简介
Laurence Belfiore’s unique treatment meshes two mainstream subject areas in chemical engineering: transport phenomena and chemical reactor design. Expressly intended as an extension of Bird, Stewart, and Lightfoot’s classic Transport Phenomena, and Froment and Bischoff’s Chemical Reactor Analysis and Design, Second Edition, Belfiore’s unprecedented text explores the synthesis of these two disciplines in a manner the upper undergraduate or graduate reader can readily grasp.
Transport Phenomena for Chemical Reactor Design approaches the design of chemical reactors from microscopic heat and mass transfer principles. It includes simultaneous consideration of kinetics and heat transfer, both critical to the performance of real chemical reactors. Complementary topics in transport phenomena and thermodynamics that provide support for chemical reactor analysis are covered, including:
Fluid dynamics in the creeping and potential flow regimes around solid spheres and gas bubbles
The corresponding mass transfer problems that employ velocity profiles, derived in the book’s fluid dynamics chapter, to calculate interphase heat and mass transfer coefficients
Heat capacities of ideal gases via statistical thermodynamics to calculate Prandtl numbers
Thermodynamic stability criteria for homogeneous mixtures that reveal that binary molecular diffusion coefficients must be positive
In addition to its comprehensive treatment, the text also contains 484 problems and ninety-six detailed solutions to assist in the exploration of the subject. Graduate and advanced undergraduate chemical engineering students, professors, and researchers will appreciate the vision, innovation, and practical application of Laurence Belfiore’s Transport Phenomena for Chemical Reactor Design.
目录
Preface p. xix
Elementary Topics in Chemical Reactor Design p. 1
Multiple Chemical Reactions in Plug Flow Tubular Reactors and Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors p. 3
Gas-Phase Plug-Flow Tubular Reactors That Produce Triethanolamine from Ethylene Oxide and Ammonia p. 3
Multiple Chemical Reactions in a Liquid-Phase CSTR p. 11
Multiple Chemical Reactions in a CSTR Train p. 19
Problems p. 26
Start Up Behavior of a Series Configuration of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors p. 33
Analysis of Multiple Reactions in Two CSTRs: Illustrative Problem p. 34
Analysis of a Train of Five CSTRs: Illustrative Problem p. 38
Problems p. 46
Adiabatic Plug-Flow Tubular Reactor That Produces Methanol Reversibly in the Gas Phase from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen p. 47
Temperature-Averaged Specific Heats p. 48
Conversion Dependence of Mass Fraction and Heat Capacity of the Mixture p. 50
Plug-Flow Mass Balance in Terms of CO Conversion p. 51
Thermal Energy Balance for a Differential Reactor p. 52
Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Mixtures p. 53
Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer p. 55
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Elementary Reversible Reactions in the Gas Phase p. 56
Integration of the Nonisothermal PFR Design Equation p. 60
Problems p. 62
Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in Nonisothermal Liquid-Phase Tubular Reactors with Strongly Exothermic Chemical Reactions p. 65
Strategies to Control Thermal Runaway p. 65
Parametric Sensitivity Analysis p. 83
Endothermic Reactions in a Cocurrent Cooling Fluid p. 87
Countercurrent Cooling in Tubular Reactors with Exothermic Chemical Reactions p. 95
Manipulating the Inlet/Outlet Temperature of a Countercurrent Cooling Fluid: Multiple Stationary-State Behavior in Exothermic PFRs p. 97
Problems p. 104
Multiple Stationary States in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors p. 105
Mass Balance p. 106
Chemical Kinetics p. 106
Thermal Energy Balance p. 107
Multiple Stationary States p. 110
Endothermic Chemical Reactions p. 115
Problems p. 117
Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction in Batch Reactors p. 123
Isothermal Analysis of Experimental Rate Data p. 123
Formalism for Multiple Reactions p. 129
Adiabatic Operation p. 130
Nonisothermal Analysis of a Constant-Volume Batch Reactor p. 131
Problems p. 136
Total Pressure Method of Reaction-Rate Data Analysis p. 139
Elementary Reversible Gas-Phase Reactions in a Constant-Volume Flask p. 139
Generalized Linear Least-Squares Analysis for a Second-Order Polynomial with One Independent Variable p. 142
Problems p. 145
Transport Phenomena: Fundamentals and Applications p. 153
Applications of the Equations of Change in Fluid Dynamics p. 155
Important Variables p. 155
Physical Properties in Fluid Dynamics p. 156
Fundamental Balance in Momentum Transport p. 158
Equation of Motion p. 167
Exact Differentials p. 173
Low-Reynolds-Number Hydrodynamics p. 175
Potential Flow Theory p. 205
Problems p. 222
Derivation of the Mass Transfer Equation p. 253
Accumulation Rate Process p. 253
Rate Processes Due to Mass Flux Across the Surface That Bounds the Control Volume p. 254
Rate Processes Due to Multiple Chemical Reactions p. 255
Constructing Integral and Microscopic Descriptions of the Mass Transfer Equation p. 256
Diffusional Fluxes in Multicomponent Mixtures p. 257
Diffusional Fluxes and Linear Transport Laws in Binary and Pseudo-Binary Mixtures p. 260
Simplification of the Mass Transfer Equation for Pseudo-Binary Incompressible Mixtures with Constant Physical Properties p. 261
Dimensional Analysis of the Mass Transfer Equation p. 265
Dimensional Scaling Factors for the Mass Transfer Rate Processes p. 265
Dimensionless Form of the Generalized Mass Transfer Equation with Unsteady-State Convection, Diffusion, and Chemical Reaction p. 266
Functional Dependence of the Molar Density of Species i Via Dimensional Analysis p. 269
Maximum Number of Dimensionless Groups That Can Be Calculated for a Generic Mass Transfer Problem p. 271
Problems p. 272
Laminar Boundary Layer Mass Transfer around Solid Spheres, Gas Bubbles, and Other Submerged Objects p. 275
Boundary Layer Mass Transfer Analysis p. 275
Tangential Velocity Component v[subscript theta] Within the Mass Transfer Boundary Layer p. 284
Boundary Layer Solution of the Mass Transfer Equation p. 287
Interphase Mass Transfer at the Solid-Liquid Interface p. 298
Laminar Boundary Layer Mass Transfer Across a Spherical Gas-Liquid Interface p. 303
Boundary Layer Solution of the Mass Transfer Equation Around a Gas Bubble p. 306
Interphase Mass Transfer at the Gas-Liquid Interface p. 313
Problems p. 328
Dimensional Analysis of the Equations of Change for Fluid Dynamics Within the Mass Transfer Boundary Layer p. 361
Generalized Dimensionless Form of the Equation of Motion for Incompressible Fluids Undergoing Laminar Flow p. 362
Incompressible Newtonian Fluids in the Creeping Flow Regime p. 362
Locally Flat Momentum Boundary Layer Problem for Laminar Flow Around Solid Spheres p. 363
Renormalization of the Dimensionless Variables Reveals Explicit Dependence of g* on Re p. 365
Diffusion and Chemical Reaction Across Spherical Gas-Liquid Interfaces p. 369
Molar Density Profile p. 369
Molar Flux Analysis p. 372
Kinetics and Elementary Surface Science p. 381
Kinetic Mechanisms and Rate Expressions for Heterogeneous Surface-Catalyzed Chemical Reactions p. 383
Converting Reactants to Products p. 383
Isotherms p. 384
Single-Site Adsorption of Each Component in a Multicomponent Mixture p. 392
Dual-Site Adsorption of Submolecular Fragments p. 394
Summary of Adsorption Isotherms for Pure Gases p. 397
Hougen-Watson Kinetic Models p. 399
Pressure Dependence of the Kinetic Rate Constant Via Elements of Transition State Theory p. 420
Interpretation of Heterogeneous Kinetic Rate Data Via Hougen-Watson Models p. 424
Problems p. 428
Mass Transfer and Chemical Reaction in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 447
Diffusion and Heterogeneous Chemical Reaction in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 449
Complex Problem Descriptions Without Invoking Any Assumptions p. 449
Diffusion and Pseudo-Homogeneous Chemical Reactions in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 452
Pseudo-First-Order Kinetic Rate Expressions That Can Replace Hougen-Watson Models and Generate Linearized Ordinary Differential Equations for the Mass Balance p. 453
Diffusion and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 458
Problem p. 459
Complete Analytical Solutions for Diffusion and Zeroth-Order Chemical Reactions in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 461
Catalytic Pellets with Rectangular Symmetry p. 461
Long, Cylindrically Shaped Catalysts p. 464
Spherical Pellets p. 466
Redefining the Intrapellet Damkohler Number So That Its Critical Value Might Be the Same for All Pellet Geometries p. 468
Problems p. 470
Complete Analytical Solutions for Diffusion and First-Order Chemical Reactions in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 473
Catalytic Pellets with Rectangular Symmetry p. 473
Long, Cylindrically Shaped Catalysts p. 475
Spherical Pellets p. 476
Problems p. 480
Numerical Solutions for Diffusion and nth-Order Chemical Reactions in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 483
Kinetic Rate Law and Diffusional Flux p. 483
Mass Transfer Equation in Three Coordinate Systems p. 484
Numerical Results for Second-Order Irreversible Chemical Kinetics p. 487
Equivalent Examples with Different Characteristic Length Scales p. 488
Numerical Solutions for Diffusion and Hougen-Watson Chemical Kinetics in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 491
Dimensionless Kinetic Rate Law p. 491
Mass Balance for Reactant A p. 493
Dimensionless Correlation for the Effectiveness Factor in Terms of the Intrapellet Damkohler Number p. 497
Dimensionless Correlation for Porous Wafers with Rectangular Symmetry p. 500
Numerical Results for A[subscript 2] + B to C + D in Flat-Slab Wafers with Rectangular Symmetry p. 501
Problems p. 505
Internal Mass Transfer Limitations in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 509
Reactor Design Strategy p. 509
Correlations for Catalysts with Different Macroscopic Symmetry p. 512
Effectiveness Factors p. 515
Dimensionless Correlation between the Effectiveness Factor and the Intrapellet Damkohler Number p. 521
Problems p. 527
Diffusion Coefficients and Damkohler Numbers Within the Internal Pores of Catalytic Pellets p. 539
Dependence of Intrapellet Pore Diffusion on Molecular Size p. 539
Knudsen Diffusion in Straight Cylindrical Pores p. 543
Ordinary Molecular Diffusion in Binary and Pseudo-Binary Mixtures p. 544
Estimating Tortuosity Factors and Intrapellet Porosity Based on the Distribution in Orientation and Size of Catalytic Pores Via the Parallel-Pore Model p. 553
Problems p. 558
Isothermal Chemical Reactor Design p. 561
Isothermal Design of Heterogeneous Packed Catalytic Reactors p. 563
Simplification of the Generalized Mass Transfer Equation for a One-Dimensional Plug Flow Model p. 564
Differential Form of the Design Equation for Ideal Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactors Without Interpellet Axial Dispersion p. 567
Design of a Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactor for the Production of Methanol from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen p. 573
Design of Non-Ideal Heterogeneous Packed Catalytic Reactors with Intrapellet Axial Dispersion p. 579
Mass Transfer Peclet Numbers Based on Interpellet Axial Dispersion in Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactors p. 592
Applications to a Packed Chromatographic or Ion-Exchange Column p. 596
Factors That Must Be Considered in the Design of a Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactor p. 597
Problems p. 601
Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactors with Metal Catalyst Coated on the Inner Walls of the Flow Channels p. 611
Convective Diffusion in Catalytic Reactors of Noncircular Cross Section and Nonuniform Catalyst Activity p. 611
Fully Developed Fluid Velocity Profiles in Regular Polygon Ducts p. 614
Mass Transfer Equation p. 619
Details of the Numerical Algorithm p. 624
Second-Order Correct Finite-Difference Expressions for First Derivatives on the Boundary of the Flow Cross Section p. 627
Viscous Flow p. 632
Problems p. 645
Designing a Multicomponent Isothermal Gas-Liquid CSTR for the Chlorination of Benzene to Produce Monochlorobenzene p. 655
Strategy to Solve This Problem p. 656
Gas-Phase Mass Balances with Interphase Mass Transfer p. 658
Liquid-Phase Mass Balances with Chemical Reaction, Interphase Transport, and Reaction-Enhanced Mass Transfer Coefficients p. 659
Interfacial Equilibrium and Equality of Interfacial Fluxes p. 665
Molecular Diffusion in Liquids p. 671
Nonlinear Equation Solver Program p. 673
Problems p. 681
Thermodynamics and Nonisothermal Reactor Design p. 685
Classical Irreversible Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Mixtures p. 687
Strategy to Analyze Nonequilibrium Systems p. 688
Microscopic Equation of Change for Kinetic Energy p. 689
Re-Expressed Equation of Change for Kinetic Energy p. 690
Microscopic Equation of Change for Internal Energy Via the First Law of Thermodynamics p. 692
Microscopic Equation of Change for Total Energy p. 693
Identification of the Molecular Flux of Thermal Energy in the Equation of Change for Total Energy p. 695
Equation of Change for Entropy p. 696
Rate of Entropy Production in Multicomponent Systems with Chemical Reaction p. 697
Linear Relations Between Fluxes and Forces That Obey the Curie Restriction p. 701
Coupling Between Diffusional Mass Flux and Molecular Flux of Thermal Energy in Binary Mixtures: The Onsager Reciprocal Relations p. 703
Identification of Fourier's Law in the Molecular Flux of Thermal Energy and the Requirement That Thermal Conductivities Are Positive p. 705
Complete Expression for the Diffusional Mass Flux of Component A in a Binary Mixture p. 706
Thermodynamic Evaluation of ([partial differential open phi subscript A]/[partial differential omega subscript A])[subscript T, p] in Binary Mixtures p. 708
Connection between Transport Phenomena and Thermodynamics for Diffusional Mass Fluxes and Diffusivities in Binary Mixtures p. 709
Liquid-Phase Diffusivities and the Stokes-Einstein Diffusion Equation for Binary Mixtures p. 710
Problems p. 712
Molecular Flux of Thermal Energy in Binary and Multicomponent Mixtures Via the Formalism of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics p. 717
Three Contributions to q in Binary Systems p. 717
Thermodynamic Analysis of [open phi subscript A] - T([partial differential open phi subscript A]/[partial differential]T)[subscript p, omega subscript A] p. 719
Analysis of the Interdiffusional Flux of Thermal Energy in Binary Mixtures and Generalization to Multicomponent Mixtures p. 723
Problems p. 724
Thermal Energy Balance in Multicomponent Mixtures and Nonisothermal Effectiveness Factors Via Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Catalysts p. 727
Equation of Change for Specific Internal Energy That Satisfies the First Law of Thermodynamics p. 727
Multicomponent Transport in Porous Catalysts p. 731
Nonisothermal Effectiveness Factors in Porous Catalysts p. 733
Physicochemical Properties of Gases Within Catalytic Pellets p. 737
Estimates of the Maximum Temperature Rise Within Catalytic Pellets for Exothermic Chemical Reactions p. 740
Design of a Nonisothermal Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactor p. 745
Problems p. 748
Statistical Thermodynamics of Ideal Gases p. 757
Generalized Postulates p. 757
Introduction to Quantum Statistical Mechanics p. 758
The Ergodic Problem p. 760
H Theorem of Statistical Thermodynamics p. 761
Consistency with Classical Thermodynamics p. 763
Internal Energy and Heat Capacity of Monatomic Ideal Gases p. 768
Diatomic Gases p. 768
Entropy and Chemical Potential p. 776
Problems p. 780
Thermodynamic Stability Criteria for Single-Phase Homogeneous Mixtures p. 785
Energy Representation of the Fundamental Equation and Exact Differentials p. 785
Legendre Transformations p. 787
Euler's Integral Theorem for Homogeneous Functions of Order m p. 790
Gibbs-Duhem Equation p. 794
Analysis of Partial Derivatives Via Jacobian Transformations p. 795
Thermodynamic Stability Relations p. 798
Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactors That Account for External Transport Limitations p. 821
Intrapellet and Bulk Species Concentrations p. 823
Intrapellet and Bulk Gas Temperature p. 825
Evaluation of C[subscript A, surface] Via the Effectiveness Factor: Complete Strategy for Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactors p. 830
Reactor Design p. 835
Maximum Conversion in Non-Ideal Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactors Under Isothermal Conditions p. 842
Analysis of First-Order Irreversible Chemical Kinetics in Ideal Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactors When The External Resistances to Heat and Mass Transfer Cannot Be Neglected p. 845
Problems p. 852
References p. 861
Index p. 865
Elementary Topics in Chemical Reactor Design p. 1
Multiple Chemical Reactions in Plug Flow Tubular Reactors and Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors p. 3
Gas-Phase Plug-Flow Tubular Reactors That Produce Triethanolamine from Ethylene Oxide and Ammonia p. 3
Multiple Chemical Reactions in a Liquid-Phase CSTR p. 11
Multiple Chemical Reactions in a CSTR Train p. 19
Problems p. 26
Start Up Behavior of a Series Configuration of Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors p. 33
Analysis of Multiple Reactions in Two CSTRs: Illustrative Problem p. 34
Analysis of a Train of Five CSTRs: Illustrative Problem p. 38
Problems p. 46
Adiabatic Plug-Flow Tubular Reactor That Produces Methanol Reversibly in the Gas Phase from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen p. 47
Temperature-Averaged Specific Heats p. 48
Conversion Dependence of Mass Fraction and Heat Capacity of the Mixture p. 50
Plug-Flow Mass Balance in Terms of CO Conversion p. 51
Thermal Energy Balance for a Differential Reactor p. 52
Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Mixtures p. 53
Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer p. 55
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Elementary Reversible Reactions in the Gas Phase p. 56
Integration of the Nonisothermal PFR Design Equation p. 60
Problems p. 62
Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in Nonisothermal Liquid-Phase Tubular Reactors with Strongly Exothermic Chemical Reactions p. 65
Strategies to Control Thermal Runaway p. 65
Parametric Sensitivity Analysis p. 83
Endothermic Reactions in a Cocurrent Cooling Fluid p. 87
Countercurrent Cooling in Tubular Reactors with Exothermic Chemical Reactions p. 95
Manipulating the Inlet/Outlet Temperature of a Countercurrent Cooling Fluid: Multiple Stationary-State Behavior in Exothermic PFRs p. 97
Problems p. 104
Multiple Stationary States in Continuous Stirred Tank Reactors p. 105
Mass Balance p. 106
Chemical Kinetics p. 106
Thermal Energy Balance p. 107
Multiple Stationary States p. 110
Endothermic Chemical Reactions p. 115
Problems p. 117
Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction in Batch Reactors p. 123
Isothermal Analysis of Experimental Rate Data p. 123
Formalism for Multiple Reactions p. 129
Adiabatic Operation p. 130
Nonisothermal Analysis of a Constant-Volume Batch Reactor p. 131
Problems p. 136
Total Pressure Method of Reaction-Rate Data Analysis p. 139
Elementary Reversible Gas-Phase Reactions in a Constant-Volume Flask p. 139
Generalized Linear Least-Squares Analysis for a Second-Order Polynomial with One Independent Variable p. 142
Problems p. 145
Transport Phenomena: Fundamentals and Applications p. 153
Applications of the Equations of Change in Fluid Dynamics p. 155
Important Variables p. 155
Physical Properties in Fluid Dynamics p. 156
Fundamental Balance in Momentum Transport p. 158
Equation of Motion p. 167
Exact Differentials p. 173
Low-Reynolds-Number Hydrodynamics p. 175
Potential Flow Theory p. 205
Problems p. 222
Derivation of the Mass Transfer Equation p. 253
Accumulation Rate Process p. 253
Rate Processes Due to Mass Flux Across the Surface That Bounds the Control Volume p. 254
Rate Processes Due to Multiple Chemical Reactions p. 255
Constructing Integral and Microscopic Descriptions of the Mass Transfer Equation p. 256
Diffusional Fluxes in Multicomponent Mixtures p. 257
Diffusional Fluxes and Linear Transport Laws in Binary and Pseudo-Binary Mixtures p. 260
Simplification of the Mass Transfer Equation for Pseudo-Binary Incompressible Mixtures with Constant Physical Properties p. 261
Dimensional Analysis of the Mass Transfer Equation p. 265
Dimensional Scaling Factors for the Mass Transfer Rate Processes p. 265
Dimensionless Form of the Generalized Mass Transfer Equation with Unsteady-State Convection, Diffusion, and Chemical Reaction p. 266
Functional Dependence of the Molar Density of Species i Via Dimensional Analysis p. 269
Maximum Number of Dimensionless Groups That Can Be Calculated for a Generic Mass Transfer Problem p. 271
Problems p. 272
Laminar Boundary Layer Mass Transfer around Solid Spheres, Gas Bubbles, and Other Submerged Objects p. 275
Boundary Layer Mass Transfer Analysis p. 275
Tangential Velocity Component v[subscript theta] Within the Mass Transfer Boundary Layer p. 284
Boundary Layer Solution of the Mass Transfer Equation p. 287
Interphase Mass Transfer at the Solid-Liquid Interface p. 298
Laminar Boundary Layer Mass Transfer Across a Spherical Gas-Liquid Interface p. 303
Boundary Layer Solution of the Mass Transfer Equation Around a Gas Bubble p. 306
Interphase Mass Transfer at the Gas-Liquid Interface p. 313
Problems p. 328
Dimensional Analysis of the Equations of Change for Fluid Dynamics Within the Mass Transfer Boundary Layer p. 361
Generalized Dimensionless Form of the Equation of Motion for Incompressible Fluids Undergoing Laminar Flow p. 362
Incompressible Newtonian Fluids in the Creeping Flow Regime p. 362
Locally Flat Momentum Boundary Layer Problem for Laminar Flow Around Solid Spheres p. 363
Renormalization of the Dimensionless Variables Reveals Explicit Dependence of g* on Re p. 365
Diffusion and Chemical Reaction Across Spherical Gas-Liquid Interfaces p. 369
Molar Density Profile p. 369
Molar Flux Analysis p. 372
Kinetics and Elementary Surface Science p. 381
Kinetic Mechanisms and Rate Expressions for Heterogeneous Surface-Catalyzed Chemical Reactions p. 383
Converting Reactants to Products p. 383
Isotherms p. 384
Single-Site Adsorption of Each Component in a Multicomponent Mixture p. 392
Dual-Site Adsorption of Submolecular Fragments p. 394
Summary of Adsorption Isotherms for Pure Gases p. 397
Hougen-Watson Kinetic Models p. 399
Pressure Dependence of the Kinetic Rate Constant Via Elements of Transition State Theory p. 420
Interpretation of Heterogeneous Kinetic Rate Data Via Hougen-Watson Models p. 424
Problems p. 428
Mass Transfer and Chemical Reaction in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 447
Diffusion and Heterogeneous Chemical Reaction in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 449
Complex Problem Descriptions Without Invoking Any Assumptions p. 449
Diffusion and Pseudo-Homogeneous Chemical Reactions in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 452
Pseudo-First-Order Kinetic Rate Expressions That Can Replace Hougen-Watson Models and Generate Linearized Ordinary Differential Equations for the Mass Balance p. 453
Diffusion and Heterogeneous Chemical Reactions in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 458
Problem p. 459
Complete Analytical Solutions for Diffusion and Zeroth-Order Chemical Reactions in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 461
Catalytic Pellets with Rectangular Symmetry p. 461
Long, Cylindrically Shaped Catalysts p. 464
Spherical Pellets p. 466
Redefining the Intrapellet Damkohler Number So That Its Critical Value Might Be the Same for All Pellet Geometries p. 468
Problems p. 470
Complete Analytical Solutions for Diffusion and First-Order Chemical Reactions in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 473
Catalytic Pellets with Rectangular Symmetry p. 473
Long, Cylindrically Shaped Catalysts p. 475
Spherical Pellets p. 476
Problems p. 480
Numerical Solutions for Diffusion and nth-Order Chemical Reactions in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 483
Kinetic Rate Law and Diffusional Flux p. 483
Mass Transfer Equation in Three Coordinate Systems p. 484
Numerical Results for Second-Order Irreversible Chemical Kinetics p. 487
Equivalent Examples with Different Characteristic Length Scales p. 488
Numerical Solutions for Diffusion and Hougen-Watson Chemical Kinetics in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 491
Dimensionless Kinetic Rate Law p. 491
Mass Balance for Reactant A p. 493
Dimensionless Correlation for the Effectiveness Factor in Terms of the Intrapellet Damkohler Number p. 497
Dimensionless Correlation for Porous Wafers with Rectangular Symmetry p. 500
Numerical Results for A[subscript 2] + B to C + D in Flat-Slab Wafers with Rectangular Symmetry p. 501
Problems p. 505
Internal Mass Transfer Limitations in Isothermal Catalytic Pellets p. 509
Reactor Design Strategy p. 509
Correlations for Catalysts with Different Macroscopic Symmetry p. 512
Effectiveness Factors p. 515
Dimensionless Correlation between the Effectiveness Factor and the Intrapellet Damkohler Number p. 521
Problems p. 527
Diffusion Coefficients and Damkohler Numbers Within the Internal Pores of Catalytic Pellets p. 539
Dependence of Intrapellet Pore Diffusion on Molecular Size p. 539
Knudsen Diffusion in Straight Cylindrical Pores p. 543
Ordinary Molecular Diffusion in Binary and Pseudo-Binary Mixtures p. 544
Estimating Tortuosity Factors and Intrapellet Porosity Based on the Distribution in Orientation and Size of Catalytic Pores Via the Parallel-Pore Model p. 553
Problems p. 558
Isothermal Chemical Reactor Design p. 561
Isothermal Design of Heterogeneous Packed Catalytic Reactors p. 563
Simplification of the Generalized Mass Transfer Equation for a One-Dimensional Plug Flow Model p. 564
Differential Form of the Design Equation for Ideal Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactors Without Interpellet Axial Dispersion p. 567
Design of a Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactor for the Production of Methanol from Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen p. 573
Design of Non-Ideal Heterogeneous Packed Catalytic Reactors with Intrapellet Axial Dispersion p. 579
Mass Transfer Peclet Numbers Based on Interpellet Axial Dispersion in Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactors p. 592
Applications to a Packed Chromatographic or Ion-Exchange Column p. 596
Factors That Must Be Considered in the Design of a Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactor p. 597
Problems p. 601
Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactors with Metal Catalyst Coated on the Inner Walls of the Flow Channels p. 611
Convective Diffusion in Catalytic Reactors of Noncircular Cross Section and Nonuniform Catalyst Activity p. 611
Fully Developed Fluid Velocity Profiles in Regular Polygon Ducts p. 614
Mass Transfer Equation p. 619
Details of the Numerical Algorithm p. 624
Second-Order Correct Finite-Difference Expressions for First Derivatives on the Boundary of the Flow Cross Section p. 627
Viscous Flow p. 632
Problems p. 645
Designing a Multicomponent Isothermal Gas-Liquid CSTR for the Chlorination of Benzene to Produce Monochlorobenzene p. 655
Strategy to Solve This Problem p. 656
Gas-Phase Mass Balances with Interphase Mass Transfer p. 658
Liquid-Phase Mass Balances with Chemical Reaction, Interphase Transport, and Reaction-Enhanced Mass Transfer Coefficients p. 659
Interfacial Equilibrium and Equality of Interfacial Fluxes p. 665
Molecular Diffusion in Liquids p. 671
Nonlinear Equation Solver Program p. 673
Problems p. 681
Thermodynamics and Nonisothermal Reactor Design p. 685
Classical Irreversible Thermodynamics of Multicomponent Mixtures p. 687
Strategy to Analyze Nonequilibrium Systems p. 688
Microscopic Equation of Change for Kinetic Energy p. 689
Re-Expressed Equation of Change for Kinetic Energy p. 690
Microscopic Equation of Change for Internal Energy Via the First Law of Thermodynamics p. 692
Microscopic Equation of Change for Total Energy p. 693
Identification of the Molecular Flux of Thermal Energy in the Equation of Change for Total Energy p. 695
Equation of Change for Entropy p. 696
Rate of Entropy Production in Multicomponent Systems with Chemical Reaction p. 697
Linear Relations Between Fluxes and Forces That Obey the Curie Restriction p. 701
Coupling Between Diffusional Mass Flux and Molecular Flux of Thermal Energy in Binary Mixtures: The Onsager Reciprocal Relations p. 703
Identification of Fourier's Law in the Molecular Flux of Thermal Energy and the Requirement That Thermal Conductivities Are Positive p. 705
Complete Expression for the Diffusional Mass Flux of Component A in a Binary Mixture p. 706
Thermodynamic Evaluation of ([partial differential open phi subscript A]/[partial differential omega subscript A])[subscript T, p] in Binary Mixtures p. 708
Connection between Transport Phenomena and Thermodynamics for Diffusional Mass Fluxes and Diffusivities in Binary Mixtures p. 709
Liquid-Phase Diffusivities and the Stokes-Einstein Diffusion Equation for Binary Mixtures p. 710
Problems p. 712
Molecular Flux of Thermal Energy in Binary and Multicomponent Mixtures Via the Formalism of Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics p. 717
Three Contributions to q in Binary Systems p. 717
Thermodynamic Analysis of [open phi subscript A] - T([partial differential open phi subscript A]/[partial differential]T)[subscript p, omega subscript A] p. 719
Analysis of the Interdiffusional Flux of Thermal Energy in Binary Mixtures and Generalization to Multicomponent Mixtures p. 723
Problems p. 724
Thermal Energy Balance in Multicomponent Mixtures and Nonisothermal Effectiveness Factors Via Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in Porous Catalysts p. 727
Equation of Change for Specific Internal Energy That Satisfies the First Law of Thermodynamics p. 727
Multicomponent Transport in Porous Catalysts p. 731
Nonisothermal Effectiveness Factors in Porous Catalysts p. 733
Physicochemical Properties of Gases Within Catalytic Pellets p. 737
Estimates of the Maximum Temperature Rise Within Catalytic Pellets for Exothermic Chemical Reactions p. 740
Design of a Nonisothermal Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactor p. 745
Problems p. 748
Statistical Thermodynamics of Ideal Gases p. 757
Generalized Postulates p. 757
Introduction to Quantum Statistical Mechanics p. 758
The Ergodic Problem p. 760
H Theorem of Statistical Thermodynamics p. 761
Consistency with Classical Thermodynamics p. 763
Internal Energy and Heat Capacity of Monatomic Ideal Gases p. 768
Diatomic Gases p. 768
Entropy and Chemical Potential p. 776
Problems p. 780
Thermodynamic Stability Criteria for Single-Phase Homogeneous Mixtures p. 785
Energy Representation of the Fundamental Equation and Exact Differentials p. 785
Legendre Transformations p. 787
Euler's Integral Theorem for Homogeneous Functions of Order m p. 790
Gibbs-Duhem Equation p. 794
Analysis of Partial Derivatives Via Jacobian Transformations p. 795
Thermodynamic Stability Relations p. 798
Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactors That Account for External Transport Limitations p. 821
Intrapellet and Bulk Species Concentrations p. 823
Intrapellet and Bulk Gas Temperature p. 825
Evaluation of C[subscript A, surface] Via the Effectiveness Factor: Complete Strategy for Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactors p. 830
Reactor Design p. 835
Maximum Conversion in Non-Ideal Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactors Under Isothermal Conditions p. 842
Analysis of First-Order Irreversible Chemical Kinetics in Ideal Packed Catalytic Tubular Reactors When The External Resistances to Heat and Mass Transfer Cannot Be Neglected p. 845
Problems p. 852
References p. 861
Index p. 865
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