Remote sensing and GIS /

Table Of Contents:
Preface v
Acknowledgements viii

List of Colour Plates xvii

Part I Remote Sensing and Image Analysis

Concept of Remote Sensing 3(35)

Introduction 3(1)

Distance of Remote Sensing 3(1)

Definition of Remote Sensing 4(1)

Remote Sensing: Art and/or Science 5(1)

Data 5(2)

Remote Sensing Process 7(1)

Source of Energy 8(10)

Interaction with Atmosphere 18(4)

Interaction with Target 22(4)

Interaction with the Atmosphere Again 26(1)

Recording of Energy by Sensor 27(1)

Transmission, Reception, and Processing 28(1)

Interpretation and Analysis 29(5)

Applications of Remote Sensing 34(1)

Advantages of Remote Sensing 35(1)

Limitations of Remote Sensing 35(1)

Ideal Remote Sensing System 36(2)

Exercises 37(1)

Remote Sensing Platforms and Sensor Characteristics 38(26)

Introduction 38(1)

Characteristics of Images 38(2)

Remote Sensing Platforms 40(2)

Passive and Active Remote Sensing 42(14)

Image Referencing System 56(8)

Exercise 63(1)

History of Remote Sensing and Indian Space Program 64(34)

Introduction 64(1)

The Early Age 65(2)

The Middle Age 67(1)

The Modern Age or Space Age 68(5)

Indian Space Program 73(25)

Exercises 97(1)

Photographic Imagine 98(20)

Introduction 98(1)

Camera Systems 99(5)

Filter 104(3)

Film 107(6)

Vantage Point 113(3)

Ideal Time and Atmosphere for Aerial Remote Sensing 116(2)

Exercise 117(1)

Digital Imaging 118(46)

Introduction 118(1)

Digital Image 119(2)

Sensor 121(6)

PAN/Multispectral Imaging 127(23)

Imaging by Digital Aerial Cameras 150(1)

Thermal Imaging 151(5)

Other Sensors 156(8)

Exercises 163(1)

Microwave Remote Sensing 164(19)

Introduction 164(1)

Passive Microwave Remote Sensing 164(1)

Active Microwave Remote Sening 165(1)

Radar Imaging 166(12)

Airborne Versus Space-Borne Radars 178(1)

Radar Systems 179(1)

Passive Microwave Radiometer 180(3)

Exercises 182(1)

Ground-truth Data and Global Positioning System 183(31)

Introduction 183(1)

Requirements of Ground-Truth Data 184(1)

Instruments for Ground Truthing 185(3)

Parameters of Ground Truthing 188(2)

Factors of Spectral Measurement 190(2)

Global Navigation Satellite System 192(22)

Exercises 212(2)

Photogrammetry 214(44)

Introduction 214(1)

Development of Photogrammetry 215(1)

Classification of Photogrammetry 215(3)

Classification of Photogrammetery 218(1)

Photogrammetric Process 219(1)

Acquisition of Imagery and its Support Data 219(14)

Orientation and Triangulation 233(8)

Stereo Model Compilation 241(1)

Stereoscopic 3D Viewing 241(3)

Stereoscopic Measurement 244(4)

DTM/DEM Generation 248(1)

Contour Map Generation 249(1)

Orthorectification 249(2)

3D Feature Extraction 251(1)

3D Scene Modelling 252(1)

Photogrammetry and LIDAR 252(3)

Radargrammetry 255(1)

Limitations of Photogrammetry 256(2)

Exercises 256(2)

Visual Image Interpretation 258(45)

Introduction 258(1)

Information Extraction by Human and Computer 258(6)

Remote Sensing Data Products 264(3)

Image Interpretation 267(1)

Elements of Visual Image Interpretation 268(9)

Interpretation Keys 277(1)

Generation of Thematic Maps 278(15)

Thermal Image Interpretation 293(1)

Radar Image Interpretation 293(10)

Exercise 302(1)

Digital Image Processing 303(70)

Introduction 303(1)

Categorization of Image Processing 304(2)

Image Processing Systems 306(1)

Digital Image 307(1)

Media for Digital Data Recording, Storage, and Distribution 307(1)

Data Formats of Digital Image 308(1)

Metadate of digital Image 309(1)

Display of Digital Image 310(1)

Pre-processing 311(12)

Image Enhancement 323(17)

Image Transformation 340(13)

Image Classification 353(20)

Exercises 372(1)

Data Integration, analysis, and Presentation 373(10)

Introduction 373(1)

Multi-Approach to Image Analysis 374(1)

Multisensor, Multiplatform, and Multiresolution Images 374(2)

Multispectral Images 376(1)

Multispectral Images 376(1)

Multitemporal/Multiseasonal Images 377(1)

Multistage, Multiplatfrom, Multiscale, and Multiresolution Images 378(1)

Multisource Data 379(1)

Integration with GIS 380(1)

Presentation 381(2)

Exercises 381(2)

Applications of Remote Sensing 383(42)

Introduction 383(1)

Land Cover and Land Use 383(6)

Agriculture 389(3)

Forestry 392(6)

Geology 398(3)

Geomorphology 401(2)

Hydrology 403(3)

Mapping 406(4)

Oceans and Coastal Monitoring 410(10)

Monitoring of Atmospheric Constituents 420(5)

Exercises 421(4)

Part II Geographic Information Systems and Geospatial Analysis

Concept of Geographic Information Systems 425(18)

Introdcution 425(2)

Definitions fo GIS 427(1)

Key Components of GIS 428(2)

GIS---An Integration of Spatial and Attribute Infomation 430(1)

GIS---Three Views of Information System 431(1)

GIS---A Knowledge Hub 432(5)

GIS---A Set of Interrelated Subsystems 437(1)

GIS---An Information Infrastructure 438(2)

Origin of GIS 440(3)

Exercises 442(1)

Functions and Advantage of GIS 443(12)

Introduction 443(1)

Functions of GIS 443(1)

Application Areas of GIS 444(3)

Advantage of GIS 447(5)

Uses of GIS 452(2)

Limitations of GIS 454(1)

Exercises 454(1)

Spatial Data Model 455(22)

Introduction 455(1)

Spatial, Thematic, and Temporal Dimensions of Geographic Data 455(1)

Spatial Entity 456(1)

Spatial Data Model 457(17)

File Formats of Spatial Data 474(3)

Exercises 476(1)

Attribute Data Management and Metadata Concept 477(21)

Introduction 477(1)

Concept of Database and DBMS 477(4)

Advantages of DBMS 481(1)

Functions of DBMS 481(1)

File and Data Access 482(6)

Data Models in GIS 488(2)

Concept of SQL 490(1)

Concept of Metadata 490(8)

Exercises 496(2)

Process of GIS 498(22)

Introduction 498(1)

Data Capture 498(1)

Data Sources 499(2)

Data Encoding Methods 501(16)

Linking of Spatial and Attribute Data 517(1)

Organizing Data for Analysis 518(2)

Exercises 519(1)

Geospatial Analysis 520(31)

Introduction 520(1)

Geospatial Data Analysis 520(1)

Integration and Modelling of Spatial Data 521(1)

Geospatial Data Analysis Methods 521(1)

Database Query 522(4)

Geospatial Measurements 526(2)

Overlay Operations 528(3)

Network Analysis 531(2)

Surface Analysis 533(5)

Geovisualization 538(13)

Exercises 549(2)

Planning, Implementation, and Managgement of GIS 551(12)

Introduction 551(1)

Planning of Project 551(5)

Implementation of Project 556(2)

Management of Project 558(2)

Keys for Successful GIS 560(2)

Reasons for Unsuccessful GIS 562(1)

Exercises 562(1)

Modern Trends of GIS 563(20)

Introduction 563(1)

Local to Global Concept in GIS 564(1)

Increase in Dimensions in GIS 564(1)

Linear to Non-linear Techniques in GIS 564(1)

Development of Common Techniques in GIS 564(1)

Development in Relation between Geometry and Algebra in GIS 565(1)

Development of Common Techniques in GIS 565(1)

Integration of GIS and Multimedia 566(6)

3D GIS 572(3)

Integration of 3D GIS and Web GIS 575(2)

4D GIS and Real-time GIS 577(1)

Mobile GIS 578(3)

Collaborative GIS (CGIS) 581(2)

Exercises 582(1)
Apppendix A Concept of Map, Coordinate Systems, and Projection 583(21)
Appendix B Concept of Mathematical Topics 604(25)
Acronyms and Glossary 629(40)
Bibliography 669(7)
Index 676