1)
Cruelty 43(1)
African Women on Slave Ships 43(1)
Landing and Sale in the West Indies 43(1)
Seasoning 44(2)
The End of the Journey: Masters and Slaves in the Americas 46(1)
The Ending of the Atlantic Slave Trade 47(3)
Conclusion 48(1)
Recommended Reading 48(1)
Additional Bibliography 48(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 49(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 49(1)
Black People in Colonial North America, 1526--1763 50(28)
The Peoples of North America 53(3)
American Indians 53(1)
The Spanish Empire 54(1)
The British and Jamestown 54(1)
Africans Arrive in the Chesapeake 55(1)
Black Servitude in the Chesapeake 56(2)
Race and the Origins of Black Slavery 56(1)
The Emergence of Chattel Slavery 57(1)
Profile Anthony Johnson 58(1)
Bacon's Rebellion and American Slavery 59(1)
Plantation Slavery, 1700--1750 59(3)
Tobacco Colonies 59(1)
Low-Country Slavery 60(2)
Voices A Description of an Eighteenth-Century Virginia Plantation 62(1)
Slave Life in Early America 63(1)
Miscegenation and Creolization 63(1)
The Origins of African-American Culture 64(4)
The Great Awakening 65(2)
Language, Music, and Folk Literature 67(1)
The African-American Impact on Colonial Culture 67(1)
Slavery in the Northern Colonies 68(1)
Voices A Poem by Jupiter Hammon 68(1)
Slavery in Spanish Florida and French Louisiana 69(2)
African Americans in New Spain's Northern Borderlands 71(1)
Black Women in Colonial America 72(1)
Black Resistance and Rebellion 72(6)
Conclusion 74(1)
Recommended Reading 75(1)
Additional Bibliography 75(2)
Retracing the Odyssey 77(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 77(1)
Rising Expectations: African Americans and the Struggle for Independence, 1763--1783 78(24)
The Crisis of the British Empire 81(2)
Profile Crispus Attucks 83(1)
The Declaration of Independence and African Americans 84(2)
The Impact of the Enlightenment 84(1)
African Americans in the Revolutionary Debate 85(1)
Black Enlightenment 86(1)
Voices Boston's Slaves Link Their Freedom to American Liberty 86(2)
Phillis Wheatley 87(1)
Benjamin Banneker 87(1)
Voices Phillis Wheatley on Liberty and Natural Rights 88(1)
African Americans in the War for Independence 89(4)
Black Loyalists 89(2)
Black Patriots 91(2)
The Revolution and Emancipation 93(9)
The Revolutionary Impact 94(2)
The Revolutionary Promise 96(1)
Conclusion 97(1)
Recommended Reading 98(1)
Additional Bibliography 99(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 100(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 100(2)
African Americans in the New Nation, 1783--1820 102(30)
Forces for Freedom 105(3)
Northern Emancipation 105(2)
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 107(1)
Profile Elizabeth Freeman 108(3)
Antislavery Societies in the North and the Upper South 109(1)
Manumission and Self-Purchase 109(1)
The Emergence of a Free Black Class in the South 110(1)
Forces for Slavery 111(3)
The U.S. Constitution 111(1)
Cotton 112(1)
The Louisiana Purchase and African Americans in the Lower Mississippi Valley 112(1)
Conservatism and Racism 113(1)
The Emergence of Free Black Communities 114(2)
The Origins of Independent Black Churches 115(1)
Voices Richard Allen on the Break with St. George's Church 116(2)
The First Black Schools 117(1)
Voices Absalom Jones Petitions Congress on Behalf of Fugitives Facing Reenslavement 118(1)
Black Leaders and Choices 119(1)
Migration 119(1)
Profile James Forten 120(3)
Slave Uprisings 121(1)
The White Southern Reaction 122(1)
The War of 1812 123(1)
The Missouri Compromise 124(6)
Conclusion 126(1)
Recommended Reading 126(1)
Additional Bibliography 127(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 128(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 128(2)
Visualizing the Past The Voyage to Slavery 130(2)
Slavery, Abolition, and the Quest for Freedom: The Coming of the Civil War, 1793--1861 132(124)
Life in the Cotton Kingdom 134(26)
The Expansion of Slavery 136(1)
Profile Solomon Northup 137(2)
Slave Population Growth 138(1)
Ownership of Slaves in the Old South 139(1)
Slave Labor in Agriculture 139(4)
Tobacco 140(1)
Rice 141(1)
Sugar 141(1)
Cotton 141(2)
Other Crops 143(1)
House Servants and Skilled Slaves 143(1)
Urban and Industrial Slavery 144(2)
Punishment 146(1)
The Domestic Slave Trade 147(1)
Profile William Ellison 147(1)
Voices Frederick Douglass on the Readiness of Masters to Use the Whip 148(1)
Slave Families 149(1)
Voices A Slaveholder Describes a New Purchase 150(4)
Children 150(1)
Sexual Exploitation 151(1)
Diet 152(1)
Clothing 153(1)
Health 153(1)
The Socialization of Slaves 154(1)
Religion 154(1)
The Character of Slavery and Slaves 155(5)
Conclusion 157(1)
Recommended Reading 157(1)
Additional Bibliography 158(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 159(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 159(1)
Free Black People in Antebellum America 160(28)
Demographics of Freedom 162(2)
The Jacksonian Era 164(1)
Limited Freedom in the North 165(4)
Black Laws 166(1)
Disfranchisement 167(1)
Segregation 168(1)
Black Communities in the Urban North 169(3)
The Black Family 170(1)
The Struggle for Employment 170(1)
The Northern Black Elite 171(1)
Voices Maria W. Stewart on the Condition of Black Workers 172(2)
Black Professionals 172(1)
Artists and Musicians 173(1)
Black Authors 174(1)
African-American Institutions 174(2)
Black Churches 175(1)
Profile Stephen Smith and William Whipper 176(2)
Schools 177(1)
Voices The Constitution of the Pittsburgh African Education Society 178(1)
Voluntary Associations 179(1)
Free African Americans in the Upper South 179(3)
Free African Americans in the Deep South 182(6)
Free African Americans in the Trans-Mississippi West 183(1)
Conclusion 184(1)
Recommended Reading 184(1)
Additional Bibliography 185(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 186(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 186(2)
Opposition to Slavery, 1800--1833 188(20)
A Country in Turmoil 190(4)
Political Paranoia 191(2)
The Second Great Awakening 193(1)
The Benevolent Empire 194(1)
Abolitionism Begins in America 194(5)
From Gabriel to Demark Vesey 195(2)
The American Colonization Society 197(1)
Black Nationalism and Colonization 197(1)
Black Opposition to Colonization 198(1)
Black Abolitionist Women 199(1)
Profile Maria Stewart 199(1)
Voices A Black Woman Speaks Out on the Right to Education 200(1)
The Baltimore Alliance 201(1)
David Walker's Appeal 201(1)
Voices William Watkins Opposes Colonization 202(1)
Nat Turner 202(1)
Profile David Walker 203(5)
Conclusion 204(1)
Recommended Reading 205(1)
Additional Bibliography 205(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 206(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 207(1)
Let Your Motto Be Resistance, 1833--1850 208(22)
A Rising Tide of Racism and Violence 210(2)
Antiblack and Anti-abolitionist Riots 211(1)
Texas and the War against Mexico 211(1)
The Response of the Antislavery Movement 212(1)
The American-Anti-Slavery Society 213(1)
Profile Henry Highland Garnet 213(3)
Black and Women's Antislavery Societies 215(1)
The Black Convention Movement 215(1)
Profile Sojourner Truth 216(1)
Black Community Institutions 216(2)
Black Churches in the Antislavery Cause 217(1)
Black Newspapers 217(1)
Moral Suasion 218(1)
Voices Frederick Douglass Describes an Awkward Situation 218(1)
The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society and the Liberty Party 219(1)
A More Aggressive Abolitionism 220(3)
The Amistad and the Creole 220(1)
The Underground Railroad 221(1)
Canada West 222(1)
Black Militancy 223(1)
Voices Martin R. Delany Describes His Vision of a Black Nation 224(1)
Frederick Douglass 224(1)
Black Nationalism 225(5)
Conclusion 226(1)
Recommended Reading 226(1)
Additional Bibliography 227(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 228(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 228(2)
``And Black People Were at the Heart of It'': The United States Disunites over Slavery 230(26)
The Lure of the West 232(4)
Free Labor versus Slave Labor 233(1)
The Wilmot Proviso 233(1)
California and the Compromise of 1850 233(1)
Fugitive Slave Laws 234(2)
Voices African Americans Respond to the Fugitive Slave Law 236(1)
Fugitive Slaves 236(2)
William and Ellen Craft 237(1)
Shadrach 237(1)
The Battle at Christiana 237(1)
Profile Thomas Sims, a Fugitive Slave 238(1)
Anthony Burns 238(1)
Margaret Garner 239(1)
The Rochester Convention, 1853 239(1)
Nativism and the Know-Nothings 240(1)
Uncle Tom's Cabin 240(1)
The Kansas-Nebraska Act 241(1)
Preston Brooks Attacks Charles Sumner 241(2)
The Dred Scott Decision 243(2)
Questions for the Court 243(1)
Reaction to the Dred Scott Decision 244(1)
White Northerners and Black Americans 244(1)
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates 245(1)
Abraham Lincoln and Black People 245(1)
Profile Martin Delany 246(1)
John Brown and the Raid on Harpers Ferry 247(1)
Planning the Raid 247(1)
The Raid 247(1)
The Reaction 248(1)
The Election of Abraham Lincoln 248(1)
Black People Respond to Lincoln's Election 249(1)
Disunion 249(5)
Conclusion 250(1)
Recommended Reading 251(1)
Additional Bibliography 251(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 252(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 252(2)
Visualizing the Past Speaking Out Against Slavery 254(2)
The Civil War, Emancipation, and Black Reconstruction: The Second American Revolution 256(80)
Liberation: African Americans and the Civil War 258(30)
Lincoln's Aims 261(1)
Black Men Volunteer and Are Rejected 261(1)
Union Policies toward Confederate Slaves 261(4)
``Contraband'' 262(1)
Lincoln's Initial Position 262(1)
Lincoln Moves Toward Emancipation 263(1)
Lincoln Delays Emancipation 263(1)
Black People Reject Colonization 264(1)
The Emancipation Proclamation 265(4)
Limits of the Proclamation 266(1)
Effects of the Proclamation on the South 267(2)
Profile Elizabeth Keckley 269(1)
Black Men Fight for the Union 269(5)
The First South Carolina Volunteers 270(1)
The Second South Carolina Volunteers 271(1)
The 54th Massachusetts Regiment 271(1)
Black Soldiers Confront Discrimination 271(2)
Black Men in Combat 273(1)
The Assault on Battery Wagner 273(1)
Voices Lewis Douglass Describes the Fighting at Battery Wagner 274(1)
Olustee 275(1)
The Crater 275(1)
The Confederate Reaction to Black Soldiers 275(2)
The Abuse and Murder of Black Troops 275(1)
The Fort Pillow Massacre 276(1)
Black Men in the Union Navy 277(1)
Liberators, Spies, and Guides 277(1)
Profile Harriet Tubman 278(1)
Violent Opposition to the Black People 279(1)
The New York City Draft Riot 279(1)
Union Troops and Slaves 279(1)
Refugees 279(1)
Black People and the Confederacy 280(8)
The Impressment of Black People 280(1)
Confederates Enslave Free Black People 280(1)
Black Confederates 281(1)
Personal Servants 281(1)
Black Men Fighting for the South 281(1)
Black Opposition to the Confederacy 282(1)
The Confederate Debate on Black Troops 282(2)
Conclusion 284(1)
Recommended Reading 284(1)
Additional Bibliography 285(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 286(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 286(2)
The Meaning of Freedom: The Promise of Reconstruction, 1865--1868 288(24)
The End of Slavery 290(2)
Differing Reactions of Former Slaves 291(1)
Reuniting Black Families 291(1)
Land 292(1)
Special Field Order #15 292(1)
The Port Royal Experiment 292(1)
The Freedmen's Bureau 293(1)
Voices A Freedmen's Bureau Commissioner Tells Freed People What Freedom Means 294(1)
Southern Homestead Act 294(1)
Sharecropping 295(1)
The Black Church 295(3)
Education 298(1)
Black Teachers 298(1)
Black Colleges 299(1)
Response of White Southerners 299(1)
Violence 299(1)
Voices A Northern Black Woman on Teaching Freedmen 300(1)
Profile Charlotte E. Ray 301(1)
The Crusade for Political and Civil Rights 302(1)
Presidential Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson 302(1)
Profile Aaron A. Bradley 303(1)
Black Codes 304(1)
Black Conventions 304(1)
The Radical Republicans 304(2)
Radical Proposals 305(1)
The Freedmen's Bureau Bill and the Civil Rights Bill 305(1)
Johnson's Vetoes 306(1)
The Fourteenth Amendment 306(1)
Radical Reconstruction 306(2)
Universal Manhood Suffrage 307(1)
Black Politics 307(1)
Sit-Ins and Strikes 307(1)
The Reaction of White Southerners 308(4)
Conclusion 308(1)
Recommended Reading 309(1)
Additional Bibliography 309(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 310(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 310(2)
The Meaning of Freedom: The Failure of Reconstruction 312(24)
Constitutional Conventions 314(2)
Elections 315(1)
Black Political Leaders 315(1)
The Issues 316(1)
Education and Social Welfare 316(1)
Civil Rights 317(1)
Economic Issues 317(1)
Profile The Gibbs Brothers 318(1)
Land 319(1)
Business and Industry 319(1)
Black Politicians: An Evaluation 319(1)
Republican Factionalism 319(1)
Profile The Rollin Sisters 320(1)
Opposition 321(1)
The Ku Klux Klan 321(2)
The West 323(1)
The Fifteenth Amendment 323(1)
Voices An Appeal For Help Against the Klan 324(1)
The Enforcement Acts 324(1)
The North Loses Interest 325(1)
Voices Black Leaders Support the Passage of a Civil Rights Act 326(1)
The Freemen's Bank 326(1)
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 327(1)
The End of Reconstruction 327(7)
Violent Redemption 328(1)
The Shotgun Policy 328(1)
The Hamburg Massacre 329(1)
The ``Compromise'' of 1877 330(1)
Conclusion 330(1)
Recommended Reading 331(1)
Additional Bibliography 332(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 333(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 333(1)
Visualizing the Past Higher Education for African Americans Begins 334(2)
Searching for Safe Spaces 336(122)
White Supremacy Triumphant: African Americans in the South in the Late Nineteenth Century 338(26)
Politics 341(3)
Black Congressmen 342(1)
Democrats and Farmer Discontent 342(1)
The Colored Farmers' Alliance 343(1)
The Populist Party 343(1)
Disfranchisement 344(2)
Evading the Fifteenth Amendment 345(1)
Mississippi 345(1)
South Carolina 345(1)
The Grandfather Clause 346(1)
Segregation 346(2)
Jim Crow 346(1)
Segregation on the Railroads 347(1)
Plessy v. Ferguson 347(1)
Voices Majority and Dissenting Opinions on Plessy v. Ferguson 348(1)
Streetcar Segregation 348(1)
Segregation Proliferates 349(1)
Racial Etiquette 349(1)
Violence 350(2)
Washington County, Texas 350(1)
The Phoenix Riot 350(1)
The Wilmington Riot 350(1)
The New Orleans Riot 350(1)
Lynching 351(1)
Rape 352(1)
Migration 352(1)
Profile Ida Wells Barnett 353(3)
The Liberian Exodus 354(1)
The Exodusters 354(1)
Migration within the South 355(1)
Black Farm Families 356(2)
Sharecroppers 356(1)
Renters 356(1)
Crop Liens 357(1)
Peonage 357(1)
Black Landowners 357(1)
White Resentment of Black Success 357(1)
Voices Cash and Debt for the Black Cotton Farmer 358(1)
African Americans and Southern Courts 358(1)
Segregated Justice 358(1)
Profile Johnson C. Whittaker 359(5)
The Convict Lease System 361(1)
Conclusion 361(1)
Recommended Reading 362(1)
Additional Bibliography 362(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 363(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 363(1)
Black Southerners Challenge White Supremacy 364(30)
Social Darwinism 366(1)
Education and Schools 367(3)
Segregated Schools 368(1)
The Hampton Model 368(1)
Washington and the Tuskegee Model 369(1)
Voices Thomas E. Miller and the Mission of the Black Land-Grant College 370(1)
Critics of the Tuskegee Model 370(1)
Church and Religion 371(3)
The Church as Solace and Escape 372(1)
The Holiness Movement and the Pentecostal Church 373(1)
Roman Catholics and Episcopalians 373(1)
Profile Henry McNeal Turner 374(1)
Red versus Black: The Buffalo Soldiers 375(3)
Discrimination in the Army 376(1)
The Buffalo Soldiers in Combat 376(1)
Civilian Hostility to Black Soldiers 377(1)
Brownsville 377(1)
African Americans in the Navy 378(1)
The Black Cowboys 378(1)
The Spanish-American War 378(2)
Voices Black Men in Battle in Cuba 380(1)
Black Officers 380(1)
A Splendid Little War 381(1)
After the War 381(1)
The Philippine Insurrection 381(1)
Would Black Men Fight Brown Men? 381(1)
Black Businesspeople and Entrepreneurs 382(1)
Profile Maggie Lena Walker 383(1)
African Americans and Labor 384(1)
Unions 384(1)
Strikes 384(1)
Black Professionals 385(2)
Medicine 385(1)
The Law 386(1)
Music 387(1)
Ragtime 387(1)
Jazz 387(1)
The Blues 388(1)
Sports 388(6)
Jack Johnson 388(1)
Baseball 389(1)
Basketball and Other Sports 389(1)
College Athletics 390(1)
Conclusion 390(1)
Recommended Reading 391(1)
Additional Bibliography 392(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 393(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 393(1)
Conciliation, Agitation, and Migration: African Americans in the Early Twentieth Century 394(36)
Race and the Progressive Movement 397(1)
Booker T. Washington's Approach 397(2)
Washington's Influence 398(1)
The Tuskegee Machine 398(1)
Opposition to Washington 399(1)
Voices W. E. B. Du Bois on Being Black in America 400(1)
W.E.B. Du Bois 400(2)
The Souls of Black Folk 401(1)
The Talented Tenth 401(1)
The Niagara Movement 402(1)
NAACP 402(2)
Using the System 403(1)
Du Bois and The Crisis 403(1)
Washington versus the NAACP 403(1)
The Urban League 404(1)
Black Women and the Club Movement 404(2)
The NACW: ``Lifting as We Climb'' 405(1)
Phillis Wheatley Clubs 405(1)
Anna Julia Cooper and Black Feminism 405(1)
Women's Suffrage 405(1)
Profile Mary Church Terrell 406(1)
The Black Elite 407(1)
The American Negro Academy 407(1)
The Upper Class 407(1)
Profile Lewis Latimer, Black Inventor 408(1)
Fraternities and Sororities 409(1)
Presidential Politics 409(1)
Frustrated by the Republicans 409(1)
Woodrow Wilson 409(1)
Black Men and the Military in World War I 409(1)
Profile George Washington Carver and Ernest Everett Just 410(4)
The Punitive Expedition to Mexico 411(1)
World War I 411(1)
Black Troops and Officers 412(1)
Discrimination and Its Effects 412(1)
Du Bois's Disappointment 413(1)
Race Riots 414(5)
Atlanta 1906 415(1)
Springfield 1908 415(1)
East St. Louis 1917 416(1)
Houston 1917 417(1)
Chicago 1919 417(1)
Elaine 1919 417(1)
Tulsa 1921 418(1)
Rosewood 1923 418(1)
The Great Migration 419(1)
Why Migrate? 419(1)
Voices A Migrant to the North Writes Home 420(2)
Destinations 421(1)
Migration from the Caribbean 422(1)
Northern Communities 422(3)
Chicago 422(1)
Harlem 423(2)
Families 425(5)
Conclusion 425(1)
Recommended Reading 426(1)
Additional Bibliography 426(2)
Retracing the Odyssey 428(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 429(1)
African Americans and the 1920s 430(28)
Strikes and the Red Scare 433(1)
Varieties of Racism 433(2)
Scientific Racism 433(1)
The Birth of a Nation 434(1)
The Ku Klux Klan 434(1)
Protest, Pride, and Pan-Africanism: Black Organizations in the 1920s 435(1)
The NAACP 435(1)
Voices The Negro National Anthem: Lift Every Voice and Sing 436(1)
``Up You Mighty Race'': Marcus Garvey and the UNIA 436(1)
Profile James Weldon Johnson 437(3)
Voices Marcus Garvey Appeals for a New African Nation 440(1)
Pan-Africanism 440(1)
Labor 441(3)
The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 442(1)
A. Philip Randolph 443(1)
The Harlem Renaissance 444(4)
Before Harlem 444(1)
Writers and Artists 445(2)
White People and the Harlem Renaissance 447(1)
Harlem and the Jazz Age 448(2)
Song, Dance, and Stage 449(1)
Profile Bessie Smith 450(1)
Sports 451(5)
Rube Foster 451(2)
College Sports 453(1)
Conclusion 453(1)
Recommended Reading 454(1)
Additional Bibliography 454(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 455(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 455(1)
Visualizing the Past Going Back to Africa 456(2)
The Great Depression and World War II 458(86)
Black Protest, the Great Depression, and the New Deal 460(28)
The Cataclysm, 1929--1933 462(5)
Harder Times for Black America 463(1)
Black Businesses in the Depression: Collapse and Survival 464(2)
The Failure of Relief 466(1)
Black Protest during the Great Depression 467(3)
The NAACP and Civil Rights Struggles 467(1)
Du Bois Ignites a Controversy 467(1)
Challenging Racial Discrimination in the Courts 468(1)
Black Women and Community Organizing 469(1)
African Americans and the New Deal 470(4)
Roosevelt and the First New Deal, 1933--1935 471(1)
Black Officials in the New Deal 472(1)
Black Social Scientists and the New Deal 473(1)
Voices A Black Sharecropper Details Abuse in the Administration of Agricultural Relief 474(2)
African Americans and the Second New Deal 475(1)
Profile Mary McLeod Bethune 476(2)
Organized Labor and Black America 478(1)
The Communist Party and African Americans 478(2)
The International Labor Defense and the ``Scottsboro Boys'' 479(1)
Profile Angelo Herndon 480(2)
Debating Communist Leadership 481(1)
The National Negro Congress 481(1)
Voices Hoboing in Alabama 482(1)
The Tuskegee Study 483(5)
Conclusion 483(1)
Recommended Reading 483(1)
Additional Bibliography 484(2)
Retracing the Odyssey 486(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 486(2)
Meanings of Freedom: Culture and Society in the 1930s and 1940s 488(28)
Black Culture in a Midwestern City 491(1)
The Black Culture Industry and American Racism 491(1)
The Music Culture from Swing to Bebop 492(1)
Profile Charlie Parker 493(2)
Popular Culture for the Masses: Comic Strips, Radio, and Movies 495(3)
The Comics 495(1)
Radio and Race 495(1)
Race, Representation, and the Movies 496(2)
The Black Chicago Renaissance 498(2)
Profile Langston Hughes 500(2)
Jazz in Chicago 501(1)
Gospel in Chicago: Thomas Dorsey 501(1)
Voices Margaret Walker on Black Culture 502(2)
Chicago in Dance and Song: Katherine Dunham and Billie Holiday 503(1)
Black Graphic Art 504(1)
Profile Billie Holiday 505(1)
Black Literature 506(2)
Richard Wright's Native Son 506(1)
James Baldwin Challenges Wright 507(1)
Ralph Ellison and Invisible Man 507(1)
African Americans in Sports 508(1)
Jesse Owens and Joe Louis 508(1)
Breaking the Color Barrier in Baseball 508(1)
Black Religious Culture 509(7)
The Nation of Islam 510(1)
Father Divine and the Peace Mission Movement 510(1)
Conclusion 511(1)
Recommended Reading 511(1)
Additional Bibliography 511(3)
Retracing the Odyssey 514(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 514(2)
The World War II Era and the Seeds of a Revolution 516(28)
On the Eve of War, 1936--1941 519(3)
African Americans and the Emerging World Crisis 519(1)
A. Philip Randolph and the March on Washington Movement 520(2)
Executive Order #8802 522(1)
Race and the U.S. Armed Forces 522(4)
Institutional Racism in the American Military 523(1)
The Costs of Military Discrimination 524(1)
Soldiers and Civilians Protest Military Discrimination 525(1)
Black Women in the Struggle to Desegregate the Military 525(1)
Voices William H. Hastie Resigns in Protest 526(2)
The Beginning of Military Desegregation 527(1)
Voices Separate but Equal Training for Black Army Nurses? 528(1)
The Tuskegee Airmen 528(1)
Profile Mabel K. Staupers 529(2)
The Transformation of Black Soldiers 530(1)
Black People on the Home Front 531(3)
Black Workers: From Farm to Factory 531(1)
The FEPC during the War 532(1)
Anatomy of a Race Riot: Detroit, 1943 532(1)
Old and New Protest Groups on the Home Front 533(1)
Profile Bayard Rustin 534(1)
The Transition to Peace 535(1)
The Cold War and International Politics 535(7)
African Americans in World Affairs: W. E. B. Du Bois and Ralph Bunche 536(1)
Anticommunism at Home 536(1)
Paul Robeson 536(1)
Henry Wallace and the 1948 Presidential Election 537(1)
Desegregating the Armed Forces 537(1)
Conclusion 538(1)
Recommended Reading 538(1)
Additional Bibliography 539(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 540(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 541(1)
Visualizing the Past African-American Soldiers in World War II 542(2)
The Black Revolution 544(126)
The Freedom Movement, 1954--1965 546(34)
The 1950s: Prosperity and Prejudice 548(1)
The Road to Brown 549(4)
Constance Baker Motley and Black Lawyers in the South 549(2)
Brown and the Coming Revolution 551(2)
Brown II 553(1)
Massive White Resistance 553(1)
The Lynching of Emmett Till 553(1)
Voices Letter of the Montgomery Women's Political Council to Mayor W.A. Gayle 554(1)
New Forms of Protest: The Montgomery Bus Boycott 555(2)
The Roots of Revolution 555(1)
Rosa Parks 556(1)
Montgomery Improvement Association 556(1)
Martin Luther King Jr. 556(1)
Profile Rosa Louise McCauley Parks 557(2)
Walking for Freedom 558(1)
Friends in the North 558(1)
Victory 559(1)
No Easy Road to Freedom: 1957--1960 559(1)
Martin Luther King and the SCLC 559(1)
Civil Rights Act of 1957 559(1)
Little Rock, Arkansas 560(1)
Black Youth Stand Up by Sitting Down 560(3)
Sit-Ins: Greensboro, Nashville, Atlanta 560(2)
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 562(1)
Freedom Rides 562(1)
A Sight to Be Seen: The Movement at High Tide 563(1)
The Election of 1960 563(1)
The Kennedy Administration and the Civil Rights Movement 563(1)
Profile Robert Parris Moses 564(1)
Voter Registration Projects 565(1)
The Albany Movement 565(1)
Voices Bernice Johnson Reagon on How to Raise a Freedom Song 566(1)
The Birmingham Confrontation 566(1)
A Hard Victory 567(5)
The March on Washington 567(2)
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 569(1)
Mississippi Freedom Summer 569(2)
The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 571(1)
Selma and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 571(1)
Profile Fannie Lou Hamer 572(8)
Conclusion 574(1)
Recommended Reading 575(1)
Additional Bibliography 575(2)
Retracing the Odyssey 577(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 578(2)
The Struggle Continues, 1965--1980 580(34)
The Fading Dream of Racial Integration: White Backlash and Black Nationalism 583(3)
Malcolm X 583(1)
Malcolm X's New Departure 584(1)
Stokely Carmichael and Black Power 584(1)
The National Council of Churches 585(1)
Voices The Black Panther Party Platform 586(1)
The Black Panther Party 587(2)
Police Repression and the FBI's Cointelpro 587(1)
Prisoners' Rights 588(1)
The Inner-City Rebellions 589(2)
Watts 589(1)
Newark 589(1)
Detroit 590(1)
The Kerner Commission 590(1)
Difficulties in Creating the Great Society 591(1)
Johnson and the War in Vietnam 592(1)
Black Americans and the Vietnam War 593(1)
Project 100,000 593(1)
Johnson: Vietnam Destroys the Great Society 593(1)
Voices They Called Each Other ``Bloods'' 594(1)
King: Searching for a New Strategy 595(1)
Profile Muhammad Ali 596(2)
King on the Vietnam War 597(1)
King's Murder 597(1)
The Black Arts Movement and Black Consciousness 598(3)
Poetry and Theater 599(1)
Music 600(1)
The Second Phase of the Black Student Movement 601(2)
The Orangeburg Massacre 601(1)
Black Studies 602(1)
The Election of 1968 603(1)
The Nixon Presidency 603(2)
The ``Moynihan Report'' and FAP 603(1)
Busing 604(1)
Nixon and the War 605(1)
Nixon's Downfall 605(1)
The Rise of Black Elected Officials 605(2)
The Gary Convention and the Black Political Agenda 606(1)
Black People Gain Local Offices 606(1)
Economic Downturn 607(1)
Black Americans and the Carter Presidency 607(1)
Profile Eleanor Holmes Norton 608(6)
Black Appointees 609(1)
Carter's Domestic Policies 609(1)
Conclusion 609(1)
Recommended Reading 610(1)
Additional Bibliography 611(2)
Retracing the Odyssey 613(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 613(1)
Black Politics, White Backlash, 1980 to the Present 614(28)
Ronald Reagan and the Conservative Reaction 617(3)
Dismantling the Great Society 617(1)
Black Conservatives 618(1)
The Thomas--Hill Controversy 618(1)
Debating the ``Old'' and the ``New'' Civil Rights 619(1)
Affirmative Action 620(1)
Voices Black Women in Defense of Themselves 620(3)
The Backlash 621(2)
Black Political Activism in the Age of Conservative Reaction 623(1)
The King Holiday 623(1)
TransAfrica and the Antiapartheid Movement 623(1)
Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow Coalition 624(2)
Policing the Black Community 626(2)
Human Rights in America 627(1)
Police Director Hubert Williams of Newark 628(1)
The Clinton Presidency 628(3)
``It's the Economy, Stupid!'' 629(1)
Clinton Signs the Welfare Reform Act 629(1)
Republicans Challenge Clinton 630(1)
Black Politics in the New Millennium: The Contested 2000 Presidential Election 631(1)
Gore v. Bush 631(1)
Profile Donna Brazile 631(1)
Voices Dr. Condoleezza Rice 632(1)
Republican Triumph 633(3)
President George W. Bush's Black Cabinet 633(1)
Education Reform: Leave No Child Behind 634(1)
Reparations 634(1)
HIV/AIDS in America and Africa 635(1)
September 11, 2001 635(1)
The War in Iraq 636(1)
The 2004 Presidential Election 636(6)
Conclusion 637(1)
Recommended Reading 638(1)
Additional Bibliography 638(2)
Retracing the Odyssey 640(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 640(2)
African Americans at the Dawn of a New Millennium 642(28)
Progress and Poverty: Income, Education, and Health 645(3)
High-Achieving African Americans 645(1)
African Americans' Growing Economic Security 645(1)
The Persistence of Black Poverty 646(1)
Racial Incarceration 647(1)
Education One-Half Century after Brown 647(1)
The Health Gap 648(1)
Voices E. Lynn Harris 648(1)
African Americans at the Center of Art and Culture 649(1)
Profile Oliver Harrington and Aaron McGruder 650(3)
The Hip-Hop Nation 652(1)
Origins of a New Music: A Generation Defines Itself 652(1)
Rap Music Goes Mainstream 652(1)
Profile Bob and Ziggy Marley 653(1)
Gansta Rap 654(1)
African-American Intellectuals 654(2)
Afrocentricity 655(1)
African-American Studies Matures 656(1)
Black Religion at the Dawn of the Millennium 656(3)
Black Christians on the Front Line 657(1)
Tensions in the Black Church 657(1)
Black Muslims 658(1)
Louis Farrakahn and the Nation of Islam 659(1)
Millennium Marches 660(1)
Complicating Black Identity in the Twenty-First Century 661(7)
Immigration and African Americans 662(1)
Black Feminism 663(1)
Gay and Lesbian African Americans 664(1)
Conclusion 665(1)
Recommended Reading 665(1)
Additional Bibliography 665(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 666(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 667(1)
Visualizing the Past Signs of Protest in the Struggle for Equality 668(2)
Epilogue: ``A Nation Within a Nation'' 670
Appendix 1(1)
Credits 1(1)
Index 1
Becoming African American 1(131)
Africa 2(24)
A Huge and Diverse Land 4(1)
The Birthplace of Humanity 4(2)
Ancient Civilizations and Old Arguments 6(4)
Egyptian Civilization 7(2)
Kush, Meroe, and Axum 9(1)
West Africa 10(2)
Ancient Ghana 10(1)
The Empire of Mali, 1230--1468 11(1)
Voices Al Bakri Describes Kumbi Saleh and Ghana's Royal Court 12(5)
The Empire of Songhai, 1464--1591 13(1)
The West African Forest Region 14(3)
Kongo and Angola 17(1)
Voices A Dutch Visitor Describes Benin City 18(1)
West African Society and Culture 18(1)
Families and Villages 18(1)
Profile Nzinga Mbemba of Kongo 19(7)
Women 20(1)
Class and Slavery 20(1)
Religion 21(1)
Art and Music 21(1)
Literature: Oral Histories, Poetry, and Tales 22(1)
Conclusion 23(1)
Recommended Reading 24(1)
Additional Bibliography 24(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 25(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 25(1)
Middle Passage 26(24)
The European Age of Exploration and Colonization 28(1)
The Slave Trade in Africa 29(1)
The Origins of the Atlantic Slave Trade 30(2)
Growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade 32(2)
The African-American Ordeal from Capture to Destination 34(3)
The Crossing 36(1)
The Slavers 36(1)
A Slave's Story 36(1)
Profile Olaudah Equiano 37(3)
A Captain's Story 38(1)
Provisions for the Middle Passage 39(1)
Sanitation, Disease, and Death 39(1)
Voices The Journal of a Dutch Slaver 40(1)
Profile Ayuba Sulieman Diallo 41(2)
Resistance and Revolt at Sea 42(1)
Cruelty 43(1)
African Women on Slave Ships 43(1)
Landing and Sale in the West Indies 43(1)
Seasoning 44(2)
The End of the Journey: Masters and Slaves in the Americas 46(1)
The Ending of the Atlantic Slave Trade 47(3)
Conclusion 48(1)
Recommended Reading 48(1)
Additional Bibliography 48(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 49(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 49(1)
Black People in Colonial North America, 1526--1763 50(28)
The Peoples of North America 53(3)
American Indians 53(1)
The Spanish Empire 54(1)
The British and Jamestown 54(1)
Africans Arrive in the Chesapeake 55(1)
Black Servitude in the Chesapeake 56(2)
Race and the Origins of Black Slavery 56(1)
The Emergence of Chattel Slavery 57(1)
Profile Anthony Johnson 58(1)
Bacon's Rebellion and American Slavery 59(1)
Plantation Slavery, 1700--1750 59(3)
Tobacco Colonies 59(1)
Low-Country Slavery 60(2)
Voices A Description of an Eighteenth-Century Virginia Plantation 62(1)
Slave Life in Early America 63(1)
Miscegenation and Creolization 63(1)
The Origins of African-American Culture 64(4)
The Great Awakening 65(2)
Language, Music, and Folk Literature 67(1)
The African-American Impact on Colonial Culture 67(1)
Slavery in the Northern Colonies 68(1)
Voices A Poem by Jupiter Hammon 68(1)
Slavery in Spanish Florida and French Louisiana 69(2)
African Americans in New Spain's Northern Borderlands 71(1)
Black Women in Colonial America 72(1)
Black Resistance and Rebellion 72(6)
Conclusion 74(1)
Recommended Reading 75(1)
Additional Bibliography 75(2)
Retracing the Odyssey 77(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 77(1)
Rising Expectations: African Americans and the Struggle for Independence, 1763--1783 78(24)
The Crisis of the British Empire 81(2)
Profile Crispus Attucks 83(1)
The Declaration of Independence and African Americans 84(2)
The Impact of the Enlightenment 84(1)
African Americans in the Revolutionary Debate 85(1)
Black Enlightenment 86(1)
Voices Boston's Slaves Link Their Freedom to American Liberty 86(2)
Phillis Wheatley 87(1)
Benjamin Banneker 87(1)
Voices Phillis Wheatley on Liberty and Natural Rights 88(1)
African Americans in the War for Independence 89(4)
Black Loyalists 89(2)
Black Patriots 91(2)
The Revolution and Emancipation 93(9)
The Revolutionary Impact 94(2)
The Revolutionary Promise 96(1)
Conclusion 97(1)
Recommended Reading 98(1)
Additional Bibliography 99(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 100(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 100(2)
African Americans in the New Nation, 1783--1820 102(30)
Forces for Freedom 105(3)
Northern Emancipation 105(2)
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 107(1)
Profile Elizabeth Freeman 108(3)
Antislavery Societies in the North and the Upper South 109(1)
Manumission and Self-Purchase 109(1)
The Emergence of a Free Black Class in the South 110(1)
Forces for Slavery 111(3)
The U.S. Constitution 111(1)
Cotton 112(1)
The Louisiana Purchase and African Americans in the Lower Mississippi Valley 112(1)
Conservatism and Racism 113(1)
The Emergence of Free Black Communities 114(2)
The Origins of Independent Black Churches 115(1)
Voices Richard Allen on the Break with St. George's Church 116(2)
The First Black Schools 117(1)
Voices Absalom Jones Petitions Congress on Behalf of Fugitives Facing Reenslavement 118(1)
Black Leaders and Choices 119(1)
Migration 119(1)
Profile James Forten 120(3)
Slave Uprisings 121(1)
The White Southern Reaction 122(1)
The War of 1812 123(1)
The Missouri Compromise 124(6)
Conclusion 126(1)
Recommended Reading 126(1)
Additional Bibliography 127(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 128(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 128(2)
Visualizing the Past The Voyage to Slavery 130(2)
Slavery, Abolition, and the Quest for Freedom: The Coming of the Civil War, 1793--1861 132(124)
Life in the Cotton Kingdom 134(26)
The Expansion of Slavery 136(1)
Profile Solomon Northup 137(2)
Slave Population Growth 138(1)
Ownership of Slaves in the Old South 139(1)
Slave Labor in Agriculture 139(4)
Tobacco 140(1)
Rice 141(1)
Sugar 141(1)
Cotton 141(2)
Other Crops 143(1)
House Servants and Skilled Slaves 143(1)
Urban and Industrial Slavery 144(2)
Punishment 146(1)
The Domestic Slave Trade 147(1)
Profile William Ellison 147(1)
Voices Frederick Douglass on the Readiness of Masters to Use the Whip 148(1)
Slave Families 149(1)
Voices A Slaveholder Describes a New Purchase 150(4)
Children 150(1)
Sexual Exploitation 151(1)
Diet 152(1)
Clothing 153(1)
Health 153(1)
The Socialization of Slaves 154(1)
Religion 154(1)
The Character of Slavery and Slaves 155(5)
Conclusion 157(1)
Recommended Reading 157(1)
Additional Bibliography 158(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 159(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 159(1)
Free Black People in Antebellum America 160(28)
Demographics of Freedom 162(2)
The Jacksonian Era 164(1)
Limited Freedom in the North 165(4)
Black Laws 166(1)
Disfranchisement 167(1)
Segregation 168(1)
Black Communities in the Urban North 169(3)
The Black Family 170(1)
The Struggle for Employment 170(1)
The Northern Black Elite 171(1)
Voices Maria W. Stewart on the Condition of Black Workers 172(2)
Black Professionals 172(1)
Artists and Musicians 173(1)
Black Authors 174(1)
African-American Institutions 174(2)
Black Churches 175(1)
Profile Stephen Smith and William Whipper 176(2)
Schools 177(1)
Voices The Constitution of the Pittsburgh African Education Society 178(1)
Voluntary Associations 179(1)
Free African Americans in the Upper South 179(3)
Free African Americans in the Deep South 182(6)
Free African Americans in the Trans-Mississippi West 183(1)
Conclusion 184(1)
Recommended Reading 184(1)
Additional Bibliography 185(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 186(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 186(2)
Opposition to Slavery, 1800--1833 188(20)
A Country in Turmoil 190(4)
Political Paranoia 191(2)
The Second Great Awakening 193(1)
The Benevolent Empire 194(1)
Abolitionism Begins in America 194(5)
From Gabriel to Demark Vesey 195(2)
The American Colonization Society 197(1)
Black Nationalism and Colonization 197(1)
Black Opposition to Colonization 198(1)
Black Abolitionist Women 199(1)
Profile Maria Stewart 199(1)
Voices A Black Woman Speaks Out on the Right to Education 200(1)
The Baltimore Alliance 201(1)
David Walker's Appeal 201(1)
Voices William Watkins Opposes Colonization 202(1)
Nat Turner 202(1)
Profile David Walker 203(5)
Conclusion 204(1)
Recommended Reading 205(1)
Additional Bibliography 205(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 206(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 207(1)
Let Your Motto Be Resistance, 1833--1850 208(22)
A Rising Tide of Racism and Violence 210(2)
Antiblack and Anti-abolitionist Riots 211(1)
Texas and the War against Mexico 211(1)
The Response of the Antislavery Movement 212(1)
The American-Anti-Slavery Society 213(1)
Profile Henry Highland Garnet 213(3)
Black and Women's Antislavery Societies 215(1)
The Black Convention Movement 215(1)
Profile Sojourner Truth 216(1)
Black Community Institutions 216(2)
Black Churches in the Antislavery Cause 217(1)
Black Newspapers 217(1)
Moral Suasion 218(1)
Voices Frederick Douglass Describes an Awkward Situation 218(1)
The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society and the Liberty Party 219(1)
A More Aggressive Abolitionism 220(3)
The Amistad and the Creole 220(1)
The Underground Railroad 221(1)
Canada West 222(1)
Black Militancy 223(1)
Voices Martin R. Delany Describes His Vision of a Black Nation 224(1)
Frederick Douglass 224(1)
Black Nationalism 225(5)
Conclusion 226(1)
Recommended Reading 226(1)
Additional Bibliography 227(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 228(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 228(2)
``And Black People Were at the Heart of It'': The United States Disunites over Slavery 230(26)
The Lure of the West 232(4)
Free Labor versus Slave Labor 233(1)
The Wilmot Proviso 233(1)
California and the Compromise of 1850 233(1)
Fugitive Slave Laws 234(2)
Voices African Americans Respond to the Fugitive Slave Law 236(1)
Fugitive Slaves 236(2)
William and Ellen Craft 237(1)
Shadrach 237(1)
The Battle at Christiana 237(1)
Profile Thomas Sims, a Fugitive Slave 238(1)
Anthony Burns 238(1)
Margaret Garner 239(1)
The Rochester Convention, 1853 239(1)
Nativism and the Know-Nothings 240(1)
Uncle Tom's Cabin 240(1)
The Kansas-Nebraska Act 241(1)
Preston Brooks Attacks Charles Sumner 241(2)
The Dred Scott Decision 243(2)
Questions for the Court 243(1)
Reaction to the Dred Scott Decision 244(1)
White Northerners and Black Americans 244(1)
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates 245(1)
Abraham Lincoln and Black People 245(1)
Profile Martin Delany 246(1)
John Brown and the Raid on Harpers Ferry 247(1)
Planning the Raid 247(1)
The Raid 247(1)
The Reaction 248(1)
The Election of Abraham Lincoln 248(1)
Black People Respond to Lincoln's Election 249(1)
Disunion 249(5)
Conclusion 250(1)
Recommended Reading 251(1)
Additional Bibliography 251(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 252(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 252(2)
Visualizing the Past Speaking Out Against Slavery 254(2)
The Civil War, Emancipation, and Black Reconstruction: The Second American Revolution 256(80)
Liberation: African Americans and the Civil War 258(30)
Lincoln's Aims 261(1)
Black Men Volunteer and Are Rejected 261(1)
Union Policies toward Confederate Slaves 261(4)
``Contraband'' 262(1)
Lincoln's Initial Position 262(1)
Lincoln Moves Toward Emancipation 263(1)
Lincoln Delays Emancipation 263(1)
Black People Reject Colonization 264(1)
The Emancipation Proclamation 265(4)
Limits of the Proclamation 266(1)
Effects of the Proclamation on the South 267(2)
Profile Elizabeth Keckley 269(1)
Black Men Fight for the Union 269(5)
The First South Carolina Volunteers 270(1)
The Second South Carolina Volunteers 271(1)
The 54th Massachusetts Regiment 271(1)
Black Soldiers Confront Discrimination 271(2)
Black Men in Combat 273(1)
The Assault on Battery Wagner 273(1)
Voices Lewis Douglass Describes the Fighting at Battery Wagner 274(1)
Olustee 275(1)
The Crater 275(1)
The Confederate Reaction to Black Soldiers 275(2)
The Abuse and Murder of Black Troops 275(1)
The Fort Pillow Massacre 276(1)
Black Men in the Union Navy 277(1)
Liberators, Spies, and Guides 277(1)
Profile Harriet Tubman 278(1)
Violent Opposition to the Black People 279(1)
The New York City Draft Riot 279(1)
Union Troops and Slaves 279(1)
Refugees 279(1)
Black People and the Confederacy 280(8)
The Impressment of Black People 280(1)
Confederates Enslave Free Black People 280(1)
Black Confederates 281(1)
Personal Servants 281(1)
Black Men Fighting for the South 281(1)
Black Opposition to the Confederacy 282(1)
The Confederate Debate on Black Troops 282(2)
Conclusion 284(1)
Recommended Reading 284(1)
Additional Bibliography 285(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 286(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 286(2)
The Meaning of Freedom: The Promise of Reconstruction, 1865--1868 288(24)
The End of Slavery 290(2)
Differing Reactions of Former Slaves 291(1)
Reuniting Black Families 291(1)
Land 292(1)
Special Field Order #15 292(1)
The Port Royal Experiment 292(1)
The Freedmen's Bureau 293(1)
Voices A Freedmen's Bureau Commissioner Tells Freed People What Freedom Means 294(1)
Southern Homestead Act 294(1)
Sharecropping 295(1)
The Black Church 295(3)
Education 298(1)
Black Teachers 298(1)
Black Colleges 299(1)
Response of White Southerners 299(1)
Violence 299(1)
Voices A Northern Black Woman on Teaching Freedmen 300(1)
Profile Charlotte E. Ray 301(1)
The Crusade for Political and Civil Rights 302(1)
Presidential Reconstruction under Andrew Johnson 302(1)
Profile Aaron A. Bradley 303(1)
Black Codes 304(1)
Black Conventions 304(1)
The Radical Republicans 304(2)
Radical Proposals 305(1)
The Freedmen's Bureau Bill and the Civil Rights Bill 305(1)
Johnson's Vetoes 306(1)
The Fourteenth Amendment 306(1)
Radical Reconstruction 306(2)
Universal Manhood Suffrage 307(1)
Black Politics 307(1)
Sit-Ins and Strikes 307(1)
The Reaction of White Southerners 308(4)
Conclusion 308(1)
Recommended Reading 309(1)
Additional Bibliography 309(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 310(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 310(2)
The Meaning of Freedom: The Failure of Reconstruction 312(24)
Constitutional Conventions 314(2)
Elections 315(1)
Black Political Leaders 315(1)
The Issues 316(1)
Education and Social Welfare 316(1)
Civil Rights 317(1)
Economic Issues 317(1)
Profile The Gibbs Brothers 318(1)
Land 319(1)
Business and Industry 319(1)
Black Politicians: An Evaluation 319(1)
Republican Factionalism 319(1)
Profile The Rollin Sisters 320(1)
Opposition 321(1)
The Ku Klux Klan 321(2)
The West 323(1)
The Fifteenth Amendment 323(1)
Voices An Appeal For Help Against the Klan 324(1)
The Enforcement Acts 324(1)
The North Loses Interest 325(1)
Voices Black Leaders Support the Passage of a Civil Rights Act 326(1)
The Freemen's Bank 326(1)
The Civil Rights Act of 1875 327(1)
The End of Reconstruction 327(7)
Violent Redemption 328(1)
The Shotgun Policy 328(1)
The Hamburg Massacre 329(1)
The ``Compromise'' of 1877 330(1)
Conclusion 330(1)
Recommended Reading 331(1)
Additional Bibliography 332(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 333(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 333(1)
Visualizing the Past Higher Education for African Americans Begins 334(2)
Searching for Safe Spaces 336(122)
White Supremacy Triumphant: African Americans in the South in the Late Nineteenth Century 338(26)
Politics 341(3)
Black Congressmen 342(1)
Democrats and Farmer Discontent 342(1)
The Colored Farmers' Alliance 343(1)
The Populist Party 343(1)
Disfranchisement 344(2)
Evading the Fifteenth Amendment 345(1)
Mississippi 345(1)
South Carolina 345(1)
The Grandfather Clause 346(1)
Segregation 346(2)
Jim Crow 346(1)
Segregation on the Railroads 347(1)
Plessy v. Ferguson 347(1)
Voices Majority and Dissenting Opinions on Plessy v. Ferguson 348(1)
Streetcar Segregation 348(1)
Segregation Proliferates 349(1)
Racial Etiquette 349(1)
Violence 350(2)
Washington County, Texas 350(1)
The Phoenix Riot 350(1)
The Wilmington Riot 350(1)
The New Orleans Riot 350(1)
Lynching 351(1)
Rape 352(1)
Migration 352(1)
Profile Ida Wells Barnett 353(3)
The Liberian Exodus 354(1)
The Exodusters 354(1)
Migration within the South 355(1)
Black Farm Families 356(2)
Sharecroppers 356(1)
Renters 356(1)
Crop Liens 357(1)
Peonage 357(1)
Black Landowners 357(1)
White Resentment of Black Success 357(1)
Voices Cash and Debt for the Black Cotton Farmer 358(1)
African Americans and Southern Courts 358(1)
Segregated Justice 358(1)
Profile Johnson C. Whittaker 359(5)
The Convict Lease System 361(1)
Conclusion 361(1)
Recommended Reading 362(1)
Additional Bibliography 362(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 363(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 363(1)
Black Southerners Challenge White Supremacy 364(30)
Social Darwinism 366(1)
Education and Schools 367(3)
Segregated Schools 368(1)
The Hampton Model 368(1)
Washington and the Tuskegee Model 369(1)
Voices Thomas E. Miller and the Mission of the Black Land-Grant College 370(1)
Critics of the Tuskegee Model 370(1)
Church and Religion 371(3)
The Church as Solace and Escape 372(1)
The Holiness Movement and the Pentecostal Church 373(1)
Roman Catholics and Episcopalians 373(1)
Profile Henry McNeal Turner 374(1)
Red versus Black: The Buffalo Soldiers 375(3)
Discrimination in the Army 376(1)
The Buffalo Soldiers in Combat 376(1)
Civilian Hostility to Black Soldiers 377(1)
Brownsville 377(1)
African Americans in the Navy 378(1)
The Black Cowboys 378(1)
The Spanish-American War 378(2)
Voices Black Men in Battle in Cuba 380(1)
Black Officers 380(1)
A Splendid Little War 381(1)
After the War 381(1)
The Philippine Insurrection 381(1)
Would Black Men Fight Brown Men? 381(1)
Black Businesspeople and Entrepreneurs 382(1)
Profile Maggie Lena Walker 383(1)
African Americans and Labor 384(1)
Unions 384(1)
Strikes 384(1)
Black Professionals 385(2)
Medicine 385(1)
The Law 386(1)
Music 387(1)
Ragtime 387(1)
Jazz 387(1)
The Blues 388(1)
Sports 388(6)
Jack Johnson 388(1)
Baseball 389(1)
Basketball and Other Sports 389(1)
College Athletics 390(1)
Conclusion 390(1)
Recommended Reading 391(1)
Additional Bibliography 392(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 393(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 393(1)
Conciliation, Agitation, and Migration: African Americans in the Early Twentieth Century 394(36)
Race and the Progressive Movement 397(1)
Booker T. Washington's Approach 397(2)
Washington's Influence 398(1)
The Tuskegee Machine 398(1)
Opposition to Washington 399(1)
Voices W. E. B. Du Bois on Being Black in America 400(1)
W.E.B. Du Bois 400(2)
The Souls of Black Folk 401(1)
The Talented Tenth 401(1)
The Niagara Movement 402(1)
NAACP 402(2)
Using the System 403(1)
Du Bois and The Crisis 403(1)
Washington versus the NAACP 403(1)
The Urban League 404(1)
Black Women and the Club Movement 404(2)
The NACW: ``Lifting as We Climb'' 405(1)
Phillis Wheatley Clubs 405(1)
Anna Julia Cooper and Black Feminism 405(1)
Women's Suffrage 405(1)
Profile Mary Church Terrell 406(1)
The Black Elite 407(1)
The American Negro Academy 407(1)
The Upper Class 407(1)
Profile Lewis Latimer, Black Inventor 408(1)
Fraternities and Sororities 409(1)
Presidential Politics 409(1)
Frustrated by the Republicans 409(1)
Woodrow Wilson 409(1)
Black Men and the Military in World War I 409(1)
Profile George Washington Carver and Ernest Everett Just 410(4)
The Punitive Expedition to Mexico 411(1)
World War I 411(1)
Black Troops and Officers 412(1)
Discrimination and Its Effects 412(1)
Du Bois's Disappointment 413(1)
Race Riots 414(5)
Atlanta 1906 415(1)
Springfield 1908 415(1)
East St. Louis 1917 416(1)
Houston 1917 417(1)
Chicago 1919 417(1)
Elaine 1919 417(1)
Tulsa 1921 418(1)
Rosewood 1923 418(1)
The Great Migration 419(1)
Why Migrate? 419(1)
Voices A Migrant to the North Writes Home 420(2)
Destinations 421(1)
Migration from the Caribbean 422(1)
Northern Communities 422(3)
Chicago 422(1)
Harlem 423(2)
Families 425(5)
Conclusion 425(1)
Recommended Reading 426(1)
Additional Bibliography 426(2)
Retracing the Odyssey 428(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 429(1)
African Americans and the 1920s 430(28)
Strikes and the Red Scare 433(1)
Varieties of Racism 433(2)
Scientific Racism 433(1)
The Birth of a Nation 434(1)
The Ku Klux Klan 434(1)
Protest, Pride, and Pan-Africanism: Black Organizations in the 1920s 435(1)
The NAACP 435(1)
Voices The Negro National Anthem: Lift Every Voice and Sing 436(1)
``Up You Mighty Race'': Marcus Garvey and the UNIA 436(1)
Profile James Weldon Johnson 437(3)
Voices Marcus Garvey Appeals for a New African Nation 440(1)
Pan-Africanism 440(1)
Labor 441(3)
The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 442(1)
A. Philip Randolph 443(1)
The Harlem Renaissance 444(4)
Before Harlem 444(1)
Writers and Artists 445(2)
White People and the Harlem Renaissance 447(1)
Harlem and the Jazz Age 448(2)
Song, Dance, and Stage 449(1)
Profile Bessie Smith 450(1)
Sports 451(5)
Rube Foster 451(2)
College Sports 453(1)
Conclusion 453(1)
Recommended Reading 454(1)
Additional Bibliography 454(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 455(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 455(1)
Visualizing the Past Going Back to Africa 456(2)
The Great Depression and World War II 458(86)
Black Protest, the Great Depression, and the New Deal 460(28)
The Cataclysm, 1929--1933 462(5)
Harder Times for Black America 463(1)
Black Businesses in the Depression: Collapse and Survival 464(2)
The Failure of Relief 466(1)
Black Protest during the Great Depression 467(3)
The NAACP and Civil Rights Struggles 467(1)
Du Bois Ignites a Controversy 467(1)
Challenging Racial Discrimination in the Courts 468(1)
Black Women and Community Organizing 469(1)
African Americans and the New Deal 470(4)
Roosevelt and the First New Deal, 1933--1935 471(1)
Black Officials in the New Deal 472(1)
Black Social Scientists and the New Deal 473(1)
Voices A Black Sharecropper Details Abuse in the Administration of Agricultural Relief 474(2)
African Americans and the Second New Deal 475(1)
Profile Mary McLeod Bethune 476(2)
Organized Labor and Black America 478(1)
The Communist Party and African Americans 478(2)
The International Labor Defense and the ``Scottsboro Boys'' 479(1)
Profile Angelo Herndon 480(2)
Debating Communist Leadership 481(1)
The National Negro Congress 481(1)
Voices Hoboing in Alabama 482(1)
The Tuskegee Study 483(5)
Conclusion 483(1)
Recommended Reading 483(1)
Additional Bibliography 484(2)
Retracing the Odyssey 486(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 486(2)
Meanings of Freedom: Culture and Society in the 1930s and 1940s 488(28)
Black Culture in a Midwestern City 491(1)
The Black Culture Industry and American Racism 491(1)
The Music Culture from Swing to Bebop 492(1)
Profile Charlie Parker 493(2)
Popular Culture for the Masses: Comic Strips, Radio, and Movies 495(3)
The Comics 495(1)
Radio and Race 495(1)
Race, Representation, and the Movies 496(2)
The Black Chicago Renaissance 498(2)
Profile Langston Hughes 500(2)
Jazz in Chicago 501(1)
Gospel in Chicago: Thomas Dorsey 501(1)
Voices Margaret Walker on Black Culture 502(2)
Chicago in Dance and Song: Katherine Dunham and Billie Holiday 503(1)
Black Graphic Art 504(1)
Profile Billie Holiday 505(1)
Black Literature 506(2)
Richard Wright's Native Son 506(1)
James Baldwin Challenges Wright 507(1)
Ralph Ellison and Invisible Man 507(1)
African Americans in Sports 508(1)
Jesse Owens and Joe Louis 508(1)
Breaking the Color Barrier in Baseball 508(1)
Black Religious Culture 509(7)
The Nation of Islam 510(1)
Father Divine and the Peace Mission Movement 510(1)
Conclusion 511(1)
Recommended Reading 511(1)
Additional Bibliography 511(3)
Retracing the Odyssey 514(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 514(2)
The World War II Era and the Seeds of a Revolution 516(28)
On the Eve of War, 1936--1941 519(3)
African Americans and the Emerging World Crisis 519(1)
A. Philip Randolph and the March on Washington Movement 520(2)
Executive Order #8802 522(1)
Race and the U.S. Armed Forces 522(4)
Institutional Racism in the American Military 523(1)
The Costs of Military Discrimination 524(1)
Soldiers and Civilians Protest Military Discrimination 525(1)
Black Women in the Struggle to Desegregate the Military 525(1)
Voices William H. Hastie Resigns in Protest 526(2)
The Beginning of Military Desegregation 527(1)
Voices Separate but Equal Training for Black Army Nurses? 528(1)
The Tuskegee Airmen 528(1)
Profile Mabel K. Staupers 529(2)
The Transformation of Black Soldiers 530(1)
Black People on the Home Front 531(3)
Black Workers: From Farm to Factory 531(1)
The FEPC during the War 532(1)
Anatomy of a Race Riot: Detroit, 1943 532(1)
Old and New Protest Groups on the Home Front 533(1)
Profile Bayard Rustin 534(1)
The Transition to Peace 535(1)
The Cold War and International Politics 535(7)
African Americans in World Affairs: W. E. B. Du Bois and Ralph Bunche 536(1)
Anticommunism at Home 536(1)
Paul Robeson 536(1)
Henry Wallace and the 1948 Presidential Election 537(1)
Desegregating the Armed Forces 537(1)
Conclusion 538(1)
Recommended Reading 538(1)
Additional Bibliography 539(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 540(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 541(1)
Visualizing the Past African-American Soldiers in World War II 542(2)
The Black Revolution 544(126)
The Freedom Movement, 1954--1965 546(34)
The 1950s: Prosperity and Prejudice 548(1)
The Road to Brown 549(4)
Constance Baker Motley and Black Lawyers in the South 549(2)
Brown and the Coming Revolution 551(2)
Brown II 553(1)
Massive White Resistance 553(1)
The Lynching of Emmett Till 553(1)
Voices Letter of the Montgomery Women's Political Council to Mayor W.A. Gayle 554(1)
New Forms of Protest: The Montgomery Bus Boycott 555(2)
The Roots of Revolution 555(1)
Rosa Parks 556(1)
Montgomery Improvement Association 556(1)
Martin Luther King Jr. 556(1)
Profile Rosa Louise McCauley Parks 557(2)
Walking for Freedom 558(1)
Friends in the North 558(1)
Victory 559(1)
No Easy Road to Freedom: 1957--1960 559(1)
Martin Luther King and the SCLC 559(1)
Civil Rights Act of 1957 559(1)
Little Rock, Arkansas 560(1)
Black Youth Stand Up by Sitting Down 560(3)
Sit-Ins: Greensboro, Nashville, Atlanta 560(2)
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 562(1)
Freedom Rides 562(1)
A Sight to Be Seen: The Movement at High Tide 563(1)
The Election of 1960 563(1)
The Kennedy Administration and the Civil Rights Movement 563(1)
Profile Robert Parris Moses 564(1)
Voter Registration Projects 565(1)
The Albany Movement 565(1)
Voices Bernice Johnson Reagon on How to Raise a Freedom Song 566(1)
The Birmingham Confrontation 566(1)
A Hard Victory 567(5)
The March on Washington 567(2)
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 569(1)
Mississippi Freedom Summer 569(2)
The Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party 571(1)
Selma and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 571(1)
Profile Fannie Lou Hamer 572(8)
Conclusion 574(1)
Recommended Reading 575(1)
Additional Bibliography 575(2)
Retracing the Odyssey 577(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 578(2)
The Struggle Continues, 1965--1980 580(34)
The Fading Dream of Racial Integration: White Backlash and Black Nationalism 583(3)
Malcolm X 583(1)
Malcolm X's New Departure 584(1)
Stokely Carmichael and Black Power 584(1)
The National Council of Churches 585(1)
Voices The Black Panther Party Platform 586(1)
The Black Panther Party 587(2)
Police Repression and the FBI's Cointelpro 587(1)
Prisoners' Rights 588(1)
The Inner-City Rebellions 589(2)
Watts 589(1)
Newark 589(1)
Detroit 590(1)
The Kerner Commission 590(1)
Difficulties in Creating the Great Society 591(1)
Johnson and the War in Vietnam 592(1)
Black Americans and the Vietnam War 593(1)
Project 100,000 593(1)
Johnson: Vietnam Destroys the Great Society 593(1)
Voices They Called Each Other ``Bloods'' 594(1)
King: Searching for a New Strategy 595(1)
Profile Muhammad Ali 596(2)
King on the Vietnam War 597(1)
King's Murder 597(1)
The Black Arts Movement and Black Consciousness 598(3)
Poetry and Theater 599(1)
Music 600(1)
The Second Phase of the Black Student Movement 601(2)
The Orangeburg Massacre 601(1)
Black Studies 602(1)
The Election of 1968 603(1)
The Nixon Presidency 603(2)
The ``Moynihan Report'' and FAP 603(1)
Busing 604(1)
Nixon and the War 605(1)
Nixon's Downfall 605(1)
The Rise of Black Elected Officials 605(2)
The Gary Convention and the Black Political Agenda 606(1)
Black People Gain Local Offices 606(1)
Economic Downturn 607(1)
Black Americans and the Carter Presidency 607(1)
Profile Eleanor Holmes Norton 608(6)
Black Appointees 609(1)
Carter's Domestic Policies 609(1)
Conclusion 609(1)
Recommended Reading 610(1)
Additional Bibliography 611(2)
Retracing the Odyssey 613(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 613(1)
Black Politics, White Backlash, 1980 to the Present 614(28)
Ronald Reagan and the Conservative Reaction 617(3)
Dismantling the Great Society 617(1)
Black Conservatives 618(1)
The Thomas--Hill Controversy 618(1)
Debating the ``Old'' and the ``New'' Civil Rights 619(1)
Affirmative Action 620(1)
Voices Black Women in Defense of Themselves 620(3)
The Backlash 621(2)
Black Political Activism in the Age of Conservative Reaction 623(1)
The King Holiday 623(1)
TransAfrica and the Antiapartheid Movement 623(1)
Jesse Jackson and the Rainbow Coalition 624(2)
Policing the Black Community 626(2)
Human Rights in America 627(1)
Police Director Hubert Williams of Newark 628(1)
The Clinton Presidency 628(3)
``It's the Economy, Stupid!'' 629(1)
Clinton Signs the Welfare Reform Act 629(1)
Republicans Challenge Clinton 630(1)
Black Politics in the New Millennium: The Contested 2000 Presidential Election 631(1)
Gore v. Bush 631(1)
Profile Donna Brazile 631(1)
Voices Dr. Condoleezza Rice 632(1)
Republican Triumph 633(3)
President George W. Bush's Black Cabinet 633(1)
Education Reform: Leave No Child Behind 634(1)
Reparations 634(1)
HIV/AIDS in America and Africa 635(1)
September 11, 2001 635(1)
The War in Iraq 636(1)
The 2004 Presidential Election 636(6)
Conclusion 637(1)
Recommended Reading 638(1)
Additional Bibliography 638(2)
Retracing the Odyssey 640(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 640(2)
African Americans at the Dawn of a New Millennium 642(28)
Progress and Poverty: Income, Education, and Health 645(3)
High-Achieving African Americans 645(1)
African Americans' Growing Economic Security 645(1)
The Persistence of Black Poverty 646(1)
Racial Incarceration 647(1)
Education One-Half Century after Brown 647(1)
The Health Gap 648(1)
Voices E. Lynn Harris 648(1)
African Americans at the Center of Art and Culture 649(1)
Profile Oliver Harrington and Aaron McGruder 650(3)
The Hip-Hop Nation 652(1)
Origins of a New Music: A Generation Defines Itself 652(1)
Rap Music Goes Mainstream 652(1)
Profile Bob and Ziggy Marley 653(1)
Gansta Rap 654(1)
African-American Intellectuals 654(2)
Afrocentricity 655(1)
African-American Studies Matures 656(1)
Black Religion at the Dawn of the Millennium 656(3)
Black Christians on the Front Line 657(1)
Tensions in the Black Church 657(1)
Black Muslims 658(1)
Louis Farrakahn and the Nation of Islam 659(1)
Millennium Marches 660(1)
Complicating Black Identity in the Twenty-First Century 661(7)
Immigration and African Americans 662(1)
Black Feminism 663(1)
Gay and Lesbian African Americans 664(1)
Conclusion 665(1)
Recommended Reading 665(1)
Additional Bibliography 665(1)
Retracing the Odyssey 666(1)
Review, Research, & Interact 667(1)
Visualizing the Past Signs of Protest in the Struggle for Equality 668(2)
Epilogue: ``A Nation Within a Nation'' 670
Appendix 1(1)
Credits 1(1)
Index 1
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