Table Of Contents:
Foreword ix
Acknowledgements xi
Abbreviations and acronyms xv

1 Introduction 1(4)

2 What are the issues? 5(12)

2.1 Background 5(2)

2.1.1 Purpose of WSPs 5(1)

2.1.2 Factors that affect WSP operation 6(1)

2.2 System design 7(1)

2.3 Hazard identification and risk assessment 7(2)

2.3.1 Hazards 7(1)

2.3.2 Hazardous events 8(1)

2.3.3 Risk assessment 8(1)

2.4 People who use buildings 9(2)

2.4.1 Users of buildings 9(1)

2.4.2 Vulnerabilities 9(1)

2.4.3 Exposure 10(1)

2.5 Building types 11(6)

2.5.1 Large buildings 11(1)

2.5.2 Hospitals 12(1)

2.5.3 Other medical and health facilities 13(1)

2.5.4 Aged-care facilities and retirement homes 14(1)

2.5.5 Child-care facilities 14(1)

2.5.6 Small hotels, bed-and-breakfasts, farmstays and campsites 14(1)

2.5.7 Sporting facilities and health centres 14(1)

2.5.8 Garden centres and conservatories 15(1)

2.5.9 Detention centres, prisons and military barracks 15(1)

2.5.10 Other buildings 15(2)

3 Roles and responsibilities 17(14)

3.1 Background 17(1)

3.2 Building commissioners 18(2)

3.2.1 Developers 18(1)

3.2.2 Planning officers 18(1)

3.2.3 Architects 18(1)

3.2.4 Engineers 19(1)

3.2.5 Plumbers 19(1)

3.2.6 Manufacturers and suppliers 20(1)

3.3 Building operators 20(1)

3.4 Employees, residents and users of buildings 21(1)

3.5 Service providers and specialist consultants 21(2)

3.5.1 Risk assessors 22(1)

3.5.2 Independent auditors 22(1)

3.6 Professional bodies 23(1)

3.7 Infection control 23(1)

3.7.1 Infection-control coordinators 23(1)

3.7.2 Infection-control teams 23(1)

3.8 Regulators 24(2)

3.8.1 Public health agencies 24(1)

3.8.2 Surveillance of water supplies 25(1)

3.8.3 Occupational health and safety agencies 25(1)

3.9 Standard-setting and certification bodies 26(1)

3.10 Training providers 27(4)

4 Water safety plans 31(58)

4.1 Background 31(1)

4.2 Key principles of WSPs 32(1)

4.3 Assembling a WSP team 33(1)

4.4 Describing the water system 33(9)

4.4.1 Functions of water networks inside buildings 34(1)

4.4.2 Usages and water-use patterns 34(2)

4.4.3 Understanding and documenting the design of the water system 36(6)

4.5 Identifying hazards and hazardous events 42(2)

4.5.1 Microbial hazards 43(1)

4.5.2 Chemical hazards 43(1)

4.6 Hazardous events 44(9)

4.6.1 Contaminated or intermittent water supply 44(1)

4.6.2 Ingress of contamination 45(2)

4.6.3 Poorly controlled treatment 47(1)

4.6.4 Microbial growth and biofilms 48(3)

4.6.5 Release of hazards from materials and equipment 51(1)

4.6.6 Specific uses 52(1)

4.6.7 Poor management (intermittent use) 52(1)

4.6.8 Construction work, renovations and repairs 52(1)

4.6.9 Emergencies leading to contamination of external supplies 53(1)

4.7 Risk assessment 53(5)

4.8 Control measures 58(5)

4.8.1 Validation 59(1)

4.8.2 Ingress of contamination 59(2)

4.8.3 Materials and equipment 61(1)

4.8.4 Specific uses and water-using devices 61(1)

4.8.5 Management, maintenance and repair 62(1)

4.8.6 Construction and renovation 62(1)

4.9 Operational monitoring of control measures 63(1)

4.10 Management procedures and corrective responses 64(5)

4.10.1 Ingress of contamination from external water sources 65(1)

4.10.2 Ingress of contamination from building systems 66(1)

4.10.3 Microbial growth and biofilms 66(1)

4.10.4 Release of hazards from materials and equipment 67(1)

4.10.5 Specific uses and water-using devices 67(2)

4.10.6 Emergencies affecting external supplies 69(1)

4.11 Management procedures for new buildings or major upgrades 69(1)

4.12 Verification 70(1)

4.12.1 Water-quality testing 70(1)

4.12.2 Water safety plan audits 70(1)

4.13 Supporting programmes 71(1)

4.14 Periodic review 72(17)

5 Supporting environment 89(22)

5.1 Independent inspection and surveillance 89(5)

5.1.1 Inspection 89(1)

5.1.2 Surveillance 89(3)

5.1.3 Incidents, emergencies and outbreaks 92(1)

5.1.4 Supporting programmes 93(1)

5.1.5 Reporting and communication 93(1)

5.1.6 Use of information 93(1)

5.2 Disease surveillance and detection of outbreaks 94(8)

5.2.1 Purpose of disease surveillance programmes 94(1)

5.2.2 Structure of disease-surveillance systems 94(4)

5.2.3 Disease surveillance for water supplies in buildings 98(1)

5.2.4 Disease-surveillance strategies for waterborne disease 98(2)

5.2.5 Detection of outbreaks 100(2)

5.2.6 Lessons learnt from disease surveillance and investigations 102(1)

5.3 Regulatory and policy frameworks 102(6)

5.3.1 Purpose of legislation 102(6)

5.4 Capacity building and training 108(3)
Annex 1 Model water safety plan---daycare facility for children 111(12)
Annex 2 Potential biological and chemical hazards in building water supplies 123(10)
Glossary 133(8)
References 141